79-588: Bumble Hole Local Nature Reserve is situated in the Netherton area of Dudley Metropolitan Borough in the county of West Midlands , England. This former industrial area now features canals, ponds, grassland and wooded areas. The reserve lies adjacent to the Warren's Hall Local Nature Reserve (which is in Sandwell Metropolitan Borough ). It was declared a local nature reserve in 1996. The area comprising
158-484: A cathedral or canonical chapter or a military order. The power of the lord was exercised through various intermediaries, the most important of which was the bailiff . The sovereign can also be a lord; the seigneuries he owns form the royal domain. The title of lord is also granted, especially in modern times, to individuals holding noble fiefdoms which are not for all that seigneuries. These "lords" are sometimes called sieurs, equivalent terms in medieval times. The lord
237-573: A Conservation Area. Netherton contains a number of churches and chapels. The most prominent, the Anglican parish church of St. Andrew's, was consecrated and opened by the Lord Bishop Folliott on 16 July 1830. The foundation stone of the church had been laid by Dr. Booker, the Vicar of Dudley, on 30 November 1827. The other Church of England churches in the area are St. Peter's, Darby End and St. John
316-519: A charter to allow the village to hold an annual market fair. The fair was held in Netherton's central square in the last week of October until 1848. Although records of historic local government in Netherton are rather scarce, records exist of the procedures of the Court Leet of the barons of Dudley from the year 1701. Two juries were sworn in: one to deal with the town of Dudley itself, and one to oversee
395-590: A funfair. 52°29′31″N 2°04′19″W / 52.492°N 2.072°W / 52.492; -2.072 Netherton, West Midlands Netherton is a town of the Metropolitan Borough of Dudley , 2 miles (3 km) south of Dudley in the West Midlands of England. It was historically part of Worcestershire . The town is part of the Black Country , Netherton is bounded by nature reserves to
474-460: A higher lord (see Feudalism ). The lord held a manorial court , governed by public law and local custom. Not all territorial seigneurs were secular; bishops and abbots also held lands that entailed similar obligations. By extension, the word manor is sometimes used in England as a slang term for any home area or territory in which authority is held, often in a police or criminal context. In
553-460: A horse-pit nearly half a mile, and it has to be carried up hill, mostly by girls, in little pails of about three gallons, on their heads. This was a bad place for cholera'. In 1844, Netherton became an ecclesiastical parish, and was made an Electoral ward of the Borough of Dudley in 1865 after the town's incorporation as a municipal borough . The 20th century saw the gradual decline of mining and
632-426: A hymn composed to commemorate the event. This was sung on Netherton Square, and made mention of some of the above chapels. In more recent years, a mosque has opened on Cinder Bank to cater to Netherton's muslim community. The first school in Netherton was a Church of England establishment built in 1836 at the corner of Halesowen Road and Church Road, providing education for children aged 5 to 11 years. The school
711-538: A number of police houses were constructed at the same time on an adjacent site, though these buildings have since been converted for commercial and community use. Another local landmark is the Old Swan pub on the A459 Halesowen Road . The current building dates from the 1860s, but there has been a pub on the site since at least 1835. It has been known as Ma Pardoe's since the interwar years, as its long-term landlady
790-563: A source of rights and responsibilities issues in places such as Henley-in-Arden , Warwickshire . In examining the origins of the monastic cloister , Walter Horn found that "as a manorial entity the Carolingian monastery ... differed little from the fabric of a feudal estate, save that the corporate community of men for whose sustenance this organisation was maintained consisted of monks who served God in chant and spent much of their time in reading and writing." Tenants owned land on
869-417: A third of the arable area, and villein holdings rather more; but some manors consisted solely of demesne, others solely of peasant holdings. The proportion of unfree and free tenures could likewise vary greatly, with more or less reliance on wage labour for agricultural work on the demesne. The proportion of the cultivated area in demesne tended to be greater in smaller manors, while the share of villein land
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#1732855285767948-499: A town'. In the mid-19th century, the area was notorious for its bad sanitary conditions. In 1852 an inquiry into the sewerage, drainage and supply of water was carried out, reporting to the General Board of Health. Its conclusions were very damning for Netherton. A typical comment was: ' Old Netherton Town, Mr. Thomas Woodall's buildings.- Drainage very horrible, with privies and piggeries as usual, and no pavement. Procure water from
1027-416: A viable proposition; nor could they be passed to a third party without the lord's permission, and the customary payment. Although not free, villeins were by no means in the same position as slaves: they enjoyed legal rights, subject to local custom, and had recourse to the law subject to court charges, which were an additional source of manorial income. Sub-letting of villein holdings was common, and labour on
1106-581: A warrior, but it could equally well maintain a capitalist landlord. It could be self-sufficient, yield produce for the market, or it could yield a money rent." The last feudal dues in France were abolished at the French Revolution . In parts of eastern Germany, the Rittergut manors of Junkers remained until World War II . The term is most often used with reference to medieval Western Europe. Antecedents of
1185-449: Is a popular resort for speedboat enthusiasts as well as scuba divers . Dudley Water Ski Club meet regularly at the reservoir. The majority of Netherton's shops lie along or just off the A459 Halesowen Road . Aldi , Asda , and Lidl supermarkets are in the area. Netherton's former triangular-shaped marketplace was situated in the fork of the junction of Halesowen Road and Northfield Road. Old photographs show it to be still in use at
1264-495: Is entrusted to a tenant against payment of a royalty, most often called cens and services such as Corvée . The distribution between reserve and tenure varies depending on the period and region. Manors each consisted of up to three classes of land: Additional sources of income for the lord included charges for use of his mill, bakery or wine-press, or for the right to hunt or to let pigs feed in his woodland, as well as court revenues and single payments on each change of tenant. On
1343-617: Is featured on public buildings throughout the area. Immediately adjacent to the works of N. Hingley & Sons on the Dudley No. 2 canal was Lloyds Proving House, where chain was subjected to a variety of tests to show it was of suitable quality. Brewing was a major industry in 19th-century Netherton. Some of the large scale brewers were William Hotchkiss at Castle Street, William Smith at Simms Lane, John Rollinson of St Andrew's Street, and Samuel Bagley at Cole Street. The largest, Netherton Steam Brewery, belonged to Thomas Plant. Plant's malthouse
1422-519: Is mentioned in legal records dating from 1420 and the first mention of a Netherton nailor, an occupation that became very important locally in later years, is dated 1559. The village is called 'Nederton' in the earliest available documents. The village was included in the Manor of Dudley, a Lordship of the Barons of Dudley who once owned a manor house in the area. This property is mentioned in documents dating from
1501-458: Is preserved in Mushroom Green. Netherton chainmakers N. Hingley & Sons were famous for making the anchors for the ocean liner RMS Titanic . The firm's founder, Noah Hingley, started making chain cable for ships in nearby Cradley in 1820. The company N. Hingley & Sons was set up in 1837, and anchor manufacture commenced in 1848. The Netherton works were set up in 1852 on
1580-409: Is the direct or prominent owner of the land assets of his lordship. The notion of absolute ownership over a common good cannot be applied, because there are also others than the main user who have rights over these goods. We distinguish in the land lordship two sets the reserves which is the set of goods of which the lord reserves the direct exploitation and tenant-in-chief , property whose exploitation
1659-541: Is via St Peter's Road, Netherton. The reserve contains areas of grassland, small wooded regions, canals and ponds. The Dudley No. 2 Canal runs into the reserve. Two short arms lead off from this canal: the Bumble Hole Branch and the Bushboil Arm. Bumble Hole Lake, a former clay pit, forms the largest body of water in the reserve. There is no visible border with the neighboring Warren's Hall Local Nature Reserve, so
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#17328552857671738-573: The Codex Theodosianus promulgated under Theodosius II extended these restrictions. The legal status of adscripti , "bound to the soil", contrasted with barbarian foederati , who were permitted to settle within the imperial boundaries, remaining subject to their own traditional law. As the Germanic kingdoms succeeded Roman authority in the west in the fifth century, Roman landlords were often simply replaced by Germanic ones, with little change to
1817-657: The Worcester and Birmingham Canal . Netherton has had no rail service since the 1960s when the Bumble Hole Line , which ran between Dudley and Old Hill railway stations , was taken out of service. The line had stops at Baptist End , Windmill End , and Darby End . A small branch line from Baptist End led to Withymoor Goods Station , which was near where the Dudley No. 2 canal crosses the Halesowen Road. There were once many industrial and mineral rail lines running through
1896-489: The manor system or manorial system , was the method of land ownership (or " tenure ") in parts of Europe, notably France and later England, during the Middle Ages . Its defining features included a large, sometimes fortified manor house in which the lord of the manor and his dependants lived and administered a rural estate, and a population of labourers or serfs who worked the surrounding land to support themselves and
1975-465: The 'Blackcountry Nailer's Riots' of 1842 and the Nailmakers' Strike of 1852. The last type of nail to be made by hand were those used to shoe horses. The Midland Counties Express reported in 1904: 'a few horse-nailers at Netherton and about a dozen female workers at Cawney Hill are the only remaining representatives of the nail trade'. Some nailmakers in the area turned to chainmaking. A working chainshop
2054-565: The 'foreign', the name given to areas of the manor outside the town. In 1729 the court ordered the construction of a pair of stocks at Netherton to 'punish such as the Law directs'. Following the Inclosure Acts of the late 18th century, allowing construction in Pensnett Chase, the present-day settlement began to develop further up the hill than its original site. Netherton expanded rapidly in
2133-547: The 15th–17th centuries. In the 17th century, a Baptist Congregation (the Messiah Baptist Church) started meeting in Netherton. The church book for this congregation lists the names of those baptised from the year 1654. Netherton is shown in Joseph Browne's 1682 map of Staffordshire , although like all of Dudley at the time, it lay in a small exclave of Worcestershire . In 1684, King Charles II of England granted
2212-509: The 18th century, manor houses were often located a farther distance from the village. For example, when a grand new house was required by the new owner of Harlaxton Manor , Lincolnshire, in the 1830s, the site of the existing manor house at the edge of its village was abandoned for a new one, isolated in its park, with the village out of view. In an agrarian society, the conditions of land tenure underlie all social or economic factors. There were two legal systems of pre-manorial landholding. One,
2291-534: The 19th century the area was commonly referred to as 'Darby Hand'. Bordering the Bumble Hole nature reserve is Windmill End, and in the south of Netherton is the industrial area of Primrose Hill. Dudley Wood and Bowling Green are two residential areas in the south, near the borough boundary with Sandwell. The now demolished Dudley Wood Stadium , sited in the former, hosted the Cradley Heathens speedway team until
2370-513: The Bumble Hole Local Nature Reserve and its neighbour, Warren's Hall Local Nature Reserve, once was a scene of industry, including coal mining, clay extraction, coke furnaces and boat building. A railway (known as the Bumble Hole Line ) ran through the area, linking Dudley to Old Hill . The reserve is located to the east of Netherton, about 1.5 miles south of Dudley, on the border with Sandwell Metropolitan Borough. Main access
2449-496: The Evangelist, Dudley Wood. Perhaps more characteristic of Netherton are the nonconformist chapels, of which there are several, such as Ebenezer Baptist Church on St. Andrews Street, and Champions Church on Cinder Bank. More evidence for Baptist activity can be found on Cinder Bank, where the graveyard of the former Messiah Baptist church can be found; the church itself has since been demolished. There are two Methodists churches in
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2528-634: The Netherton area but these have long since closed. For example, the steel firm Grazebrook's had a line running from their factory on Pear Tree Lane to an interchange on the Great Western Railway mainline near the former Blowers Green railway station . A branch of the Earl of Dudley's extensive private railway network, which is usually known as the Pensnett Railway, ran through the Saltwells locality. In
2607-543: The Netherton area took place since at least the 14th century. According to the Rent Rolls of Lord Dudley and Ward, the income from coal mining on Knowle Hill (the former name for Netherton Hill) formed a large fraction of the total income of the Dudley Estate in 1701. In the 19th century mining was particularly extensive. Collieries included Baptist End, Dudley Wood, Netherton, Netherton Old, Saltwell and Yew Tree Hill. Mining
2686-549: The Netherton name for trademarked wrought iron products resulted in Netherton becoming widely known both in the UK and overseas. A sculpture of an anchor stands at the junction of Castleton Street and Halesowen Road, commemorating the local anchor and chain industry, and the anchor motif can be found in a number of places around Netherton (e.g. on benches in Netherton Park). An anchor was also featured on Dudley's former coat of arms, which
2765-536: The area - Trinity Methodist Church on Church Road, and Cole Street Methodist Church at Darby End. A third Methodist chapel, Noah's Ark on Cradley Road, has since been converted into apartments. Additional churches include the Primrose Hill Community Church on Chapel Street, and the People's Mission chapel on Swan Street. In 1868 a Sunday School Union was arranged between several of Netherton's churches, with
2844-508: The banks of the Dudley No. 2 canal. The main anchor for the Titanic weighed fifteen and a half tons and, on completion, was hauled from the factory to the rail head at Dudley by 20 Shire horses . A replica of the anchor now stands in the old village square. Hingleys also produced anchors for the Lusitania and a number of other ocean liners. Their success in international markets and use of
2923-564: The beginning of the 20th century. The area is now a small public garden, on which has been placed a full-sized replica of an anchor of the RMS Titanic , manufactured at local ironworks, Hingley's . Netherton Health Centre is on Halesowen Road. The Savoy Centre (named for the cinema which used to occupy the site) lies adjacent to the Arts Centre on Northfield Road and provides training, adult education and conference facilities as well as housing
3002-431: The demesne might be commuted into an additional money payment, as happened increasingly from the 13th century. Land which was neither let to tenants nor formed part of demesne lands was known as "manorial waste"; typically, this included hedges , verges , etc. Common land where all members of the community had right of passage was known as "lord's waste". Part of the demesne land of the manor which being uncultivated
3081-467: The early 1920s, around the same time as the Yew Tree Hills area, to rehouse families from older and dilapidated houses around the town. The local parish church, St Andrew's , was consecrated in 1830 and is situated on Netherton Hill, the highest point in Netherton. It was originally a chapel-at-ease to St Thomas's of Dudley, only becoming Netherton's parish church in 1844. The church is surrounded by
3160-578: The east and west, and an industrial area and the Dudley Southern By-Pass to the north. Netherton means "lower farm" in Old English (the corresponding upper farm may have been Dudley itself). For most of its history, Netherton was a small village centred around the point where a brook crossed the Baptist End Road, near the boundary of Pensnett Chase , a partially wooded common . Netherton
3239-687: The family beer production, brewed at the King William in Cole Street, before moving the brewery to its present location at the Vine on the Delph. One of the earliest manufacturing firms established in Netherton was Samuel Lewis & Co. Ltd., which was established in 1750. Other notable firms included H. & T. Danks , manufacturers of boilers; John Barnsley and Co., specialists in cranes and hoists; and Grazebrook's, which had furnaces for iron-making. The latter firm
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3318-452: The generic plan of a medieval manor from Shepherd's Historical Atlas , the strips of individually worked land in the open field system are immediately apparent. In this plan, the manor house is set slightly apart from the village, but equally often the village grew up around the forecourt of the manor, formerly walled, while the manor lands stretched away outside, as still may be seen at Petworth House . As concerns for privacy increased in
3397-534: The gravestones of many of the former residents of the area. The churchyard also contains the mass unmarked graves of the victims of cholera that struck Dudley in 1831 and 1832. Possibly the most notable public building in Netherton is the Victorian Netherton Arts Centre on Northfield Road, which served as a performance venue for the area and a home for Dudley Little Theatre since 1947 until 2020 when it has been abandoned by DPA. A fire station and
3476-500: The heavily polluting industries such as iron-making. At the same time, Dudley Council sought to redevelop areas of Netherton for housing, either by demolishing existing older housing and rebuilding, or by reclaiming abandoned industrial areas. Other former industrial sites were transformed into parkland (Netherton Park) or nature reserves (e.g. Bumble Hole). Some of the first council houses in Dudley were constructed around Netherton Park in
3555-563: The industrial age and the thick seams of coal underlying the region were extensively mined. Blast furnaces were constructed in for iron making, and the area became home to many industries including chain making, anchor making, nail making, brick making, enamelling, and the construction of boilers. In 1874, Dr. Ballard, sent by the Local Government Board to inspect the sanitary conditions of the Borough of Dudley, described Netherton as 'a village of such size it almost deserves to be termed
3634-613: The junction with Swan Street. Frequent buses link Netherton directly with Dudley town centre, Brierley Hill , Cradley Heath , Halesowen , and Old Hill , as well as to the Merry Hill Shopping Centre and Birmingham's Queen Elizabeth Hospital . The Dudley No. 2 Canal runs through Netherton, linking the Dudley No. 1 canal at Parkhead Junction with the south entrance of the Netherton Tunnel . When first constructed in 1798 it ran as far as Selly Oak, where it connected with
3713-486: The king, and a greater proportion (rather more than a quarter) were held by bishoprics and monasteries . Ecclesiastical manors tended to be larger, with a significantly greater villein area than neighbouring lay manors. The effect of circumstances on manorial economy is complex and at times contradictory: upland conditions tended to preserve peasant freedoms (livestock husbandry in particular being less labour-intensive and therefore less demanding of villein services); on
3792-403: The land were on their way to becoming serfs. Several factors conspired to merge the status of former slaves and former free farmers into a dependent class of such coloni : it was possible to be described as servus et colonus , "both slave and colonus ". The Laws of Constantine I around 325 both reinforced the semi-servile status of the coloni and limited their rights to sue in the courts;
3871-430: The latter containing also parts of at least one other manor. This situation sometimes led to replacement by cash payments or their equivalents in kind of the demesne labour obligations of those peasants living furthest from the lord's estate. As with peasant plots, the demesne was not a single territorial unit, but consisted rather of a central house with neighbouring land and estate buildings, plus strips dispersed through
3950-507: The local public library. Netherton's Conservative club is on Halton Street, while Netherton Sports & Social Club can be found in St. Thomas Street. With the exception of the occasional canal boat, transport in Netherton today is exclusively by road. The major road link for the area is the A459 , running from Dudley to Halesowen. This route was once a turnpike road, with the toll gate being situated near
4029-531: The lord. These labourers fulfilled their obligations with labour time or in-kind produce at first, and later by cash payment as commercial activity increased. Manorialism was part of the feudal system . Manorialism originated in the Roman villa system of the Late Roman Empire , and was widely practised in medieval western Europe and parts of central Europe. An essential element of feudal society, manorialism
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#17328552857674108-473: The manor alongside free and villein ones: in addition, the lord might lease free tenements belonging to neighbouring manors, as well as holding other manors some distance away to provide a greater range of produce. Nor were manors held necessarily by lay lords rendering military service (or again, cash in lieu) to their superior: a substantial share (estimated by value at 17% in England in 1086 ) belonged directly to
4187-564: The manor under one of several legal agreements: freehold , copyhold , customary freehold and leasehold . Like feudalism which, together with manorialism, formed the legal and organisational framework of feudal society, manorial structures were not uniform or coordinated. In the later Middle Ages, areas of incomplete or non-existent manorialisation persisted while the manorial economy underwent substantial development with changing economic conditions. Not all manors contained all three classes of land. Typically, demesne accounted for roughly
4266-399: The mid-1990s. The Lodge Farm Estate lies near Saltwells woods, named for the farm which previously occupied the site. In medieval times, the lodge was where the local forester lived and it is likely that this is the ultimate origin of the estate's name, which is sited in what once was Pensnett Chase. Finally, Mushroom Green is a former industrial hamlet in Netherton's southwest. It is now
4345-590: The most common, was the system of holding land " allodially " in full outright ownership. The other was a use of precaria or benefices , in which land was held conditionally (the root of the English word "precarious"). To these two systems, the Carolingian monarchs added a third, the aprisio , which linked manorialism with feudalism . The aprisio made its first appearance in Charlemagne 's province of Septimania in
4424-490: The neighbouring Sandwell borough. A canalside visitor centre provides information on both nature reserves. The Dudley No. 2 canal runs through the area and is the site for an annual narrowboat festival. A rare Timber Gallows crane, a Scheduled Ancient Monument, stood in the reserve but is currently (2008) undergoing restoration. Netherton Cricket Club was founded in 1866. It is situated on Highbridge Road and celebrated its 140th anniversary in 2006. Netherton Reservoir
4503-487: The north of Netherton lies Baptist End, an area thought to encompass the site of the medieval village. Though the etymology of the name is uncertain, there have been Baptists meeting in the general locality since 1654. Darby End lies to the southeast. According to local legend, it was named for the Derbyshire nailmakers who settled there, but is more likely to have taken its name from the locally prominent Darby family. In
4582-491: The other hand, some upland areas of Europe showed some of the most oppressive manorial conditions, while lowland eastern England is credited with an exceptionally large free peasantry, in part a legacy of Scandinavian settlement. Similarly, the spread of money economy stimulated the replacement of labour services by money payments, but the growth of the money supply and resulting inflation after 1170 initially led nobles to take back leased estates and to re-impose labour dues as
4661-487: The other side of the account, manorial administration involved significant expenses, perhaps a reason why smaller manors tended to rely less on villein tenure . Dependent holdings were held nominally by arrangement of lord and tenant, but tenure became in practice almost universally hereditary, with a payment made to the lord on each succession of another member of the family. Villein land could not be abandoned, at least until demographic and economic circumstances made flight
4740-513: The pub is known for its decor including a ceiling decorated with vitreous enamelled iron plates. The pub has been designated a Grade II listed building . Two old landmarks of Netherton can be viewed at the Black Country Living Museum - Harold Emile Doo's chemist shop and Providence Church. Saltwells Nature Reserve is situated in the south of Netherton near Brierley Hill . It takes its name from Saltwells Wood, now just part of
4819-509: The reserve, named for its saline springs where people came to bathe in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Doulton's Claypit , a Geological Site of Special Scientific Interest, lies within the reserve. Netherton Park was laid out in about 1900 on an area that had once been colliery waste. Another old industrial area that has been reclaimed for public recreation is the Bumble Hole , which lies east of Netherton adjacent to Warrens Hall Park , in
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#17328552857674898-486: The south of France , when Charlemagne had to settle the Visigothic refugees who had fled with his retreating forces after the failure of his Zaragoza expedition of 778. He solved this problem by allotting "desert" tracts of uncultivated land belonging to the royal fisc under direct control of the emperor. These holdings aprisio entailed specific conditions. The earliest specific aprisio grant that has been identified
4977-442: The system can be traced to the rural economy of the later Roman Empire ( Dominate ). Labour was the key factor of production . Successive administrations tried to stabilise the imperial economy by freezing the social structure into place: sons were to succeed their fathers in their trade, councillors were forbidden to resign, and coloni , the cultivators of land, were not to move from the land they were attached to. The workers of
5056-535: The two reserves effectively form a single visitor attraction. A canal-side visitor centre run by volunteers (the Bumble Hole Conservation Group), offers information on the reserve, as well as refreshments and toilet facilities. There is also a football pitch. The reserve (plus the neighboring Warren's Hall Local Nature Reserve) is the site for an annual boating festival. The event attracts canal boats every September and features stalls, canal trips and
5135-537: The underlying situation or displacement of populations. The process of rural self-sufficiency was given an abrupt boost in the eighth century, when normal trade in the Mediterranean Sea was disrupted. The word derives from traditional inherited divisions of the countryside, reassigned as local jurisdictions known as manors or seigneuries ; each manor being subject to a lord (French seigneur ), usually holding his position in return for undertakings offered to
5214-520: The value of fixed cash payments declined in real terms. The last feudal dues in France were abolished at the French Revolution . The last patroonship was abolished in New York in the 1840s as a result of the Anti-Rent War . In parts of eastern Germany, the Rittergut manors of Junkers remained until World War II . In Quebec, the last feudal rents were paid in 1970 under the modified provisions of
5293-586: The worst secondary schools in the West Midlands during the 1990s, but improved dramatically following the arrival of head teacher Maureen 'Mo' Brennan . She was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2005 for her outstanding efforts, which saw the school become one of the most successful schools in the borough just five years after an OFSTED report had placed it in special measures. In 2002, it
5372-439: Was Doris Clare Pardoe (born 1899), who owned it until her death in 1984 at the age of 85. Such was its fame among lovers of real ale, that when the pub came up for sale in 1985, a company was set up by CAMRA to purchase and run the pub. Although this company was short-lived, the pub and brewery survived and is now one of only a handful of pubs in the West Midlands that still brews beer on its own premises. As well as for its beer,
5451-644: Was a member of the 1920 side that won the First Division, and was capped two times for England. Other Netherton-born footballers include Tom Grosvenor (1908–1972), who played for Birmingham City and was capped 3 times for England; and Billy Wooldridge (1878–1945), who played for Wolverhampton Wanderers and represented the English Football League in two games against the Irish League. Manorialism Manorialism , also known as seigneurialism ,
5530-487: Was at Fontjoncouse , near Narbonne (see Lewis, links). In former Roman settlements, a system of villas , dating from Late Antiquity, was inherited by the medieval world. The possessor of a seigneurie bears the title of " Lord ". He can be an individual, in the vast majority of cases a national of the nobility or of the Bourgeoisie , but also a judicial person most often an ecclesiastical institution such as an abbey ,
5609-623: Was established in 1800 by Michael Grazebrook. Though not on the same scale as historically, much industry remains in Netherton; for example, in the Washington Centre between Halesowen Road and Cradley Road, and in the Blackbrook Business Park, which was developed in the 1980s as part of the Dudley Enterprise Zone. Netherton was the birthplace of spring-jumping champion Joe Darby , born at Windmill End in 1861. Not only
5688-409: Was greater in large manors, providing the lord of the latter with a larger supply of obligatory labour for demesne work. The proportion of free tenements was generally less variable, but tended to be somewhat greater on the smaller manors. Manors varied similarly in their geographical arrangement: most did not coincide with a single village, but rather consisted of parts of two or more villages, most of
5767-736: Was he a superb athlete but a showman as well, appearing before King Edward VII in Covent Garden, London. In 1887 he defeated W.G Hamlington, then the World Champion spring-jumper. A stylized statue of the athlete stands on the junction of Halesowen Road and Church Road. Some of his more famous exploits are written on plaques on the plinth of the statue. Another notable resident was England footballer Joe Smith . Born in Darby End in 1890, he played for several local teams before signing for West Bromwich Albion in 1910. He put in 470 appearances for Albion,
5846-653: Was mentioned in parliament for its substantial turn-around. Other schools in Netherton include Netherton C of E Primary School on Highbridge Road, Northfield Road Primary School, and Netherbrook Primary School on Chester Road. Netherton is also home to Saltwells Education Development Centre, the Dudley EDC which was Saltwells Secondary School until 1986. Sitiuted on the South Staffordshire coalfield and interspersed with layers of iron ore, fire clay and brick clay, Netherton has long been dominated by industry. Mining in
5925-565: Was on Raybould's Fold, and the brewery in St John's Street. The only brewing in Netherton today takes place at the Old Swan pub. However, two of the remaining Black Country brewers, Holdens and Bathams , have Netherton links. Edwin Alfred and Lucy Blanche Holden, founders of the Holdens brewing concern, had their first pub in Netherton; whilst Daniel Batham, son of Daniel and Charlotte Batham who had started
6004-408: Was rebuilt in 1907 following problems with subsidence and remained in use until December 1988, by which time it was an 8–12 middle school and merged with a nearby 5–8 first school to form a new primary school. The old school building is still in existence and currently houses a furniture store. Netherton's comprehensive school , The Link Academy (formerly The Hillcrest School), was considered one of
6083-409: Was slowly replaced by the advent of a money-based market economy and new forms of agrarian contract. Manorialism faded away slowly and piecemeal, along with its most vivid feature in the landscape, the open field system . It outlasted serfdom in the sense that it continued with freehold labourers. As an economic system, it outlasted feudalism, according to Andrew Jones, because "it could maintain
6162-534: Was still being carried out as recently as the 1970s, when an open cast mine was situated on Netherton Hill. Nailmaking in Netherton had been recorded since the 16th century. The area became one of the Black Country's centres of the hand-made nail trade, which reached its peak around 1830. As the hand-made nail trade went into decline, mainly due to the availability of cheaper machine-made nails, wages for nailmakers were decreased, leading to industrial unrest such as
6241-547: Was termed the Lord's Waste and served for public roads and for common pasture to the lord and his tenants. In many settlements during the early modern period, illegal building was carried out on lord's waste land by squatters who would then plead their case to remain with local support. An example of a lord's waste settlement, where the main centres grew up in this way, is the village of Bredfield in Suffolk . Lord's waste continues to be
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