111-457: The Caledonian Steam Packet Company provided a scheduled shipping service, carrying freight and passengers, on the west coast of Scotland. Formed in 1889 to complement the services of the Caledonian Railway , the company expanded by taking over rival ferry companies. In 1973, they were merged with MacBraynes as Caledonian MacBrayne . Rival railway companies, the Caledonian Railway (CR),
222-711: A black top. At the same time the NBR (and its shipping fleet) also amalgamated with other railways to create the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER), which built the PS ; Waverley in 1947. In 1935, Williamson-Buchanan Steamers was taken over by the Caledonian Steam Packet Company. In 1945, the Caledonian Steam Packet Company took responsibility for the Kyleakin to Kyle of Lochalsh ferry. With nationalisation in 1948,
333-478: A frenzy of provisional acquisitions of other lines being put forward or already being constructed, as they considered it was vital to secure territory to their own control and to exclude competing concerns as far as possible. It was not the only Anglo-Scottish route; the North British Railway opened its coastal route between Edinburgh and Berwick-upon-Tweed on 22 June 1846, forming part of what has become
444-441: A large number of leases and working arrangements had been concluded with other railways being promoted or built nearby. This was mostly done by guaranteeing those shareholders an income on their capital, which meant no immediate cash was required. When the lines started working, suddenly a huge periodical payment was required, and the income was inadequate to satisfy it. There were also suggestions of improper share acquisitions, and in
555-554: A large rural area with many villages and towns including Dalston , Brampton , Longtown , Wetheral , Bewcastle and Scotby . Cumberland Council , the local authority for Cumberland , is a unitary authority , having the powers of a non-metropolitan county and district council combined. It operated as a shadow authority until taking up its powers on 1 April 2023. Cumberland Council replaced Cumbria County Council, Allerdale Borough Council , Carlisle City Council and Copeland Borough Council . The first election to Cumberland Council
666-431: A passenger station on 1 March 1905. Central station was operated by a single signal box , staffed with ten men. It was commissioned on 3 May 1908; it had 374 miniature levers, the largest of its type in the world, operating points and signals by electro-pneumatic and electro-magnetic equipment. The Moffat Railway was opened from Beattock on 2 April 1883. It was just over 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 miles (2.4 km) long. It
777-547: A prison for Mary, Queen of Scots in 1568 and currently hosts the Duke of Lancaster's Regiment and the Border Regiment Museum. In the early 12th century, a priory was built and gained cathedral status with a diocese in 1133 ( city status at the time meant the settlement became a city) while the county of Cumberland was created and later renamed Cumbria. In the 19th century, the introduction of textile manufacture during
888-588: A railway connection. The wealthy middle class saw the town as an elegant location and the Busby Railway opened in 1866. Commuting was already in fashion. The line was extended to East Kilbride in 1868, although at that time the then small village did not generate much business for the railway. When the main line was built, no branches were provided in the thinly populated terrain of the Southern Uplands . Four independent companies made branches themselves, and
999-571: A service to Arran from the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway railhead at Ardrossan . In the years that followed, there was significant investment in piers and ships. After years of fierce competition between all the fleets, the CR and GSWR amalgamated with several other railways at the start of 1923 to form the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) and their fleets amalgamated into the Caledonian Steam Packet Company, their funnels being painted yellow with
1110-460: A single civil parish of Carlisle in 1904. The civil parish was abolished on 1 April 1974, although parts of the urban fringe are in the parishes of Stanwix Rural , Kingmoor and St Cuthbert Without . Carlisle unsuccessfully applied to become a Lord Mayoralty in 2002. Carlisle City Council had its headquarters at the 1960s Civic Centre in Rickergate, the tallest building in the city. At the time of
1221-556: A through station, and the Greenock line trains (operated by the Caledonian) continued to use it. A ninth platform was added to Central station in 1889, but a major expansion took place in the years 1901–1906, when the platforms were lengthened and four platforms added on the west side; a second river crossing was provided. In 1904 Bridge Street station was substantially changed to provide carriage washing and stabling facilities; it closed as
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#17328525299311332-447: Is operational and used by railfreight companies. The Strand Road drill hall opened in 1874. At the start of the 20th century, the population had grown to over 45,000. Transport was improved by the City of Carlisle Electric Tramways from 1900 until 1931, and the first cinema was built in 1906. In 1912, the boundaries of Carlisle were extended to include Botcherby in the east and Stanwix in
1443-537: The Ala Gallorum Petriana , the sole regiment of this size along the wall. Hadrian's successor Antoninus Pius abandoned the frontier and attempted to move further north; he built the Antonine Wall between the firths of Forth and Clyde . It was not a success and, after 20 years, the garrisons returned to Hadrian's Wall. At one time, Carlisle broke off from Rome when Marcus Carausius assumed power over
1554-670: The 2001 census , the population of Carlisle was 71,773, with 100,734 living in the district. In the 2011 census, the city's population had risen to 75,306, with 107,524 in the district. On 1 April 2023 the City of Carlisle local government district was abolished, and the boundaries of the City of Carlisle were redefined to cover the following wards: Belah and Kingmoor, Botcherby and Harraby North, Cathedral and Castle, Currock and Upperby, Denton Holme and Morton South, Harraby South and Parklands, Newtown and Morton North, Sandsfield and Morton West and Stanwix and Houghton. Charter trustees were formed from
1665-606: The Anglian kingdom of Northumbria . In 685, St Cuthbert , visiting the Queen of Northumbria in her sister's monastery at Carlisle, was taken to see the city walls and a marvellously constructed Roman fountain. By the time of the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, Carlisle was in the possession of the Scots. It was not recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book . This changed in 1092, when William
1776-576: The Archbishop of Glasgow Gavin Dunbar cursed all the reivers of the borderlands. The curse was detailed in 1,069 words, beginning: "I curse their head and all the hairs of their head; I curse their face, their brain (innermost thoughts), their mouth, their nose, their tongue, their teeth, their forehead, their shoulders, their breast, their heart, their stomach, their back, their womb, their arms, their leggs, their hands, their feet and every part of their body, from
1887-539: The Argyle Line ) in 1979. The Paisley and Barrhead District Railway was incorporated in 1897 and transferred to the Caledonian in 1902; it was to link Paisley and Barrhead and enable a circular service from Glasgow. The line was substantially ready in 1902 but by now street tramways were electrically operated and eminently successful. It was plain that a passenger service would not be viable against tram competition and
1998-623: The Clyde railway bridge was complete on 1 October 1878. The new Glasgow Central station on Gordon Street opened in December 1879. It had eight platforms, but was considered to be unsatisfactory, having narrow platforms; the circulating area was "ridiculously small"; there was no good cab stance and inadequate siding accommodation. The Bridge Street terminus was jointly operated with the Glasgow and South Western Railway (G&SWR); it had to be reconstructed as
2109-468: The Clydesdale Junction Railway was being promoted. The Caledonian acquired that line during its construction, and it opened in 1849. It gave an alternative and shorter access to another Glasgow passenger terminal, named South Side , and to the Clyde quays at General Terminus (over the connected General Terminus and Glasgow Harbour Railway ). The South Side station was already being used by
2220-526: The East Coast Main Line . The Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway had opened in 1841 with the declared intention of reaching Carlisle by way of Dumfries ; it did so in 1850, changing its name then to the Glasgow and South Western Railway . The main line was opened from Carlisle to Beattock on 10 September 1847, and throughout between Glasgow and Carlisle on 15 February 1848. A continuous railway route between Glasgow and London existed for
2331-745: The English Midlands and London . In the obituary of the engineer Richard Price-Williams written in 1916 the contractor of the Caledonian Railway is stated to be Thomas Brassey and the civil engineer George Heald . Although the company was supported by Scottish investors, more than half of its shares were held in England. Establishing itself as an intercity and cross-border railway, the Caledonian set about securing territory by leasing other authorised or newly built lines, and fierce competition developed with other, larger Scottish railways, particularly
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#17328525299312442-529: The Glasgow, Barrhead and Neilston Direct Railway , worked by the Caledonian. One day, they hoped, they might extend that line into Ayrshire . Meanwhile, the line was leased (for 999 years) to the Caledonian in 1849. The Caledonian recognised that the Townhead terminus was unsatisfactory and constructed a deviation from Milton Junction to a new Glasgow terminus at Buchanan Street . It opened on 1 November 1849. Trains to Edinburgh , Stirling and Carlisle used
2553-557: The Guildhall and Tithe Barn . The Citadel towers , which until 2016 also served as offices for Cumbria County Council, were designed by Thomas Telford , with the eastern tower incorporating part of the 16th-century building. The first Citadel building was a Tudor fortification replacing the medieval Englishgate, designed by the Moravian military engineer Stefan von Haschenperg in 1541. Next to
2664-480: The North British Railway (NBR) and the Glasgow and South Western Railway (GSWR) at first used the services of various early private operators of Clyde steamers . The CR failed to attract private ship owners to their new extension from Greenock to the fishing village of Gourock . They had purchased the harbour at Gourock, which had advantages of a faster line from Glasgow, bypassing the Glasgow and South Western Railway Prince's Pier at Greenock , and being closer to
2775-472: The North British Railway and the Glasgow and South Western Railway . The company established primacy in some areas, but remained less than successful in others; considerable sums were expended in the process, not always finding the approval of shareholders. A considerable steamer passenger traffic developed on the Firth of Clyde serving island resorts, and fast boat trains were run from Glasgow to steamer piers;
2886-607: The Scottish Transport Group , which gained control of David MacBrayne's the following June. The MacBrayne service from Gourock to Ardrishaig ended on 30 September 1969, leaving the Clyde services entirely to the Caledonian Steam Packet Company. On 1 January 1973 the Caledonian Steam Packet Co. acquired most of the ships and routes of David MacBrayne Ltd and commenced joint Clyde and West Highland operations under
2997-539: The Solway Firth by a 1,940 yd (1,770 m) viaduct; the company worked the line itself. It considerably shortened the route to the Lanarkshire ironworks, and was heavily used at first, but the traffic was depleted by cheap imported iron ore within a decade. The Scottish part of the line was acquired by the Caledonian Railway in 1873, and the whole line in 1895. Serious ice damage and later heavy maintenance costs made
3108-529: The arrival of the Romans in Britain and was one of the strongest British towns at the time. In the time of the emperor Nero , it was said to have burned down. The Roman settlement was named Luguvalium , based on a native name that has been reconstructed as Brittonic * Luguwaljon , "[city] of Luguwalos", a masculine Celtic given name meaning "strength of Lugus ". Excavations undertaken along Annetwell Street in
3219-448: The cathedral's nave to obtain the stone to rebuild the castle. Carlisle continued to remain a barracks thereafter. In 1698 travel writer Celia Fiennes wrote of Carlisle as having most of the trappings of a military town and that it was rife with alcohol and prostitutes. In 1707 an act of union was passed between England and Scotland, creating Great Britain , but Carlisle remained a garrison town. The tenth, and most recent siege in
3330-521: The historic county of Cumberland . Carlisle's early history is marked by the establishment of a human settlement to serve castles along Hadrian's Wall in Britain . Due to its proximity to Scotland (being located eight miles or thirteen kilometres south of the current Anglo-Scottish border ), Carlisle Castle and the city became an important military stronghold in the Middle Ages . The castle served as
3441-628: The hot blast process of iron smelting by James Beaumont Neilson in 1828, led to a huge and rapid increase in iron production and demand for iron ore and coal in the Coatbridge area. The industrial development led to the construction of other railways contiguous with the M&;KR, in particular the Garnkirk and Glasgow Railway and the Wishaw and Coltness Railway . These two lines worked in harmony, merging to form
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3552-514: The 1970s dated the Roman timber fort constructed at the site of present Carlisle Castle to the winter of AD 73. It protected a strategic location on the Roman road to the north and overlooking the confluence of the Caldew and Eden rivers. The fort at Carlisle was reconstructed in 83 using oak timbers from further afield, rather than local alder as a possible result of the increased Roman control of
3663-573: The British borders. The ancient history of Carlisle is derived mainly from archaeological evidence and the works of the Roman historian Tacitus . The earliest recorded inhabitants in the area were the Carvetii tribe of Britons who made up the main population of ancient Cumbria and North Lancashire . According to Boethius and John of Fordun , writing in the 18th and 19th centuries, Carlisle existed before
3774-572: The Caledonian Railway had been formed as an intercity trunk line, its attention was early on turned to other demands. Local interests in Lanark promoted a branch line to their town, opening in 1855. Coal owners in South Lanarkshire pressed for a railway connection, and the Lesmahagow Railway was formed by them, opening in 1856. It was later absorbed by the Caledonian, but other lines followed in
3885-590: The Caledonian Railway obtained an authorising act of Parliament , the Caledonian Railway Act 1845 ( 8 & 9 Vict. c. clxii), on 31 July 1845, for lines from Glasgow and Edinburgh to Carlisle. The share capital was to be £1,800,000 (equivalent to £225 million today). The Glasgow and Edinburgh lines combined at Carstairs in Clydesdale , and the route then crossed over Beattock Summit and continued on through Annandale . The promoters had engaged in
3996-450: The Caledonian acquired the line in 1865. The Portpatrick Railway had opened between Castle Douglas and Portpatrick in 1861–62 and the Caledonian Railway worked that railway; it obtained running powers over the G&;SWR between Dumfries and Castle Douglas, and at a stroke the Caledonian had penetrated deep into the south-west, and to the ferry service to the north of Ireland, territory that
4107-449: The Caledonian built two. The Symington, Biggar and Broughton Railway was opened in 1860, having been taken over by the Caledonian during construction. It was extended to Peebles in 1864. In 1863 an independent line, the Dumfries, Lochmaben and Lockerbie Railway was opened. The line was encouraged by the Caledonian Railway, giving westward access into Dumfriesshire , and worked by it;
4218-517: The Caledonian gained access to Loch Lomond with the opening of the Dumbarton and Balloch Joint Railway (originally built by the Caledonian and Dumbartonshire Junction Railway ), built jointly with the NBR. In 1888 the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway opened a 6 + 1 ⁄ 2 -mile (10.5 km) line from Giffen on the Glasgow, Barrhead and Kilmarnock Joint Railway to Ardrossan . Its purpose
4329-546: The Caledonian's activity in the region. The Rutherglen and Coatbridge line , later linking Airdrie , and the Carfin to Midcalder line were routes with significant passenger traffic. Many lines to coal and iron ore pits further east were built, but serving remote areas the lines closed when the mineral extraction ceased. With the Barrhead line in full operation, interests in Busby wanted
4440-582: The Carlisle Board of Control, and subsequently the Carlisle & District State Management Scheme , it lasted until 1971. During the Second World War, Carlisle hosted over 5,000 evacuees, many of whom arrived from Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding towns. A shopping centre (including a new central library) was built to the east and north-east of the market cross and opened in 1986. The area east of
4551-450: The Citadel is Carlisle railway station , designed by William Tite in the neo-Tudor style, considered by Historic England to be among the most important early railway stations in England. Carlisle has held city status since the Middle Ages and a borough constituency or parliamentary borough for centuries, at one time returning two MPs. In 1835 it became a municipal borough which
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4662-658: The Clyde resorts. The CR began operating steamers on its own account in 1889. The Caledonian Steam Packet Company (CSP) was formed as a packet company in May 1889, with Captain James Williamson as secretary and manager. Nominally an independent company, they bought the ships needed to operate steamer services to and from Gourock. On withdrawal of the Wemyss Bay Steamboat Company in 1890, CSP took over services to Rothesay, Largs and Millport. In June 1890, they established
4773-520: The Clydesdale Junction line, mostly used for local trains to Motherwell and Hamilton ), and Bridge Street (on the Paisley line). Gradually the financial difficulties were got under control, by economy, and by the discovery that several of the lease agreements were illegal. Handsome dividends continued to be paid, but it was not until March 1853 that the dividend was paid wholly from revenue. If
4884-570: The Conqueror 's son William Rufus invaded the region and incorporated Carlisle into England. The construction of Carlisle Castle began in 1093 on the site of the Roman fort, south of the River Eden . The castle was rebuilt in stone in 1112, with a keep and the city walls . The walls enclosed the city south of the castle and included three gates to the east, south, and north called the Irish or Caldew Gate,
4995-612: The Durranhill Industrial Estate. Adjoining Harraby to the south but outside the former borough boundary is the hamlet of Carleton . Carlisle is linked to the rest of England via the M6 motorway to the south, and to Scotland via the M74/A74 towards Glasgow and the north. Many trunk roads begin or terminate in Carlisle, including the A6 to Penrith and Luton (historically the main road to
5106-578: The E&;GR and NBR station, later named Waverley ; but the NBR rejected the idea. Eventually in 1870 the Lothian Road station was much improved and extended, and the new terminus was named Princes Street . The owner of Granton Harbour encouraged, and half-funded, the construction of a branch from near Lothian Road, and this opened in 1861. A branch from the Granton line to Leith Docks was made in 1864. This line
5217-557: The English or Botcher Gate, and the Scotch or Ricker Gate respectively. The names of the gates exist in road names in Carlisle today. Carlisle Cathedral was founded as an Augustinian priory and became a cathedral in 1133. In 1157, Carlisle became the seat of the new county of Carliol (a name that was originally an abbreviation of Latin Carlioliensis , meaning "[Bishop] of Carlisle"); in 1177
5328-545: The G&SWR had assumed was its own. The Portpatrick Railway later reformed with the Wigtownshire Railway as the Portpatrick and Wigtownshire Joint Railway ; the Caledonian was a one-quarter owner. The North British Railway opened its branch line to Dolphinton , east of Carstairs, and the Caledonian feared that the next step would be an incursion by the NBR into Caledonian territory, possibly seeking running powers on
5439-507: The Glasgow, Garnkirk and Coatbridge Railway (successor to the Garnkirk and Glasgow Railway ), and the Wishaw and Coltness Railway , which the Caledonian had leased from 1 January 1847 and 1 January 1846 respectively. The Glasgow station was the Townhead terminus of the Glasgow, Garnkirk and Coatbridge Railway. During the process of seeking Parliamentary authorisation, the Caledonian observed that
5550-461: The Glasgow, Garnkirk and Coatbridge Railway in 1841, and competing with the M&KR and its allies. All these lines used the local track gauge of 4 ft 6 in ( 1,372 mm ), and they were referred to as "the coal lines"; passenger traffic was not a dominant activity. During this period, the first long-distance railways were opened in England; the Liverpool and Manchester Railway ,
5661-502: The Industrial Revolution began a process of socioeconomic transformation in Carlisle, which developed into a densely populated mill town . This, combined with its strategic position, allowed for the development of Carlisle as an important railway town , with seven railway companies sharing Carlisle railway station . Nicknamed the 'Great Border City', Carlisle today is a main cultural, commercial and industrial centre within
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#17328525299315772-540: The LMS and LNER fleets were amalgamated as Clyde Shipping Services , under the control of the British Transport Commission . In 1957 a reorganisation restored the Caledonian Steam Packet Company name, and in 1965 a red lion was added to each side of the black-topped yellow funnels. The headquarters remained at Gourock pierhead. At the end of December 1968 management of the Caledonian Steam Packet Company passed to
5883-437: The Sands Centre (and the nearby Shell petrol station and Bitts Park), marooned from the rest of the city. As several other areas of Cumbria were also badly affected (particularly Appleby and Wigton), all trains to Scotland were postponed indefinitely, with trains on the West Coast Mainline going no further than Preston, as nearby Lancaster suffered flooding and problems with electricity supply. Prime Minister David Cameron visited
5994-424: The amalgamation. However, it was later decided to proceed, and the amalgamation took place by Act of Parliament of 7 August 1851. The GP&GR operated the line between Glasgow and Paisley jointly with the Glasgow and South Western Railway (G&SWR), and the Paisley line used a terminus at Bridge Street in Glasgow. The Caledonian now worked trains at three termini in Glasgow: Buchanan Street, South Side (from
6105-455: The area surrounding Glasgow. It was absorbed into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923. Many of its principal routes are still used, and the original main line between Carlisle and Glasgow is in use as part of the West Coast Main Line railway (with a modified entry into Glasgow itself). In the mid-1830s, railways in England evolved from local concerns to longer routes that connected cities, and then became networks. In Scotland it
6216-425: The area. At this time the Roman fort was garrisoned by a 500-strong cavalry regiment, the Ala Gallorum Sebosiana . By the early 2nd century, Carlisle was established as a prominent stronghold. The 'Stanegate' frontier, which consisted of Luguvalium and several other forts in a line east to Corbridge , was proving a more stable frontier against the Picts than those established deeper into Caledonia . In 122,
6327-401: The castle was garrisoned for the king. It endured a long siege from October 1644 until June 1645 when the Royalist forces surrendered after the Battle of Naseby . The city was occupied by a parliamentary garrison, and subsequently by their Scots allies. In 1646, the Scots, now holding Carlisle pending payment of monies owed them by the English Parliament, improved its fortifications, destroying
6438-458: The city on 7 December 2015 to assess the damage, having earlier called an emergency Cobra meeting. In the north of Carlisle are the suburbs of Kingstown, Lowry Hill and Moorville, formerly part of the parish of Kingmoor. To the south of them are Stanwix , Edentown, Etterby, St Ann's Hill and Belah which were added to Carlisle in 1912. The parish of Stanwix Rural exists but only includes a small part of Carlisle's urban area, Whiteclosegate . To
6549-402: The city's history took place after Charles Edward Stuart took Carlisle in the Jacobite Rising of 1745 . When the Jacobites retreated across the border to Scotland they left a garrison of 400 men in Carlisle Castle. Ten days later Prince William, Duke of Cumberland took the castle and executed 31 Jacobites on the streets of Carlisle. Although Carlisle continued to garrison soldiers, becoming
6660-415: The city's modern Welsh name Caerliwelydd . Rheged came under Northumbrian control before 730, probably by inheritance after Rienmelth, daughter of Royth and great-granddaughter of Urien, married Oswy , King of Northumbria . For the rest of the first millennium, Carlisle was an important stronghold contested by several entities who warred over the area, including the Brythonic Kingdom of Strathclyde and
6771-405: The company was refused permission to operate its own steamers, and it formed a partnership with a nominally independent, but friendly, operator, the Caledonian Steam Packet Company . In 1923 the railways of Great Britain were "grouped" under the Railways Act 1921 and the Caledonian Railway was a constituent of the newly formed London Midland and Scottish Railway ; its capitalisation at that time
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#17328525299316882-411: The construction of the Monkland Canal , opened throughout in 1794. This encouraged development of the coalfield, but dissatisfaction at the monopoly prices said to be exacted by the canal led to the construction of the Monkland and Kirkintilloch Railway (M&KR), Scotland's first public railway; it opened in 1826. Development of the use of blackband ironstone by David Mushet , and the invention of
6993-460: The councillors that cover the said areas. They act as appropriate bodies in which historic rights and privileges of Carlisle, including the mayoralty will continue until a governance review will determine the need of a city council . The current member of Parliament is Julie Minns , representing the Labour Party . Carlisle used to be within the North West England constituency of the European Parliament . Carlisle elected 18 county councillors to
7104-459: The county was renamed Cumberland . The conquest of Cumberland was the beginning of a war between Scotland and England which saw the region centred around Carlisle change hands a number of times. It was a major stronghold after the construction of the castle. During the wars, the livelihood of the people on the borders was devastated by armies from both sides. Even when the countries were not at war, tension remained high, and royal authority in one or
7215-400: The demand for passenger travel in these areas, but as yet they used horse traction. The Cathcart District Railway was promoted as an independent concern but heavily supported by the Caledonian. It opened in 1886 from Pollokshields to Mount Florida and Cathcart (the eastern arm of the present-day Cathcart Circle Line ) in 1886, and was extended via Shawlands to form a loop in 1894. It
7326-403: The end of the 19th century when mass housing was built west of the city walls. In 1823 a canal was built to Fisher's Cross ( Port Carlisle ) to transport goods produced in the city. This enabled other industrial centres such as Liverpool to link with Carlisle via the Solway . This was short-lived and when the canal operators ran into financial difficulty the waterway was filled in. A railway
7437-523: The expensive construction of Newton Street Tunnel, the longest in Scotland. In competing with rival rail and steamer connections, the Caledonian became frustrated with its reliance on independent steamer operators, and tried to obtain powers to operate the vessels directly; this was refused by Parliament on competition grounds, and in reaction the company founded the nominally independent Caledonian Steam Packet Company in 1889. The CSPC expanded its routes and services considerably; following nationalisation of
7548-419: The first intercity line, opened in 1830 and was an immediate success. It was quickly followed by the Grand Junction Railway in 1837, the London and Birmingham Railway in 1838 and the North Union Railway reaching Preston in 1838, so that London was linked with the Lancashire and West Midlands centres of industry. It was clearly desirable to connect central Scotland into the emerging network. At first it
7659-401: The first time. (It had been possible to travel via Edinburgh and Newcastle upon Tyne since 1846, but this involved crossing the River Tweed at Berwick by road, and the River Tyne at Gateshead / Newcastle by congested road bridge or ferry.) The Caledonian Railway's Edinburgh line from Carstairs opened on 1 April 1848. The terminal at Edinburgh was at Lothian Road . Glasgow was reached over
7770-403: The former Cumbria County Council. Its headquarters were located at Cumbria House on Botchergate. Until April 2023 Carlisle was governed by a district council , Carlisle City Council and a County Council, Cumbria County Council. After the 2019 elections the Conservative Party ran a minority administration on the district council with the support of the Independents. The district council covered
7881-540: The headquarters of the Border Regiment , the city's importance as a military town decreased as the industrial age took over. The post of Governor of Carlisle as garrison commander was abolished in 1838. In the early 19th century textile mills, engineering works and food manufacturers built factories in the city mostly in the Denton Holme , Caldewgate and Wapping suburbs in the Caldew Valley. These included Carr's of Carlisle , Kangol , Metal Box and Cowans Sheldon. Shaddon Mill , in Denton Holme, became famous for having
7992-642: The idea was killed by fierce opposition from the Clyde Bridges Trust (which would lose toll income) and the Admiralty (who insisted on a swing bridge ). Another scheme failed to get finance in 1866 and again in 1873, but in 1875 an Act was obtained to build a bridge crossing the Clyde and bringing the South Side route into the city centre. A four-track railway bridge crossing the river was designed by Blyth and Cunningham and built by Sir William Arrol & Co. ;
8103-672: The immediate south of Stanwix is the River Eden. On the opposite bank is the city centre bounded on the west by the West Coast Main Railway line and the River Caldew. In the past industry flourished on the banks of the River Caldew, especially Denton Holme and Caldewgate on the west bank and Wapping, around the former Metal Box works, on the east. West of Caldewgate and north of Denton Holme the suburbs of Newtown, Morton, Sandsfield Park, Longsowerby, Raffles and Belle Vue developed in
8214-511: The intended passenger service was never started. The area of the north bank of the river Clyde became increasingly important for industry, and therefore became heavily populated. The North British Railway and its satellites had gained an early monopoly of this traffic, but its importance encouraged the Caledonian to enter the area. The Lanarkshire and Dumbartonshire Railway was nominally independent, running from near Maryhill to Dumbarton , opening progressively between 1894 and 1896. In 1896
8325-550: The kingdom took its name from a major stronghold within it; this has been suggested to have been broadly coterminous with the Civitas Carvetiorum , Carlisle. King Urien and his son and successor Owain became the subjects of a great deal of Arthurian legend . Their capital has been identified as the Cair Ligualid listed by Nennius among the 28 cities of Britain, which later developed into Caer -luel , whence
8436-701: The late 19th and 20th centuries. The eastern side of the city centre developed in the 19th century into a more affluent area along the main A69 road . It links with the former village of Botcherby to which a large council estate was added in the mid-20th century and later still Durranhill Housing Estate. South of the city centre is the Botchergate/St Nicholas area of late Victorian terraced housing similar to that found in Denton Holme and Caldewgate. The Botchergate East area until recently had older slum dwellings. To
8547-528: The latter as far as Morecambe . At the time of the flood, emergency services also had to respond to cases of car-related arson in the city. Carlisle is the only city in Cumbria. The city centre is largely pedestrianised and the Lanes shopping centre is home to around 75 shops. Carlisle has a compact historic centre with a castle , cathedral and semi-intact city walls , as well as other medieval buildings including
8658-510: The line scraped a bare living and closed in 1938. In the mid-1850s the steamer connections on the Firth of Clyde assumed ever increasing importance, and journey transit times from settlements in Argyll and the islands to Glasgow became critical. The inconvenient situation of the Greenock station and pier encouraged thoughts of more convenient routes, and in 1862 the Greenock and Wemyss Bay Railway
8769-410: The line seriously unprofitable and it was closed in 1921. When the Caledonian's first main line opened, it used the Townhead terminus of the Glasgow, Garnkirk and Coatbridge Railway , and almost simultaneously, it acquired access to the South Side station planned for the Clydesdale Junction Railway . It extended from Townhead to Buchanan Street , an "inadequate and very cramped station" in 1849, but
8880-481: The main line. To head this off, the Caledonian built its own Dolphinton branch from Carstairs; it opened in 1867. Dolphinton had a population of 260 and two railways, and traffic was correspondingly meagre, and the line closed in 1945 to passengers and in 1950 to goods. The independent Solway Junction Railway was opened in 1869, linking iron mines in Cumberland with the Caledonian Railway at Kirtlebridge , crossing
8991-609: The market cross had formerly been occupied by narrow alleyways of housing and small shops (on a layout which had not changed much since medieval times) and referred to locally as The Lanes . Carlisle city centre was pedestrianised in 1989. On the evening of Friday, 7 January 2005, the rivers Eden, Caldew and Petteril burst their banks due to as much as 180 mm rainfall upstream that day. 2,700 homes were flooded and three people died. The city's police and fire stations were flooded along with Brunton Park football stadium. The police, fire service and Carlisle United F.C. were mobilised,
9102-428: The new name of Caledonian MacBrayne , with a combined headquarters at Gourock. Sources Caledonian Railway The Caledonian Railway ( CR ) was a major Scottish railway company. It was formed in the early 19th century with the objective of forming a link between English railways and Glasgow . It progressively extended its network and reached Edinburgh and Aberdeen , with a dense network of branch lines in
9213-507: The new station; the Stirling trains had to reverse at Gartsherrie Junction. The Garnkirk's old Glebe Street (Townhead) station was reduced to goods and mineral duties. In 1853–54 the Hayhill Fork, between Gartcosh and Garnqueen, was opened, enabling direct running from Buchanan Street towards Stirling. In the period between formation of the Caledonian Railway and the opening of the main line ,
9324-555: The north end the castle towers were converted to artillery platforms, at the south the medieval Bochard gate was converted into the Citadel , an artillery fortification with two massive artillery towers. The death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603 and her succession by James VI of Scotland as King James I of England allowed more determined and coordinated efforts to suppress reiving. The borderers were not quick to change their ways and many were hanged and whole families were exiled to Ireland. It
9435-466: The north. Carlisle was subject to the decline in the textile industry experienced throughout Britain as new machinery made labour unnecessary. In 1916, during the First World War , the government took over the public houses and breweries in Carlisle because of drunkenness among construction and munitions workers from the munitions factory at Gretna . This experiment nationalised brewing. As
9546-551: The other kingdom was often weak. The uncertainty of existence meant that communities or peoples kindred to each other sought security through their own strength and cunning, and they improved their livelihoods at their enemies' expense. These peoples were known as the Border Reivers and Carlisle was the major city within their territories. The Reivers became so much of a nuisance to the Scottish and English governments that, in 1525,
9657-528: The passenger traffic to the Lanark and Larkhall branches remain in operation. In North Lanarkshire , the North British Railway was a keen competitor, having taken over the Monkland Railways . The area contained the rapidly-growing iron production area surrounding Coatbridge , and servicing that industry with coal and iron ore , and transport to local and more distant metal processing locations, dominated
9768-469: The period 1848 to 1850 a number of shareholder inquiries disclosed bad practices, and many board members had to resign in February 1850. The company had obtained Parliamentary powers to merge with the Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Railway (GP&GR) in 1847, but even more alarming revelations of financial impropriety emerged regarding that company, and the Caledonian considered getting authorisation to cancel
9879-449: The province was visited by Hadrian , who approved a plan to build a wall the length of the frontier. A new fort, Petriana , was therefore built in the Stanwix area of the city north of the river on Hadrian's Wall . It was the largest fort along the wall and was completed in stone by around 130. Like Luguvalium, which lay within sight, Petriana housed a nominal 1,000-strong cavalry regiment,
9990-413: The railways in 1948 it became owned by British Railways, but was divested in 1968 and later became a constituent of Caledonian MacBrayne (CalMac), which remains in state ownership. In the final decades of the 19th century, as the cities spread into conurbations, the company's attention turned to increasing traffic in areas now thought of as "suburban". Street running tramways were already responding to
10101-458: The route from there to the southwards main line was very circuitous. The Caledonian also worked the Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Railway with a terminus at Bridge Street , also inconveniently situated south of the Clyde: the Caledonian, therefore, had three unsatisfactory Glasgow termini. As early as 1846 proposals to cross the Clyde from Gushetfaulds to a Dunlop Street terminal had been put forward;
10212-477: The south west of Botchergate and St Nicholas are the former villages now suburbs of Upperby and Currock . The urban area spills over the former county borough boundary into Blackwell and Durdar in the civil parish of St Cuthbert Without . Between Upperby and Botcherby is Harraby, a former village once part of St Cuthbert Without and the largest suburb of Carlisle. Harraby is subdivided into Harraby East, New Harraby, Harraby Green, Old Harraby, Petteril Bank and
10323-420: The sparsely populated but mineral-rich area. As new coal mines opened, so new branches were needed, connecting Coalburn , Stonehouse , Strathaven , Muirkirk and Darvel and many other places, with new lines built right up until 1905. When the coal became exhausted in the second half of the 20th century, the railways were progressively closed; passenger traffic had always been light and it too disappeared. Only
10434-405: The territory. He was assassinated and suffered damnatio memoriae , but a surviving reference to him has been uncovered in Carlisle. Coins excavated in the area suggest that Romans remained in Carlisle until the reign of Emperor Valentinian II , from 375 to 392. The period of late antiquity after Roman rule saw Cumbria organised as the native British kingdom of Rheged . It is likely that
10545-504: The top of their head to the soles of their feet, before and behind, within and without." After the Pilgrimage of Grace , Henry VIII , concerned at the weakness of his hold on the North, employed (1539) the engineer Stefan von Haschenperg to modernise the defences of Carlisle. von Haschenperg was sacked in 1543 for having "spent great treasures to no purpose"; but (by him and his successors) at
10656-558: The world's 8th tallest chimney and was the largest cotton mill in England. The expanding industries brought about an increase in population as jobs shifted from rural farms towards the cities. This produced a housing shortage where at one point 25,000 people in the city only had 5,000 houses to live in. People were said to be herded together with animal houses, slaughter houses and communal lavatories with open drains running between them. Living conditions were so bad that riots were common and some people emigrated. The problem wasn't solved until
10767-491: Was a one-platform station named Lothian Road . This was the first line to offer travel without change of carriage between Edinburgh and London: passengers on the rival North British Railway needed to cross the River Tweed on foot to continue their rail journey. The unsatisfactory Edinburgh terminus needed improvement but funds were limited, and the Caledonian built a short spur to Haymarket ; talks had taken place about using
10878-706: Was assumed that only one route from Scotland to England would be feasible, and there was considerable controversy over the possible route. A major difficulty was the terrain of the Southern Uplands : a route running through the hilly lands would involve steep and lengthy gradients that were challenging for the engine power of the time; a route around them, either to the west or the east, involved much lengthier main lines, and made connection to both Edinburgh and Glasgow more problematic. Many competing schemes were put forward, not all of them well thought out, and two successive government commissions examined them. However, they did not have mandatory force, and after considerable rivalry,
10989-515: Was authorised. It was an independent company intending to provide a fast connection from Rothesay on the Isle of Bute ; it opened on 13 May 1865 and in August 1893 it amalgamated with the Caledonian Railway, having been operated by the Caledonian Railway since its opening. In 1889 the Caledonian itself opened an extension line from Greenock to Gourock , more conveniently situated than Greenock; this involved
11100-547: Was built in place of the canal. Carlisle became a major railway centre on the West Coast Main Line with connections to the east. At one time seven companies used Carlisle Citadel railway station . Before the building of the Citadel railway station the city had several other railway stations, including London Road railway station . Carlisle had the largest railway marshalling yard in Europe, Kingmoor, which, reduced in size,
11211-540: Was clear that this was the way forward, and there was a desire to connect the Central Belt to the incipient English network. There was controversy over the route that such a line might take, but the Caledonian Railway was formed on 31 July 1845 and it opened its main line between Glasgow , Edinburgh and Carlisle in 1848, making an alliance with the English London and North Western Railway which connected Carlisle to
11322-1069: Was held on 5 May 2022. All 46 seats were up for election. Labour won a majority of 30 seats. Conservatives have 7 seats, Liberal Democrats 4 seats, Independents 3 seats and Green Party 2 seats. Turnout was 36.1%. Carlisle is situated on a slight rise, in the Cumberland Ward , at the confluence of the rivers Eden , Caldew and Petteril . An important centre for trade, it is located 56 mi (90 km) west of Newcastle upon Tyne , 71 mi (114 km) north of Lancaster , 90 mi (140 km) south-east of Glasgow , 93 mi (150 km) south of Edinburgh , 120 mi (190 km) north-west of York , and 300 mi (480 km) north-north-west of London . Nearby towns and villages include Longtown (north), Penrith (south), Brampton (east), Wigton (west), Haggbeck, Harker , Carwinley, Blackford , Houghton, Scotby , Wreay and Rockcliffe . Carlisle experiences an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfb ). In January 2005 Carlisle
11433-449: Was hit by strong gales and heavy rain, and on Saturday 8 January 2005 all roads into Carlisle were closed owing to severe flooding , the worst since 1822, which caused three deaths. Even worse flooding than in 2005 affected Carlisle between 4 and 6 December 2015. During this time, nearly 36 hours of incessant rainfall breached flood defences and left several areas submerged – including Bitts Park, Hardwicke Circus and Warwick Road. This left
11544-482: Was not until 1681 that the problem of the reivers was acknowledged as no longer an issue. Following the personal union of the crowns Carlisle Castle should have become obsolete as a frontier fortress, but the two kingdoms continued as separate states. In 1639, with war between the two kingdoms looming, the castle was refortified using stone from the cathedral cloisters. In 1642 the English Civil War broke out and
11655-578: Was opened to passengers from 1879: the Leith terminal was later renamed Leith North. After 1900 the port authorities built new modern docks to the east of the former Leith docks, and the Caledonian further extended its Leith line to reach the new facilities: the Leith New Lines opened in 1903. It had been planned to open a passenger service on the line, and passenger stations had been built, but tram competition made it clear that an inner suburban passenger railway
11766-631: Was promoted to county borough status in 1914. The city's boundaries have changed several times since 1835, most notably between 1974 and 2023, when under the Local Government Act 1972 the city and county borough and the Border Rural District were abolished and new enlarged City of Carlisle non-metropolitan district was created within the newly formed administrative county of Cumbria . The municipal borough contained several civil parishes or parts of parishes but these were merged into
11877-460: Was to shorten the route for Caledonian mineral traffic, and it was worked by the Caledonian. In 1903–04 it was extended eastwards to Cathcart and Newton, enabling the heavy mineral trains to avoid the Joint Line and the congested area around Gushetfaulds from the Lanarkshire coalfields to Ardrossan Harbour . The Caledonian Railway entered Edinburgh from Carstairs on 15 February 1848; its terminus
11988-403: Was unviable and the passenger service was never inaugurated. Carlisle, Cumbria Carlisle ( / k ɑːr ˈ l aɪ l / kar- LYLE , locally / ˈ k ɑːr l aɪ l / KAR -lyle ; from Cumbric : Caer Luel ) is a cathedral city in the ceremonial county of Cumbria in England. It is the administrative centre of Cumberland Council which covers an area similar to
12099-576: Was worked by the Caledonian and absorbed on 11 November 1889. The Caledonian Railway sought to develop both Moffat and Peebles as watering places, and ran The Tinto Express from both places, combining at Symington , to Edinburgh and Glasgow for several years. With the intention of revitalising the lead mining industry, the Leadhills and Wanlockhead Branch was opened as a light railway from Elvanfoot in 1901–02. With challenging gradients to reach Scotland's highest village in otherwise remote territory,
12210-468: Was worked by the Caledonian, although the company retained its independence until 1923. The Glasgow Central Railway was authorised as an independent company to build a surface line from Rutherglen to Maryhill . It encountered fierce opposition, and the scheme was taken over by the Caledonian and converted into a route mainly in tunnel under Argyle Street . It opened in 1896, further encouraging suburban passenger travel. It closed in 1959 but reopened (as
12321-424: Was £57 million (equivalent to £4.11 billion today), and it had a single-track mileage of 2,827 miles (4,550 km). It extended from Aberdeen to Portpatrick , and from Oban to Carlisle , running express passenger services and a heavy mineral traffic. In the closing years of the 18th century, the pressing need to bring coal cheaply to Glasgow from the plentiful Monklands coalfield had been met by
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