49-565: Victor Emmanuel may refer to: Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia (1759–1824), Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (1820–1878), King of Sardinia and later King of Italy Victor Emmanuel III of Italy (1869–1947), King of Italy See also [ edit ] Prince Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Turin (1870–1946) Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples (1937–2024) Víctor Manuel (born 1947), Spanish singer Altare della Patria or National Monument to Victor Emmanuel II,
98-566: A Dragon . In 1714, Maria Luisa died at the age of 26 from tuberculosis , a devastating emotional blow to her husband. The actions of Louis XIV heightened the fears of the English , the Dutch and the Austrians , among others. In December 1700, Louis XIV issued letters patent to Philip, prior to Philip leaving France, preserving his status as a régnicole (a natural Frenchman), and by extension his claim to
147-733: A building in Rome, Italy Vittorio Emanuele (Rome Metro) , a train station in Rome Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Victor Emmanuel . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Emmanuel&oldid=1215448426 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Human name disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with given-name-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description
196-611: A descendant of Henrietta of England , he carried the Jacobite claim to the thrones of England and Scotland. Philip V of Spain Philip V ( Spanish : Felipe ; 19 December 1683 – 9 July 1746) was King of Spain from 1 November 1700 to 14 January 1724 and again from 6 September 1724 to his death in 1746. His total reign (45 years and 16 days) is the longest in the history of the Spanish monarchy , surpassing Philip IV . Although his ascent to
245-707: A protectorate of his Kingdom. The latter became the seat of the Sardinian Navy. Victor Emmanuel abolished all the freedoms granted by the Napoleonic Codices and restored a fiercely oppressive rule: he restored the Regie Costituzioni of Victor Amadeus II and the Jus commune , strengthened customs barriers, refused to grant a liberal constitution, entrusted education to the Church and reintroduced laws concerning labour and
294-635: A regency for his second son, Ferdinand , who was only 10 at the time. Philip helped his Bourbon relatives to make territorial gains in the War of the Polish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession by reconquering Naples and Sicily from Austria and Oran from the Ottomans . Finally, at the end of his reign Spanish forces defended their American territories from a large British invasion during
343-604: A significant portion of the population to support the Archduke. The war was centred in Spain and west-central Europe (especially the Low Countries ), with other important fighting in Germany and Italy. Prince Eugene of Savoy and John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough distinguished themselves as military commanders in those theatres. In colonial North America, the conflict became known to
392-553: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel I ( Italian : Vittorio Emanuele ; 24 July 1759 – 10 January 1824) was the Duke of Savoy , King of Sardinia and ruler of the Savoyard states from 4 June 1802 until his reign ended in 1821 upon abdication due to a liberal revolution. Shortly thereafter, his brother Charles Felix ascended
441-450: The Duchy of Savoy , and another one at Versailles on 11 September. Maria Luisa proved very popular as Queen of Spain. She served as regent for her husband on several occasions. Her most successful term was when Philip was away touring his Italian domains for nine months in 1702, when she was just 14 years old. On entering Naples that year he was presented with Gian Lorenzo Bernini 's Boy with
490-756: The Parlement of Paris . These losses greatly diminished the Spanish Empire in Europe, which had already been in decline. Throughout his reign, Philip sought to reverse the decline of Spanish power. Trying to overturn the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht, he attempted to re-establish Spanish claims in Italy, triggering the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718–1720) in which Spain fought a coalition of four major powers. France, under
539-618: The Sardinian political philosopher Vicente Bacallar . Philip agreed to relinquish his right of succession to France under one condition: the introduction of semi-Salic law in Spain. Under this law, the succession to the Spanish crown was limited to his entire male line before it could pass to any female, a requirement made clear to the allies during the preliminary peace negotiations. The purpose of this may have been to ensure that Philip and his male heirs, who under normal circumstances would inherit
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#1732848737236588-478: The War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–1748). During Philip's reign, Spain began to recover from the stagnation it had suffered during the twilight of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty. Although the population of Spain grew, the financial and taxation systems were archaic and the treasury ran deficits. The King employed thousands of highly paid retainers at his palaces—not to assist with ruling the country but to look after
637-557: The regency of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans later joined this coalition, as the House of Orléans had a strong interest in keeping Philip and his descendants out of the line of succession. Lacking allies, Phillip V was forced to sue for peace. Shortly after the death of Queen Maria Luisa in 1714, the King decided to marry again. His second wife was Elisabeth of Parma , daughter of Odoardo Farnese, Hereditary Prince of Parma , and Dorothea Sophie of
686-655: The 13-year War of the Spanish Succession, which continued until the Treaty of Utrecht forbade any future possibility of unifying the French and Spanish crowns while confirming his accession to the throne of Spain. It also removed the Spanish Netherlands and Spanish-controlled territories in Italy from the Spanish monarchy. In 1724, Philip abdicated in favor of his eldest son, Louis I. Louis died later that year, and Philip took
735-407: The 13-year-old Maria Luisa of Savoy , as chosen by his grandfather King Louis XIV. She was the daughter of Victor Amadeus II , Duke of Savoy, and his wife Anne Marie d'Orléans , Philip's first cousin once removed. The Duke and Duchess of Savoy were also the parents of Princess Marie Adélaïde of Savoy , Duchess of Burgundy, Philip's sister-in-law. There was a proxy ceremony at Turin , the capital of
784-600: The Crown of Aragon, which was supporting Charles VI in the conflict—except for the Kingdom of Navarre and the rest of the Basque region, who had supported Philip in the war for the Spanish throne, and retained their semi-autonomous self-government . The policy of centralization had as model the French State under Louis XIV and was strongly supported by politicians such as Joseph de Solís and
833-666: The English colonists who fought against French and Spanish forces as Queen Anne's War . Over the course of the fighting, some 400,000 people were killed. It was with this war as a backdrop that, beginning in 1707, Philip issued the Nueva Planta decrees , which centralized Spanish rule under the Castilian political and administrative model and in the process abolished the charters of all independently administered kingdoms within Spain—most notably
882-583: The European balance of power. After a long Royal Council meeting in France at which the Dauphin spoke up in favor of his son's rights, it was agreed that Philip would ascend the throne, and in doing so, forfeit his and his heirs' claim to the throne of France. The Royal Council decided to accept the provisions of the will of Charles II naming Philip king of Spain. 2 November 1701, the almost 18-year-old Philip married
931-483: The French throne should the male line of Louis, Duke of Burgundy be extinguished, would always have a throne to occupy in its place. It was not until this was successfully accomplished (10 May 1713) that Spain and Great Britain made their own peace terms at the second Treaty of Utrecht (annexing the new law to the Treaty). By the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht that concluded the war, Philip was recognized as king of Spain but
980-427: The French throne, despite his permanent departure from France . The documents further granted Philip's male heirs status as régnicoles, and therefore as French dynasts, despite their births abroad. Almost immediately the War of the Spanish Succession began. Concern among other European powers that Spain and France united under a single Bourbon monarch would upset the balance of power pitted France and Spain against
1029-523: The French throne, Charles named Philip as his heir presumptive in his will . Philip succeeded in 1700 as the first Spanish monarch of the House of Bourbon . In 1701, the new king married his second cousin Maria Luisa of Savoy , with whom he had four sons. Their two surviving sons were the future Spanish kings Louis I and Ferdinand VI . Maria Luisa died in 1714, and Philip remarried to Elisabeth Farnese . Philip and Elisabeth had seven children, including
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#17328487372361078-643: The Grand Alliance of England, the Dutch Republic and Austria. Inside Spain, the Crown of Castile supported Philip of France. On the other hand, anti-French sentiment was strong in Aragon and some members of the nobility of the Crown of Aragon rallied behind Charles of Austria , son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor and claimant to the Spanish throne by right of his grandmother Maria Anna of Spain . Their support swayed
1127-474: The King called a meeting with the council of the crown, of which the members also included one of his distant cousins, Charles Albert . However, Victor Emmanuel was not willing to grant a liberal constitution as desired by the revolutionaries, so he abdicated the next day in favour of his brother, Charles Felix , on 13 March 1821. Because Charles Felix was in Modena at the time, Victor Emmanuel temporarily entrusted
1176-433: The King. Lynch says Philip V advanced the government only marginally over that of his predecessors and was more of a liability than Charles II. When a conflict came up between the interests of Spain and France, he usually favored France. However, Philip did make some reforms in government, and strengthened the central authorities relative to the provinces. Merit became more important, although most senior positions still went to
1225-618: The Palatinate . At the age of 22, on 24 December 1714, she was married to the 31-year-old Philip by proxy in Parma . The marriage was arranged by Cardinal Giulio Alberoni , with the concurrence of the Princesse des Ursins , the Camarera mayor de Palacio ("chief of the household") of the king of Spain. They had sons, including another successor, Charles III of Spain . On 14 January 1724, Philip abdicated
1274-436: The Spanish throne for herself and her descendants as part of her marriage contract. That renunciation was contingent on her dowry being paid. The French claim to Spain was due to the dowry having never been paid. In addition to this, while Philip did have a remote claim to the throne of France, Archduke Charles had an even more proximate claim to be Holy Roman Emperor , and his ascension to the throne would have also destabilized
1323-503: The Spanish throne to his eldest son, the seventeen-year-old Louis . As the abdication occurred just over a month after the death of the Duke of Orléans, who had been regent for Louis XV of France, many at the time believed it was an attempt by Philip to circumvent the Treaty of Utrecht, which forbade a union of the French and Spanish crowns, therefore allowing him to claim the former should his young nephew perish without sons of his own. However,
1372-450: The actual reason for the abdication was that Philip, who exhibited many elements of mental instability during his reign, no longer wished to rule due to his increasing mental decline. Louis would die on 31 August in Madrid of smallpox , though, having reigned only seven months and leaving no issue. Six days later, after much convincing, Philip was restored to the Spanish throne, so as to avoid
1421-599: The crown of Spain would be offered next to Philip's younger brother, the Duke of Berry, then to the Archduke Charles of Austria , later Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI. Philip had the better genealogical claim to the Spanish throne, because his Spanish grandmother and great-grandmother were older than the ancestors of the Archduke Charles of Austria. However, the Austrians maintained that Philip's grandmother had renounced
1470-451: The destruction of the main silver fleet at Vigo in 1702, the navy was rebuilt. Nevertheless, the new fleet was still too small to support the vast worldwide empire. To commemorate the indignities the city of Xàtiva suffered after Philip's victory in the Battle of Almansa in the War of the Spanish Succession , in which he ordered the city to be burned and renamed San Felipe , the portrait of
1519-429: The future Charles III of Spain ; Infanta Mariana Victoria , who became Queen of Portugal ; Infante Philip , who became Duke of Parma ; and Infanta María Antonia Fernanda , who became Queen of Sardinia . It was well known that the union of France and Spain under one monarch would upset the balance of power in Europe, and that other European powers would take steps to prevent it. Philip's accession in Spain provoked
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1568-575: The justice system which discriminated against Jews and Waldensians . He nurtured expansionist ambitions in Lombardy , where nationalist anti-Austrian sentiments had developed, promoted largely by the bourgeoisie. This led to conflict with Austria. In March 1821, a liberal revolution exploded in Italy, largely the work of the Carbonari and it seemed that the anti-Austrian attitude of the revolutionaries matched that of Victor Emmanuel. On Sunday 11 March 1821,
1617-429: The landed aristocracy. Below the elite level, the inefficiency and corruption that had existed under Charles II was as widespread as ever. The reforms started by Philip V culminated in much more important reforms of Charles III. The economy, on the whole, improved over the previous half-century, with greater productivity, and fewer famines and epidemics. The government promoted industry, agriculture and shipbuilding. After
1666-570: The monarch hangs upside down in the local museum of L'Almodí. The province of the New Philippines , which occupied parts of what is now Texas in the United States, was named in 1716 in honor of Philip. Philip V favored and promoted the Atlantic trade of Spain with its American possessions, ending the monopoly of Seville on colonial trade. During this Atlantic trade emerged important figures of
1715-513: The naval history of Spain, among which stands out the privateer Amaro Pargo . Philip V frequently supported the privateer in his commercial incursions: he granted a royal order given at the Royal Palace of El Pardo in Madrid in September 1714, in which he appointed him captain of a commercial ship bound for Caracas . The Monarch also interceded in the liberation of Amaro during his detention by
1764-599: The next twelve years, during which time he constituted the Carabinieri , a Gendarmerie corps, still existing as one of the main branches of the Italy's Armed Forces . In 1814, Napoleon was defeated, and Victor Emmanuel was able to return to Turin . His realm was reconstituted by the Congress of Vienna , with the addition of the territories of the former Republic of Genoa , and well he also wanted to annex Monaco , but it only became
1813-582: The regency to Charles Albert , who was second in line to the throne. Since his abdication, Victor Emmanuel lived in several cities until 1824, when he returned to the Castle of Moncalieri , where he died. He is buried in the Basilica of Superga . On 21 April 1789, he married Archduchess Maria Teresa of Austria-Este , daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Modena (who was the son of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor ). They had six daughters and one son who died very young: As
1862-479: The reign of his grandfather Louis XIV . He was the second son of Louis, Grand Dauphin , and was third in line to the French throne after his father and his elder brother, Louis, Duke of Burgundy . Philip was not expected to become a monarch, but his great-uncle Charles II of Spain was childless. Philip's father had a strong claim to the Spanish throne, but since Philip's father and elder brother were expected to inherit
1911-650: The royal family. Meanwhile, the army and bureaucracy went months without pay. It was only the shipments of silver from the New World which kept the system going. Spain suspended payments on its debt in 1739 – effectively declaring bankruptcy. In the last decade of his reign, Philip experienced bouts of manic depression and increasingly fell victim to a deep melancholia . During this period his second wife, Elizabeth Farnese, seems to have dedicated herself exclusively to caring for his health. Beginning in August 1737 his mental illness
1960-481: The struggle of the old powers against the revolutionary forces in France but was defeated and forced to make peace, signing the Treaty of Paris . The old king died shortly thereafter, and in December 1798, his eldest son and successor, Charles Emmanuel IV , was faced with a French occupation and eventually annexation, of his mainland territories. Charles Emmanuel and his family were forced to withdraw to Sardinia , which
2009-445: The supervision of the royal governess Louise de Prie and after that was tutored with his brothers by François Fénelon , Archbishop of Cambrai . The three siblings were also educated by Paul de Beauvilliers . In 1700, King Charles II of Spain , the last Habsburg to rule Spain, died childless. His will named as successor Philip, grandson of Charles' half-sister Maria Theresa , the first wife of Louis XIV. Upon any possible refusal,
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2058-452: The throne again. As a result of his depression, Queen Elisabeth held control over the Spanish government. When Philip died in 1746, he was succeeded by his second son, Ferdinand VI. Philip was born on 19 December 1683 at the Palace of Versailles in France, the second son of Louis, Grand Dauphin , the heir apparent to the throne of France, and his wife Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria . Philip
2107-481: The throne as the new King of Sardinia. Victor Emmanuel was the son of King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and his wife, Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain . In 1789, he married Maria Theresa of Austria-Este , with whom he had seven children, including the future Empress of Austria . He was the King of Sardinia during the Napoleonic Wars , where he regained Piedmont after Napoleon's defeat in 1814. Victor Emmanuel
2156-513: The throne precipitated the War of the Spanish Succession , Philip V instigated many important reforms in Spain, most especially the centralization of power of the monarchy and the suppression of regional privileges, via the Nueva Planta decrees , and restructuring of the administration of the Spanish Empire on the Iberian Peninsula and its overseas regions. Philip was born into the French royal family (as Philippe, Duke of Anjou ) during
2205-539: Was a younger brother of Louis, Duke of Burgundy , the father of Louis XV of France. At birth, Philip was created Duke of Anjou , a traditional title for younger sons in the French royal family. He would be known by this name until he became the King of Spain. Since Philip's older brother, Louis, Duke of Burgundy , was second in line to the French throne after his father, there was little expectation that either he or his younger brother Charles, Duke of Berry , would ever rule over France. Philip lived his first years under
2254-515: Was born on 24 July 1754 at the Royal Palace of Turin in Turin , Italy. He was the second son of King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia , son of King Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia and Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg , and his wife, Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain , daughter of King Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese . Victor Emmanuel was known from birth as the Duke of Aosta . From 1792 to 1796, Victor Emmanuel’s father had taken an active part in
2303-632: Was eased by the castrato singer Farinelli , who became the " Musico de Camara of Their Majesties." Farinelli would sing eight or nine arias for the King and Queen every night, usually with a trio of musicians. Philip was struck by a stroke and died on 9 July 1746 in El Escorial , in Madrid, but was buried in his favorite Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso , near Segovia . Ferdinand VI of Spain, his son by his first queen Maria Luisa of Savoy , succeeded him. Historians have generally been unkind to
2352-467: Was forced to cede Menorca and Gibraltar to Great Britain ; the Spanish Netherlands , Naples , Milan , and Sardinia to the Austrian Habsburgs ; and Sicily and parts of Milan to Savoy . To further ensure the removal of Philip and his heirs from the French succession, the letters patent issued to preserve their claim to the throne despite their absence from the country , were repealed by
2401-479: Was the only part of his domains not conquered by the French. Charles Emmanuel himself took little interest in the rule of Sardinia, living with his wife on the mainland in Naples and Rome until his wife's death in 1802, which led the childless Charles Emmanuel to abdicate the throne in favour of his younger brother. Victor Emmanuel took the throne on 4 June 1802 as Victor Emmanuel I. He ruled Sardinia from Cagliari for
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