103-719: Burnaby is a city in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia , Canada. Located in the centre of the Burrard Peninsula , it neighbours the City of Vancouver to the west, the District of North Vancouver across the confluence of the Burrard Inlet with its Indian Arm to the north, Port Moody and Coquitlam to the east, New Westminster and Surrey across the Fraser River to
206-590: A Canadian Supreme Court decision of 1984 on aboriginal rights, the Court stated that the government has a fiduciary duty toward the First Nations of Canada and established aboriginal title to be a sui generis right. Since then there has been a more complicated debate and a general narrowing of the definition of "fiduciary duty". Norway occupied and claimed parts of (then uninhabited) eastern Greenland in 1931, claiming that it constituted terra nullius and calling
309-521: A Proclamation by Governor Bourke stated that British subjects could not obtain title over vacant Crown land directly from Aboriginal Australians. In R v Murrell (1836) Justice Burton of the Supreme Court of New South Wales stated, "although it might be granted that on the first taking possession of the Colony, the aborigines were entitled to be recognised as free and independent, yet they were not in such
412-582: A public law equivalent to the private law concept of res nullius . In 1909, the Italian international jurist Camille Piccioni described the island of Spitzbergen in the Arctic Circle as terra nullius . Even though the island was inhabited by the nationals of several European countries, the inhabitants did not live under any formal sovereignty. In subsequent decades, the term terra nullius gradually replaced territorium nullius. Fitzmaurice argues that
515-570: A city. Since the 1970s, Burnaby has seen a decline in resource sectors and a subsequent rise of high value-added services and technology sectors. The presence of BCIT and SFU promoted research & development in the area. For example, manufacturing plants near Still Creek closed in the late 1970s, only to reopen few years later as film production studios. The continued expansion of media production in Burnaby contributed to Hollywood North . Burnaby occupies 96.6 square kilometres (37.3 sq mi) and
618-520: A colonising state. The term terra nullius was used in 1885 in relation to the dispute between Spain and the United States over Contoy Island . Herman Eduard von Hoist, wrote, “Contoy was not, in an international sense, a desert, that is an abandoned island and hence terra nullius. " In 1888, the Institut de Droit International introduced the concept of territorium nullius (nobody’s territory) as
721-555: A commonwealth both legitimate and ordered in human and civil terms.” Alberico Gentili , in his De Jure Belli Libri Tres (1598), drew a distinction between the legitimate occupation of land that was res nullius and illegitimate claims of sovereignty through discovery and occupation of land that was not res nullius , as in the case of the Spanish claim to the Americas. Hugo Grotius , writing in 1625, also stated that discovery does not give
824-496: A distinction between land that was effectively occupied and cultivated, and the unsettled and uncultivated land of nomads which was open to colonisation. The Berlin West Africa Conference of 1884-85 endorsed the principle that sovereignty over an unclaimed territory required effective occupation, and that where native populations had established effective occupation their sovereignty could not be unilaterally overturned by
927-530: A land area of 90.57 km (34.97 sq mi), it had a population density of 2,750.6/km (7,124.1/sq mi) in 2021. In 2016, the median age is 40.3 years old, slightly younger than the British Columbia median of 43.0 years old. Burnaby has diverse ethnic and immigrant communities. For example, North Burnaby near Hastings Street has long been home to many Italian restaurants and recreational bocce games. Metrotown 's high-rise condominium towers in
1030-439: A level of population density supported by agriculture in other geographies. Techniques to preserve and store surplus food sustained a hierarchical society. Burnaby's marshlands along its rivers and lakes were cranberry harvesting areas for numerous villages, some numbering over 1,000 residents. Indigenous people travelled through Burnaby to reach the mouth of Brunette and Fraser River for the bountiful fishing seasons, eulachon in
1133-527: A minority of those claims, international and domestic courts have ruled on whether the territory is or was terra nullius or not. A narrow strip of land adjacent to two territorial markers along the Burkina Faso–Niger border was claimed by neither country until the International Court of Justice settled a more extensive territorial dispute in 2013. The former unclaimed territory was awarded to
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#17328303987971236-445: A piece of land by clearing forests and building houses. Indigenous people were excluded from pre-emption. Royal Engineers dispossessed land from Indigenous people with the assistance of military force including the original routes of North Road, Kingsway, Canada Way, and Marine Drive. Logging permits given to settlers destroyed the forests of southern Burnaby which had provided vital sustenance for Indigenous people. The City of Burnaby
1339-483: A right to sovereignty over inhabited land, “For discovery applies to those things which belong to no one.” By the eighteenth century, however, some writers argued that territorial rights over land could stem from the settlement and cultivation of that land. William Blackstone , in 1765, wrote, “Plantations or colonies, in distant countries, are either such where the lands are claimed by right of occupancy only, by finding them desert and uncultivated, and peopling them from
1442-664: A similar-sized flood occurring in the next 50 years. In the second quarter of 2007, the Lower Mainland was on high alert for flooding. Higher than normal snow packs in the British Columbia Interior prompted municipal governments to start taking emergency measures in the region. Dikes along the Fraser River are regulated to handle approximately 8.5 metres (28 ft) at the Mission Gauge (the height above sea level of
1545-819: A version of it was imposed by Cromwell 's sword […] So the English Protestant interest […] came to regard Ireland as a kind of terra nullius ." Similarly, Bruce McLeod writes in The Geography of Empire in English Literature, 1580-1745 that "although the English were familiar with Ireland and its geography in comparison to North America, they treated Ireland as though it were terra nullius and thus easily and geometrically subdivided into territorial units." Rolston and McVeigh trace this attitude back to Gerald of Wales (13th century), who wrote "This people despises work on
1648-538: A year later in 1892. In the same year, the interurban tram connecting Vancouver , Burnaby, and New Westminster began construction. The expanding urban centres of Vancouver and New Westminster influenced the growth of Burnaby. It developed as an agricultural area supplying nearby markets. Later, it evolved into an important transportation corridor between Vancouver, the Fraser Valley and the Interior . The introduction of
1751-417: Is a geographic and cultural region of the mainland coast of British Columbia that generally comprises the regional districts of Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley . Home to approximately 3.05 million people as of the 2021 Canadian census , the Lower Mainland contains sixteen of the province's 30 most populous municipalities and approximately 60% of the province's total population. The region
1854-529: Is among the most multicultural and diverse regions in Canada. As of 2021, Europeans form a plurality with 1,337,105 persons or 45.7 percent of the total population, followed by East Asians with 614,860 persons or 21.0 percent and South Asians with 422,880 persons or 14.5 percent. Religion in the Lower Mainland (2021) The Lower Mainland includes large irreligious, Christian, and Sikh communities. The Sikh population, numbering over 265,000 persons or 9.1 percent of
1957-782: Is bordered on the west by the Strait of Georgia, to the north by the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District , on the east by the Fraser Valley Regional District, and to the south by Whatcom County, Washington , in the United States . The Fraser Valley Regional District lies east of the Metro Vancouver Regional District, and comprises the cities of Abbotsford and Chilliwack , the district municipalities of Mission , Kent , and Hope , and
2060-449: Is bounded by Burrard Inlet and the Fraser River on the north and south, respectively. Burnaby, Vancouver and New Westminster collectively occupy the major portion of the Burrard Peninsula . The elevation of Burnaby ranges from sea level to a maximum of 370 metres (1,214 ft) atop Burnaby Mountain . Due to its elevation, the city of Burnaby typically has more snowfall during the winter months than nearby Vancouver or Richmond. Overall,
2163-435: Is home to multiple museums highlighting the diverse history and culture of the city. Burnaby Village Museum is a 4.0-hectare (10-acre) open-air museum preserving a 1920s Canadian village. The Nikkei National Museum & Cultural Centre, which includes a Japanese garden, opened in 2000 to promote awareness and understanding of Japanese Canadian culture. The Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology and SFU Galleries are located within
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#17328303987972266-493: Is located 365 metres (1,198 ft) above sea level on Burnaby Mountain. Therefore, climate records are cooler and wetter, with more snowfall, as compared to the rest of the city. Burnaby has an oceanic climate ( Cfb ) with mild, dry summers and cool, rainy winters. In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada , Burnaby had a population of 249,125 living in 101,136 of its 107,046 total private dwellings, an increase of 7% from its 2016 population of 232,755. With
2369-480: Is located at the geographic centre of the Metro Vancouver Regional District . The city has four areas of urban density known as "town centres": Lougheed, Edmonds, Metrotown , and Brentwood. The city's governmental and cultural precincts are located in Burnaby's Deer Lake area. Situated between the city of Vancouver on the west and Port Moody , Coquitlam , and New Westminster on the east, Burnaby
2472-498: Is located atop Burnaby Mountain . In Maclean's 2020 rankings, the university placed first in their comprehensive university category, and ninth in their reputation ranking for Canadian universities. British Columbia Institute of Technology 's main campus in Burnaby, home to more than 49,000 full-time and part-time students, was established in 1964. A new $ 78 million, net-zero emission Health Science Centre, expected to open in late 2021, will accommodate 7,000 students. Burnaby
2575-403: Is named after Burnaby Lake, in turn named after Robert Burnaby , who was a Freemason , explorer, and legislator. He was previously private secretary to Colonel Richard Moody , the first land commissioner for the Colony of British of Columbia. In 1859, Burnaby surveyed a freshwater lake in the city's geographic centre. Moody named it Burnaby Lake. Burnaby was established in 1891 and incorporated
2678-988: Is served by Metro Vancouver's bus system , run by the Coast Mountain Bus Company , a division of TransLink , the region's transportation authority. The 49 bus route, connecting Metrotown and the University of British Columbia , is the second most boarded bus route after route 99 , which is the busiest bus route in North America. Burnaby is also served by the R5 Hastings St RapidBus . The 2050 Burnaby Transportation Plan, adopted in December 2021, outlines three targets: to reduce traffic fatalities to zero, to increase public transit and active transportation to 75 percent of all trips, and to reduce vehicle emissions by 100 percent. While Burnaby occupies about 4 percent of
2781-503: Is that which does not already belong to another state, whether it is uninhabited, or inhabited by persons whose community is not considered to be a state; for individuals may live on as territory without forming themselves into a state proper exercising sovereignty over such territory." Occupation of terra nullius is one of several ways in which a state can acquire territory under international law. The other means of acquiring territory are conquest, cession by agreement, accretion through
2884-535: Is the traditional territory of the Sto:lo , a Halkomelem -speaking people of the Coast Salish linguistic and cultural grouping. Although the term Lower Mainland has been recorded from the earliest period of colonization in British Columbia, it has never been officially defined in legal terms. The term has historically been in popular usage for over a century to describe a region that extends from Horseshoe Bay south to
2987-637: The hən̓q̓əmín̓əm̓ and Sḵwx̱wú7mesh speaking Coast Salish Nations. Local landmarks such as Burnaby Mountain, Deer Lake, and Brunette River feature prominently in Indigenous history passed down through oral traditions. The northern shorelines of Burnaby, along the second narrows of Burrard Inlet was the site of an ancient battle between the attacking Lekwiltok and the defending Musqueam according to Chief Charlie Qiyəplenəxw. The Coast Salish people living in BC and Washington state numbered more than 100,000 people,
3090-485: The 2004 Canadian federal election . In the May 2013 provincial election , residents of the city sent 3 NDP MLAs and one Liberal MLA to the British Columbia legislature. The NDP MLA for Burnaby-Lougheed , Jane Shin , faced controversy after the election for misrepresenting herself as a physician despite not having completed a medical residency nor holding a licence to practice medicine. Lower Mainland The Lower Mainland
3193-843: The Burnaby Art Gallery , Shadbolt Centre for the Arts, and the Burnaby Village Museum. Michael J. Fox Theatre , a community theatre that seats 613, with 11 wheelchair spaces, is situated within Burnaby South Secondary School . The city's main stadium, Swangard Stadium , is located in Central Park (Burnaby) . It was completed in 1969. The stadium was home to the Vancouver 86ers (now the Vancouver Whitecaps FC ) in
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3296-605: The Canada–United States border and east to Hope at the eastern end of the Fraser Valley . This definition makes the term Lower Mainland almost synonymous with the regional districts of Metro Vancouver and Fraser Valley . However, the British Columbia Geographical Names Information System (BCGNIS) comments that most residents of Vancouver might consider it to be only areas west of Mission and Abbotsford , while residents in
3399-705: The Canadian Soccer League from 1986 to 2010, when the team relocated to BC Place to play in the Major League Soccer . Burnaby co-hosted the 1973 Canada Games with New Westminster . Burnaby Velodrome hosted the National Junior and U17 Track Championship in 2014. Burnaby was the host for the 2014 IQA Global Games , the second edition of the international quidditch championship. The SkyTrain Operations Controls Centre 1, built in
3502-563: The Dutch Republic , the Kingdom of Great Britain , and the Kingdom of Scotland all claimed sovereignty over the archipelago of Svalbard in the seventeenth century, but none permanently occupied it. Expeditions from each of these polities visited Svalbard principally during the summer for whaling , with the first two sending a few wintering parties in the 1620s and 1630s. During the 19th century, both Norway and Russia made strong claims to
3605-520: The English colonisation of Ireland , although the term is not used in the international law sense and is often used as an analogy. Griffen and Cogliano state that the English viewed Ireland as a terra nullius . In The Irish Difference: A Tumultuous History of Ireland’s Breakup With Britain , Fergal Tobin writes that "Ireland had no tradition of unified statehood and no culturally unified establishment. Indeed, it had never known any kind of political unity until
3708-653: The Fraser River . Other major floods in the Lower Mainland ;– including June 1972, November 1990, and November 2021 – have been more localized, primarily impacting areas in the Fraser Valley like the Sumas Prairie , with comparatively minor impacts to Metro Vancouver. Prior to the 2021 flood, according to the Fraser Basin Council, scientists predicted a one-in-three chance of
3811-570: The Georgia Strait region also frequented the lower Fraser, including those from Vancouver Island and what is now Whatcom County, Washington . Sto:lo traditional territory, known as Solh Temexw in Halkomelem , more or less coincides with the traditional conception of the Lower Mainland, except for the inclusion of Port Douglas at the head of Harrison Lake, which is in In-SHUCK-ch territory, and
3914-539: The Lougheed Highway , Kingsway (which follows the old horse trail between Vancouver and New Westminster), Canada Way and Marine Drive/Marine Way. Douglas Road, which used to cross the city from northwest to southeast, has largely been absorbed by the Trans-Canada Highway and Canada Way. Since the 1990s, more than 70 kilometres (43 mi) of bike routes and urban trails have been laid in Burnaby. The city
4017-550: The Metrotown neighbourhood, the downtown area of Burnaby, is the largest mall in British Columbia with West Vancouver 's Park Royal in second place. It is the second largest in Canada behind the first-place West Edmonton Mall in Alberta . Metropolis was the second most visited mall in Canada in 2017 and third most visited in 2018. Heavy industry companies including Chevron Corporation and Petro-Canada petroleum refines oil on
4120-639: The Niger . At the request of Morocco , the International Court of Justice in 1975 addressed whether Western Sahara was terra nullius at the time of Spanish colonization in 1885. The court found in its advisory opinion that Western Sahara was not terra nullius at that time. A disputed archipelago in the East China Sea , the uninhabited Pinnacle Islands , were claimed by Japan to have become part of its territory as terra nullius in January 1895, following
4223-526: The Scarborough Shoal or Panatag Shoal or Huangyan Island ( simplified Chinese : 黄岩岛 ; traditional Chinese : 黃巖島 ; pinyin : Huángyán Dǎo ), nearest land being the island of Luzon at 220 km (119 nmi), located in the South China Sea . The Philippines claims it under the principles of terra nullius and EEZ ( exclusive economic zone ), while both China and Taiwan continue claiming
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4326-632: The Social Credit and BC Liberal parties) and federally (from the Reform , Alliance , and Conservative parties). Its longest-serving politician had been Svend Robinson of the New Democratic Party (NDP), Canada's first openly gay member of Parliament, but after 25 years and seven elections he resigned his post in early 2004 after stealing and then returning an expensive ring. Burnaby voters endorsed his assistant, Bill Siksay , as his replacement in
4429-656: The Soviet Union and the United States , who reserved the right to make a claim. An undefined area from 20°W to 45°E was historically considered potentially unclaimed; the Norwegian claim in Queen Maud Land was interpreted as covering the coastal regions, but not continuing all the way to the South Pole. In 2015, the claim was extended to reach as far as 90°S. Several territories have been claimed to be terra nullius . In
4532-566: The Sudan ), four pockets of land near the Danube due to the Croatia–Serbia border dispute , and parts of Antarctica , principally Marie Byrd Land . In international law, terra nullius is territory which belongs to no state. Sovereignty over territory which is terra nullius can be acquired by any state by occupation. According to Oppenheim : "The only territory which can be the object of occupation
4635-440: The res nullius analogy to argue that the indigenous populations of the Americas, although “barbarians”, had both sovereignty and private ownership over their lands, and that the Spanish had gained no legal right to possession through mere discovery of these lands. Nevertheless, Vitoria stated that the Spanish possibly had a limited right to rule the indigenous Americans because the latter “are unsuited to setting up or administering
4738-531: The 1980s, is responsible for the maintenance and operations of both the region's Expo Line and Millennium Line . In 2021, construction began on a $ 110 million Operations Controls Centre 2 to accommodate growing transit ridership. The Expo Line, completed in 1986, crosses the south along Kingsway. The Millennium Line, completed in 2002, follows Lougheed Highway . The SkyTrain has encouraged closer connections to New Westminster , Vancouver , and Surrey , as well as dense urban development at Lougheed Town Centre on
4841-490: The 19th century, European legal sources tended to justify the extension of European sovereignty over inhabited territory through the concepts of voluntary cession or conquest in a just war. With respect to settlement by Europeans, the defense offered (per theorists such as Locke and Vattel ) was that colonized lands were either uninhabited, or were surplus to the needs of the indigenous inhabitants and therefore able to be settled without resulting in dispossession. Borch places
4944-498: The 41 elementary schools and 8 secondary schools – are managed by School District 41 in Burnaby. It operates a community and adult education department, an international students program, and a French immersion program. The British Columbia School for the Deaf is located on the same grounds of the Burnaby South Secondary School . Simon Fraser University 's main campus, with more than 30,000 students and 950 staff,
5047-564: The Boulder Creek Fault. Scientists now believe this fault is active and capable of producing earthquakes in the 6.8 magnitude range. Much of the Lower Mainland is vulnerable to explosive eruptions from the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt . Volcanoes in this zone are capable of producing large quantities of volcanic ash that may cause short and long term water supply problems for Lower Mainland communities. All airports covered by
5150-668: The Japanese victory in the First Sino-Japanese War . However, this interpretation is not accepted by the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (Taiwan), both of whom claim sovereignty over the islands. Saudi Arabian–Iraqi neutral zone Saudi Arabian–Kuwaiti neutral zone The People's Republic of China , the Republic of China (Taiwan) and the Philippines claim
5253-508: The Lower Mainland includes two regional districts: the Metro Vancouver Regional District (MVRD) and the Fraser Valley Regional District (FVRD). Both regional districts, however, include areas outside the traditional limits of the Lower Mainland. Metro Vancouver includes areas like Surrey and Langley that are geographically in the Fraser Valley . The Metro Vancouver Regional District is made up of 21 municipalities. The MVRD
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#17328303987975356-499: The Lower Mainland was largely spared, although northern regions of the province, along the Skeena and Nechako Rivers, experienced floods. Climate scientists predict that increasing temperatures will mean wetter winters and more snow at the high elevations. This will increase the likelihood of snowmelt floods. The provincial government maintains an integrated flood hazard management program and extensive flood protection infrastructure in
5459-404: The Lower Mainland. Based on geological evidence, however, stronger earthquakes appear to have occurred at approximately 600-year intervals. Therefore, there is a probability that there will be a major earthquake in the region within the next 200 years. In April 2008, the United States Geological Survey released information concerning a newly found fault south of downtown Abbotsford , called
5562-409: The Lower Mainland. The infrastructure consists of dikes, pump stations , floodboxes, riprap , and relief wells . While earthquakes are common in British Columbia and adjacent coastal waters, most are minor in energy release or are sufficiently remote to have little effect on populated areas. Nevertheless, earthquakes with a magnitude of up to 7.3 have occurred within 150 kilometres (93 mi) of
5665-423: The People's Republic of China. Taiwan places the shoal under the administration of Cijin District , Kaohsiung City , but do not hold effective control of the shoal. The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) denied the lawfulness of China's claim in 2016 , where China have rejected the ruling, calling it "ill-founded". In 2019, Taiwan also rejected the ruling and have continued sending more naval vassals to
5768-479: The Simon Fraser University campus at the top of Burnaby Mountain. Burnaby Public Library was first established in 1954. It currently has four locations throughout the city, including the Bobbie Prittie Metrotown, McGill, Tommy Douglas and Cameron branches in each of the four town centres. The library system holds over three million items in circulation, with more than 5,000 visitors per day. Many cultural facilities are located in or around Deer Lake Park , including
5871-606: The Skytrain's Expo Line cemented this trend into the 21st century. As Vancouver expanded and became a metropolis, Burnaby was one of the first-tier suburbs of Vancouver, along with North Vancouver and Richmond . During the suburbanization of Burnaby, "Mid-Century Vernacular" homes were built by the hundreds to satisfy demand by new residents. The establishment of British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT) in 1960 and Simon Fraser University (SFU) in 1965 helped Burnaby gradually become more urban in character. In 1992, one hundred years after its incorporation, Burnaby officially became
5974-410: The Sydney area was an estimated 4,000 to 8,000 people who were organised in clans which occupied land with traditional boundaries. There is debate over whether Australia was colonised by the British from 1788 on the basis that the land was terra nullius . Frost, Attwood and others argue that even though the term terra nullius was not used in the eighteenth century, there was widespread acceptance of
6077-437: The accompanying eruption column would be closed, heavy ash falls would damage electrical equipment and weak structures could collapse under the weight of the ash. The Lower Mainland's communities includes large cities in Metro Vancouver, and smaller cities, towns and villages along both banks of the Fraser River. Neighbourhoods within cities are not listed unless historically or otherwise notable and/or separate. Only some of
6180-457: The archipelago. In 1909, Italian jurist Camille Piccioni described Spitzbergen, as it was then known, as terra nullius : The issue would have been simpler if Spitzbergen, until now terra nullius, could have been attributed to a single state, for reasons of neighbouring or earlier occupation. But this is not the case and several powers can, for different reasons, make their claims to this territory which still has no master. The territorial dispute
6283-408: The area. It has been speculated that Scarborough Shoal is a prime location for the construction of an artificial island and Chinese ships have been seen in the vicinity of the shoal. Analysis of photos has concluded that the ships lack dredging equipment and therefore represent no imminent threat of reclamation work. The term terra nullius has been applied by some modern academics in discussing
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#17328303987976386-457: The city's eastern border, at Brentwood Town Centre in the centre-west, Edmonds –Highgate in the southeast and, most notably, at Metrotown in the south. Major north–south streets crossing the city include Boundary Road, Willingdon Avenue, Royal Oak Avenue, Kensington Avenue, Sperling Avenue, Gaglardi Way, Cariboo Road, and North Road. East–west routes linking Burnaby's neighbouring cities to each other include Hastings Street , Barnet Highway ,
6489-579: The colony as unoccupied and afforded no recognition to any form of native interest in the land." Stuart Banner states that the first known Australian legal use of the concept (although not the term) terra nullius was in 1819 in a tax dispute between Barron Field and the Governor of New South Wales Lachlan Macquarie . The matter was referred to British Attorney General Samuel Shepherd and Solicitor General Robert Gifford who advised that New South Wales had not been acquired by conquest or cession, but by possession as "desert and uninhabited". In 1835,
6592-447: The concept that a state could acquire territory through occupation of land that was not already under sovereignty and was uninhabited or inhabited by peoples who had not developed permanent settlements, agriculture, property rights or political organisation recognised by European states. Borch, however, states that, "it seems much more likely that there was no legal doctrine maintaining that inhabited land could be regarded as ownerless, nor
6695-407: The derivation of terra nullius from res nullius is "by analogy" only. Sixteenth century writings on res nullius were in the context of European colonisation in the New World and the doctrine of discovery . In 1535, Domingo de Soto argued that Spain had no right to the Americas because the lands had not been res nullius at the time of discovery. Francisco de Vitoria , in 1539, also used
6798-426: The disputed area is not terra nullius and they are negotiating with Serbia to settle the border. While several countries made claims to parts of Antarctica in the first half of the 20th century, the remainder, including most of Marie Byrd Land (the portion east from 150°W to 90°W ), has not been claimed by any sovereign state. Signatories to the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 agreed not to make such claims, except
6901-478: The dykes at Mission). Warmer than normal weather in the province's Interior region caused large amounts of snow to melt prematurely, resulting in higher-than-normal water levels, which, nevertheless, remained well below flood levels. Flooding can cover much of the Lower Mainland. Cloverdale , Barnston Island , low-lying areas of Maple Ridge , areas west of Hope , White Rock , Richmond , parts of Vancouver , and parts of Surrey are potentially at risk. In 2007,
7004-434: The eastern part of the Georgia Depression and extends from Powell River on the Sunshine Coast to Hope at the eastern end of the Fraser Valley. One of the mildest climates in Canada, the region has a mean annual temperature of 9 °C (48 °F) with a summer mean of 15 °C (59 °F) and a winter mean of 3.5 °C (38.3 °F). Annual precipitation ranges from an annual mean of 850 millimetres (33 in) in
7107-402: The first of many gold rushes in British Columbia, brought over 30,000 fortune seekers, including many American miners. The fear of an impending annexation by the United States led to the creation of the Colony of British Columbia in 1858 and the establishment of New Westminster as its capital. Settlers in Burnaby acquired land through a process called pre-emption which allowed people to claim
7210-417: The highest in North America . The main campuses of Simon Fraser University and the British Columbia Institute of Technology are located in Burnaby. It is home to high-tech companies such as Ballard Power ( fuel cell ), Clio (legal software), D-Wave ( quantum computing ), General Fusion ( fusion power ), and EA Vancouver . Burnaby's Metropolis at Metrotown is the largest mall in British Columbia,
7313-463: The highest in North America. It also maintains some agricultural land, particularly along the Fraser foreshore flats in the Big Bend neighbourhood along its southern perimeter. Major parklands and waterways in Burnaby include Central Park , Robert Burnaby Park , Kensington Park , Burnaby Mountain , Still Creek , the Brunette River , Burnaby Lake , Deer Lake , Squint Lake , and Barnet Marine Park. Burnaby's Simon Fraser University weather station
7416-451: The inclusion of areas within the regional districts which are not normally considered to be part of the Lower Mainland, notably the lower Fraser Canyon and the heads of Harrison and Pitt Lakes , which are within the FVRD, and Lions Bay and Bowen Island , which are within the Metro Vancouver Regional District. Panethnic breakdown of the Lower Mainland ( 2021 census ) The Lower Mainland
7519-800: The jurisdiction of other governments. It also empowers the President of the United States to use the military to protect such interests, and establishes the criminal jurisdiction of the United States. The British penal colony of New South Wales , which included more than half of mainland Australia, was proclaimed by Governor Captain Arthur Phillip at Sydney in February 1788. At the time of British colonisation, Aboriginal Australians had occupied Australia for at least 50,000 years. They were complex hunter-gatherers with diverse economies and societies and about 250 different language groups. The Aboriginal population of
7622-471: The land area of the Metro Vancouver Regional District, it accounted for about 10 percent of the region's population in 2016. It is the third most populated urban centre in British Columbia (after Vancouver and Surrey), with a population of 249,125 (2021). Politically, Burnaby has maintained a left-wing city council closely affiliated with the provincial NDP and school board for many years, while sometimes electing more conservative legislators provincially (from
7725-423: The land, has little use for the money-making of towns, contemns the rights and privileges of citizenship, and desires neither to abandon, nor lose respect for, the life which it has been accustomed to lead in the woods and countryside." The semi- nomadism of the native Irish meant that some English judged them not to be productive users of land. However, Rolston and McVeigh state that Gerald made it clear that Ireland
7828-658: The lands around Burrard Inlet. Health system services and governance in the Lower Mainland are provided by Vancouver Coastal Health , serving Vancouver, Richmond and the North Shore, and the mainland coast as far north as the Central Coast region, and Fraser Health , which serves the area of the Lower Mainland east of Vancouver and Richmond. The Lower Mainland is considered to have a high vulnerability to flood risk. There have been two major region-wide floods in 1894 and 1948 , both associated with an extreme spring freshet of
7931-515: The many Indian Reserves are listed. Terra nullius Terra nullius ( / ˈ t ɛr ə ˈ n ʌ l ɪ ə s / , plural terrae nullius ) is a Latin expression meaning " nobody's land ". Since the nineteenth century it has occasionally been used in international law as a principle to justify claims that territory may be acquired by a state's occupation of it. There are currently three territories sometimes claimed to be terra nullius : Bir Tawil (a strip of land between Egypt and
8034-443: The mother-country; or where, when already cultivated, they have been either gained by conquest, or ceded to us by treaties. And both these rights are founded upon the law of nature, or at least upon that of nations." Borch states that many commentators erroneously interpreted this to mean that any uncultivated lands, whether inhabited or not, could be claimed by a colonising state by right of occupancy. Borch rather argues that before
8137-565: The operations of nature, and prescription through the continuous exercise of sovereignty. Although the term terra nullius was not used in international law before the late nineteenth century, some writers have traced the concept to the Roman law term res nullius , meaning nobody's thing . In Roman law, things that were res nullius , such as wild animals ( ferae bestiae ), lost slaves and abandoned buildings could be taken as property by anyone by seizure. Benton and Straumann, however, state that
8240-431: The other owns it). Bir Tawil has no settled population, but the land is used by Bedouins who roam the area. Croatia and Serbia dispute several small areas on the east bank of the Danube . However, four pockets on the western river bank , of which Gornja Siga is the largest, are not claimed by either country. Serbia makes no claims on the land while Croatia states that the land belongs to Serbia. Croatia states that
8343-452: The physical landscape of Burnaby is one of hills, ridges, valleys and an alluvial plain. Burnaby is home to many industrial and commercial firms. British Columbia's largest (and Canada's second largest) commercial shopping mall, Metropolis at Metrotown , is located in Burnaby, as well as malls in Brentwood and Lougheed town centres. Still, Burnaby's ratio of park land to residents is one of
8446-515: The region; the southern portion of Squamish traditional territory is also in the region. Its claims overlap those of the Tsleil-waututh, Musqueam, and Kwikwetlem. Other peoples whose territories lie within the region are the Sto:lo , Chehalis , Katzie , Kwantlen , Tsawwassen , and Semiahmoo ; many of their territories overlap with those of the Musqueam, and with each other. Many other peoples of
8549-628: The rest of the province consider it to be the Sea-to-Sky Corridor south of Whistler and west of Hope . The region is bounded to the north by the Pacific Ranges and to the southeast by the Cascade Mountains , and is traversed from east to west by the Fraser River . Due to its consistency of climate , flora and fauna , geology and land use , "Lower Mainland" is also the name of an ecoregion —a biogeoclimatic region—that comprises
8652-416: The same concept, meaning land without sovereignty, and that property rights and cultivation of land were not part of the concept. The term terra nullius was adopted by the International Court of Justice in its 1975 Western Sahara advisory opinion. The majority wrote, "'Occupation' being legally an original means of peaceably acquiring sovereignty over territory otherwise than by cession or succession, it
8755-523: The shift towards the view that "uncultivated" but inhabited lands were terra nullius (and could therefore be claimed purely on the basis of being uncultivated) primarily in the 19th century, and argues it was a result of political developments (e.g. the decision to colonize New South Wales despite a large indigenous population) and the rise of new intellectual currents such as Scientific Racism and Legal Positivism . Several years before Blackstone, Emer de Vattel , in his Le droit des gents (1758), drew
8858-497: The shoal continuing from their predecessor , who claimed the shoal based on historical records that Chinese fishermen had discovered and mapped the shoal since the 13th century. Previously, the shoal was administered as part of Municipality of Masinloc , Province of Zambales for the Philippines. Since the Scarborough Shoal standoff in 2012, the shoal is administered as part of Xisha District , Sansha City , Hainan Province for
8961-412: The shores of Burrard Inlet . Ritchie Bros. Auctioneers , Pacific Blue Cross and Nokia have significant facilities in Burnaby. Other firms with operations based in Burnaby include Canada Wide Media , Doteasy, Telus , Teradici , Mercedes-Benz Fuel Cell, HSBC Group Systems Development Centre, and TransLink . eBay ceased local operations in 2009. Over 24,000 students – across
9064-430: The south have been fuelled in part by arrivals from China ( Hong Kong and Macau ) during the 1990s, Taiwan, and South Korea . According to the 2021 census, ethnic Chinese make up the largest ethnic group of Burnaby with 33.3% while Europeans make up a close 2nd with 30.5%. According to the 2006 census, 54% of Burnaby residents have a mother tongue that is neither English nor French. The 2016 census found that English
9167-470: The southeast, and Richmond on the Lulu Island to the southwest. Burnaby was incorporated in 1892 and achieved its city status in 1992. A member municipality of Metro Vancouver , it is British Columbia's third-largest city by population (after Vancouver and Surrey), and is the seat of Metro Vancouver's regional district government. 25% of Burnaby's land is designated as parks and open spaces, one of
9270-421: The spring and sockeye salmon in the late summer. Early European explorers and fur traders introduced diseases that decimated the Indigenous population. This false appearance of Burnaby as a vast open space, along with traditional Indigenous farming techniques which did not permanently alter the landscape, meant Indigenous land in Burnaby was mislabelled as terra nullius . The Fraser Canyon Gold Rush of 1858,
9373-572: The territory Erik the Red's Land . The Permanent Court of International Justice ruled against the Norwegian claim. The Norwegians accepted the ruling and withdrew their claim. A similar concept of "uncultivated land" was employed by John Quincy Adams to identify supposedly unclaimed wilderness . The Guano Islands Act of 18 August 1856 enabled citizens of the U.S. to take possession of islands containing guano deposits. The islands can be located anywhere, so long as they are not occupied and not within
9476-491: The third most visited in Canada and the fifth largest in the nation. Canada's largest film and television production studio and more than 60% of BC's sound stages are in Burnaby, contributing to the growth of Hollywood North . The city is served by SkyTrain 's Expo Line and Millennium Line . Metrotown station in Metrotown is the busiest station on weekends and the second-busiest on weekdays in regional Vancouver's urban transit system as of 2021. Early inhabitants were
9579-505: The time the territory therefore was not terra nullius . There are three instances where land is sometimes claimed to be terra nullius : Bir Tawil bordering Egypt and the Sudan , four small areas along the Croatia – Serbia border, and Marie Byrd Land in Antarctica . Between Egypt and the Sudan is the 2,060 km (800 sq mi) landlocked territory of Bir Tawil , which
9682-401: The total population is statistically significant across Metro Vancouver and the Fraser Valley; proportionally, it is more than four times the national average of 2.1 percent. Regional districts were first created across British Columbia from 1966 to 1967 to form bodies for inter-municipal coordination and to extend municipal-level powers to areas outside existing municipalities. Today,
9785-487: The two concepts were initially distinct, territorium nullius applying to territory in which the inhabitants might have property rights but had not developed political sovereignty whereas terra nullius referred to an absence of property. Nevertheless, terra nullius also implied an absence of sovereignty because sovereignty required property rights acquired through the exploitation of nature . Michael Connor, however, argues that territorium nullius and terra nullius were
9888-656: The village of Harrison Hot Springs . It also includes many unincorporated areas in the Fraser Valley and along the west side of the Fraser Canyon (the Fraser Canyon is not in the Lower Mainland). Regional district powers are very limited and other localized provincial government services are delivered through other regionalization systems. The traditional territories of the Musqueam and Tsleil'waututh lie completely within
9991-412: The west end to 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in the eastern end of the Fraser Valley and at higher elevations. Maximum precipitation occurs as rain in winter. Less than ten percent falls as snow at sea level but the amount of snowfall increases significantly with elevation. As of the 2021 census, the population of the Lower Mainland core area totals 2,966,830: These figures are slightly inflated due to
10094-433: Was a cardinal condition of a valid 'occupation' that the territory should be terra nullius – a territory belonging to no-one – at the time of the act alleged to constitute the 'occupation'." The court found that at the time of Spanish colonisation in 1884, the inhabitants of Western Sahara were nomadic but socially and politically organised in tribes and under chiefs competent to represent them. According to State practice of
10197-629: Was acquired by conquest and not through the occupation of terra nullius . According to Ian Mitchell, Rockall was terra nullius until it was claimed by the United Kingdom in 1955. It was formally annexed in 1972. In 1967, Paddy Roy Bates claimed an abandoned British anti-aircraft gun tower in the North Sea as the " Principality of Sealand ". The structure is now within British territorial waters and no country recognises Sealand. Denmark–Norway ,
10300-564: Was created by a discrepancy between borders drawn in 1899 and 1902. One border placed Bir Tawil under the Sudan's control and the Halaib Triangle under Egypt's; the other border did the reverse. Each country asserts the border that would give it the much larger Halaib Triangle, to the east, which is adjacent to the Red Sea , with the side effect that Bir Tawil is unclaimed by either country (each claims
10403-466: Was eventually resolved by the Svalbard Treaty of 9 February 1920 which recognized Norwegian sovereignty over the islands. Joseph Trutch , the first Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia , insisted that First Nations had never owned land, and thus their land claims could safely be ignored. It is for this reason that most of British Columbia remains unceded land . In Guerin v. The Queen ,
10506-750: Was spoken as the mother tongue of 41.33 percent of the population. The next three most common languages were Mandarin (14.53 percent), Cantonese (12.32 percent) and Tagalog (3.35 percent). According to the 2021 census , religious groups in Burnaby included: The city features major commercial town centres, high-density residential areas, two rapid transit lines, technology research, business parks, film studios such as The Bridge Studios , and TV stations such as Global TV . Major technology firms such as Ballard Power Systems ( fuel cell ), D-Wave Systems ( quantum computing ), Clio (legal tech), Creo (imaging), and Electronic Arts Canada (studio) have their headquarters in Burnaby. Metropolis mall located in
10609-513: Was this the basis of official policy, in the eighteenth century or before. Rather it seems to have developed as a legal theory in the nineteenth century.” In Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) , Justice Dawson stated, "Upon any account, the policy which was implemented and the laws which were passed in New South Wales make it plain that, from the inception of the colony, the Crown treated all land in
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