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41-464: The bearcat , also known as the binturong , is a viverrine mammal from Southeast Asia. Bearcat or bearkat may also refer to: Binturong The binturong ( Arctictis binturong ) ( / b ɪ n ˈ tj ʊər ɒ ŋ , ˈ b ɪ n tj ʊr ɒ ŋ / , bin- TURE -ong, BIN -ture-ong ), also known as the bearcat , is a viverrid native to South and Southeast Asia . It is uncommon in much of its range, and has been assessed as Vulnerable on

82-704: A fig tree and on a vine . In Laos, they have been observed in extensive evergreen forest. In Malaysia, binturongs were recorded in secondary forest surrounding a palm estate that was logged in the 1970s. In Palawan, it inhabits primary and secondary lowland forest, including grassland–forest mosaic from sea level to 400 m (1,300 ft). The binturong is active during the day and at night. Three sightings in Pakke Tiger Reserve were by day. Camera traps set up in Myanmar captured thirteen animals, one around dusk, seven at night and five in broad daylight. All

123-471: A branch, often coming to a stop, and often using the tail to keep balance. It shows a pronounced comfort behaviour associated with grooming the fur, shaking and licking its hair, and scratching. Shaking is the most characteristic element of comfort behaviour. The binturong is omnivorous , feeding on small mammals, birds , fish, earthworms , insects and fruits. It also preys on rodents . Fish and earthworms are likely unimportant items in its diet, as it

164-402: A mean of 13.3 kg (29 lb), while one female was of similar weight at 13.5 kg (30 lb). One estimate of the mean body mass of wild binturongs was 15 kg (33 lb). Both sexes have scent glands —females on either side of the vulva , and males between the scrotum and penis . The musk glands emit an odor reminiscent of popcorn or corn chips, described as "ltpɨt" by

205-463: A means to save them from going extinct. More specifically, in 2020 the Science Advances published a study where they concluded that the work and population of human beings has affected the growth of animals going extinct around the world. The uproar of animals going extinct has caused zoos to use their captive breeding programs on endangered animals in an effort to create a stronger population. It

246-421: A process known as environmental enrichment . The goals of environmental enrichment are to make environments more complex and fluid, offer more engaging and complex processes, and give animals more chances to make decisions. Techniques that are commonly used to provide environmental enrichment include social, occupation, physical, sensory, and nutritional. Another type of abnormal behavior shown in captive animals

287-453: A study has shown that zoo visitors density positively correlates with the number of gorillas banging on the barrier, and that low zoo visitors density caused gorillas to behave in a more relaxed way. Captive animals often cannot escape the attention and disruption caused by the general public, and the stress resulting from this lack of environmental control may lead to an increased rate of self-injurious behaviors. There are studies that suggest

328-491: Is stereotypical behaviors , i.e. repetitive and apparently purposeless motor behaviors. Examples of stereotypical behaviours include pacing, self-injury, route tracing and excessive self-grooming. These behaviors are associated with stress and lack of stimulation. Animals that exhibit this tend to suffer from zoochosis , as it is manifested in stereotypical behaviors. Many who keep animals in captivity attempt to prevent or decrease stereotypical behavior by introducing stimuli,

369-503: Is 21.9 kg (48 lb), with a range from 11 to 32 kg (24 to 71 lb). Captive animals often weigh more than their wild counterparts. 12 captive female binturongs were found to weigh a mean of 24.4 kg (54 lb) while 22 males weighed a mean of 19.3 kg (43 lb). In one study, the estimated mean weight of wild females was 10.5 kg (23 lb). However, seven wild male binturongs in Thailand were found to weigh

410-502: Is a jerking motion applied to one's own hair with hands or teeth, thus resulting in its excessive removal. The proximal causes of self-injurious behavior have been widely studied in captive primates ; either social or nonsocial factors can trigger this type of behavior. Social factors include changes in group composition, stress, separation from the group, approaches by or aggression from members of other groups, conspecific male individuals nearby, separation from females, and removal from

451-443: Is a white rim on the summit of the otherwise black ear. The glandular area is whitish. The tail is nearly as long as the head and body. The body ranges from 71 to 84 cm (28 to 33 in) and the tail is from 66 to 69 cm (26 to 27 in) long. Some captive binturongs measured from 75 to 90 cm (30 to 35 in) in head and body, with a tail of 71 cm (2 ft 4 in). The mean weight of captive adult females

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492-473: Is dedicated to binturong awareness and conservation. It takes place every second Saturday of May. Binturongs are common in zoos, and captive individuals represent a source of genetic diversity essential for long-term conservation. Their geographic origin is either usually unknown, or they are offspring of several generations of captive-bred animals. The maximum known lifespan in captivity is thought to be over 25 years of age. The Orang Asli of Malaysia has

533-672: Is included in CITES Appendix III and in Schedule I of the Indian Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 , so that it has the highest level of protection. In China, it is listed as critically endangered. It is completely protected in Bangladesh, and partially in Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia. It is not protected in Brunei. World Binturong Day is a yearly event held in several zoos and

574-459: Is more muscular, especially at the base and, in colour, generally like the body, but commonly paler at the base beneath. The body hairs are frequently partly whitish or buff, giving a speckled appearance to the pelage, sometimes so pale that the whole body is mostly straw-coloured or grey. The young are often paler than the adults, but the head is always closely speckled with grey or buff. The long mystacial vibrissae are conspicuously white, and there

615-458: Is neither aquatic nor fossorial , coming across such prey only when opportunities present themselves. Since it does not have the attributes of a predatory mammal, most of the binturong's diet is probably of vegetable matter. Figs are a major component of its diet. Captive binturongs are particularly fond of plantains , but also eat fowls ' heads and eggs . The binturong is an important agent for seed dispersal , especially for those of

656-478: Is said that zoos are responsible for reducing the number of animals on the endangered species list and from extinction. Zoos could also be known as a place where animals are put into after they are taken out of their natural habitat . When animals are pulled out from their native habitat and taken to a location they are unfamiliar with, then it is said that animals may experience shock and poor mental health. Furthermore, some wild animals have died inside zoos due to

697-416: Is self-injurious behavior (SIB). Self-injurious behavior indicates any activity that involves biting, scratching, hitting, hair plucking, or eye poke that may result in injuring oneself. Although its reported incidence is low, self-injurious behavior is observed across a range of primate species, especially when they experience social isolation in infancy. Self-bite involves biting one's own body—typically

738-586: The IUCN Red List because of a declining population. It is estimated to have declined at least 30% since the mid-1980s. The binturong is the only species in the genus Arctictis . "Binturong" is its common name in Borneo, and is related to the Western Malayo-Polynesian root "ma-tuRun". In Riau , it is called "benturong" and "tenturun". The scientific name Arctictis means 'bear-weasel', from

779-704: The Philippines . It is confined to tall forest. In Assam , it is common in foothills and hills with good tree cover, but less so in the forested plains. It has been recorded in Manas National Park , in Dulung and Kakoi Reserved Forests of the Lakhimpur district , in the hill forests of Karbi Anglong , North Cachar Hills , Cachar and Hailakandi Districts . It was also recorded in Kaziranga National Park in

820-400: The scent glands , and in the larger size of the rhinarium , which is more convex with a median groove being much narrower above the philtrum . The contour hairs of the coat are much longer and coarser, and the long hairs covering the whole of the back of the ears project beyond the tip as a definite tuft. The anterior bursa flap of the ears is more widely and less deeply emarginate. The tail

861-722: The strangler fig , because of its ability to scarify the seed's tough outer covering. In captivity, the binturong's diet includes commercially prepared meat mix, bananas , apples , oranges , canned peaches and mineral supplement . The average age of sexual maturation is 30.4 months for females and 27.7 months for males. The estrous cycle of the binturong lasts 18 to 187 days, with an average of 82.5 days. Gestation lasts 84 to 99 days. Litter size in captivity varies from one to six young, with an average of two young per birth. Neonates weigh between 280 and 340 g (9.9 and 12.0 oz), and are often referred to as shruggles. Fertility lasts until 15 years of age. Major threats to

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902-486: The AZA and the zoos and aquariums accredited with the AZA use the help of educators , veterinarians , and people doing research. With their assistance, zoos and aquariums are able to have the proper necessities needed in recovery programs to prevent animals from going extinct. Annually, it is subjected that thousands of wild animals end up in captivity due to the wild animal trade. These animals can be held in captivity because of

943-484: The AZA, ( Association of Zoos and Aquariums ), may hold animals’ captive as a means to save them from extinction . For example, the AZA SAFE, (Save Animals From Extinction), promotes well-being and care of animals, conservation, and additional disciplines in order to protect and aid the wildlife. The organization focuses on creating recovery plans , cooperation between AZA workers, and advancement of conservation. Furthermore,

984-468: The Greek arkt- "bear" + iktis "weasel". Viverra binturong was the scientific name proposed by Thomas Stamford Raffles in 1822 for a specimen from Malacca . The generic name Arctictis was proposed by Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1824. Arctictis is a monotypic taxon ; its morphology is similar to that of members of the genera Paradoxurus and Paguma . In the 19th and 20th centuries,

1025-693: The Malaysian Jahai people , likely due to the volatile compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in the urine, which is also produced in the Maillard reaction at high temperatures. Unlike most other carnivorans, the male binturong does not have a baculum . The binturong occurs from India , Nepal , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Myanmar , Thailand and Malaysia to Laos , Cambodia , Vietnam and Yunnan in China , Sumatra , Kalimantan and Java in Indonesia , to Palawan in

1066-499: The Philippines, it is captured for the wildlife trade , and in the south of its range it is also taken for human consumption. In Laos, it is one of the most frequently displayed caged live carnivores and skins are traded frequently in at least Vientiane . In parts of Laos, it is considered a delicacy and also traded as a food item to Vietnam. The binturong is also sometimes kept captive for production of kopi luwak . The binturong

1107-411: The arms, legs, shoulders, or genitals. Threat bite involves biting one's own body—typically the hand, wrist, or forearm—while staring at the observer, conspecific, or mirror in a threatening manner. Self-hit involves striking oneself on any part of the body. Eye poking is a behavior (widely observed in primates ) that presses the knuckle or finger into the orbital space above the eye socket. Hair plucking

1148-537: The binturong are habitat loss and degradation of forests through logging and conversion of forests to non-forest land-uses throughout the binturong's range. Habitat loss has been severe in the lowlands of the Sundaic part of its range, and there is no evidence that the binturong uses the plantations that are largely replacing natural forest. In China, rampant deforestation and opportunistic logging practices have fragmented suitable habitat or eliminated sites altogether. In

1189-495: The dry season and increased their daily movement to 4,143 m (13,593 ft) in the wet season. Size range of males varied between 0.9 and 6.1 km (0.35 and 2.36 sq mi). Two males showed slightly larger ranges in the wet season. Their ranges overlapped between 30 and 70%. The average home range of a radio-collared female in the Khao Yai National Park was estimated at 4 km (1.5 sq mi), and

1230-459: The following zoological specimens were described: Nine subspecies have been recognized forming two clades . The northern clade in mainland Asia is separated from the Sundaic clade by the Isthmus of Kra . The binturong is long and heavy, with short, stout legs. It has a thick coat of coarse black hair. The bushy and prehensile tail is thick at the root, gradually tapering, and curls inwards at

1271-479: The group. Social isolation , particularly disruptions of early mother-rearing experiences, is an important risk factor. Studies have suggested that, although mother-reared rhesus macaques still exhibit some self-injurious behaviors, nursery-reared rhesus macaques are much more likely to self-abuse than mother-reared ones. Nonsocial factors include the presence of a small cut, a wound or irritant, cold weather, human contact, and frequent zoo visitors. For example,

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1312-404: The legs is short and of a yellowish tinge. The feet are five-toed, with large strong claws. The soles are bare, and are plantigrade ―applied to the ground throughout the whole of their length―and the hind ones are longer than the fore ones. In general build, the binturong is essentially like Paradoxurus and Paguma , but more massive in the length of the tail, legs and feet, in the structure of

1353-644: The many abnormal captive behaviors, including self-injurious behavior , can be successfully treated by pair housing. Pair housing provides a previously single-housed animal with a same-sex social partner. This method is especially effective with primates, which are widely known to be social animals . Social companionship provided by pair housing encourages social interaction, thus reducing abnormal and anxiety-related behavior in captive animals as well as increasing their locomotion . Wild animals may be placed in captivity for conservation, studies, exotic pet trade, and farming . Places of captivity that are connected with

1394-542: The one of a male at 4.5 to 20.5 km (1.7 to 7.9 sq mi). The binturong is essentially arboreal . Pocock observed the behaviour of several captive individuals in the London Zoological Gardens . When resting, they lay curled up with their heads tucked under their tails. They seldom leaped, but climbed skilfully, albeit slowly, progressing with equal ease and confidence along the upper side of branches or, upside down, beneath them. The prehensile tail

1435-601: The overabundance of their population in roadside zoos. Additional reasons as to why animals may end up in captivity is because animals are captured from their original habitat, come from animal breeders , or come from the black market . When wild animals are captured and held in captivity, then they may be sold in pet stores , auction sales , or the World Wide Web . Zoos are known as a place where visitors come in to see wild animals. This means zoos may keep animals in confinement. For example, zoos may keep animals captive as

1476-631: The photographs were of single animals , and all were taken on the ground. Because binturongs are not very nimble, they may have to descend to the ground relatively frequently when moving between trees. Five radio-collared binturongs in the Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary exhibited an arrhythmic activity dominated by crepuscular and nocturnal tendencies with peaks in the early morning and late evening. Reduced activity periods occurred from midday to late afternoon. They moved between 25 m (82 ft) and 2,698 m (8,852 ft) daily in

1517-472: The tip. The muzzle is short and pointed, somewhat turned up at the nose, and is covered with bristly hairs, brown at the points, which lengthen as they diverge, and form a peculiar radiated circle round the face. The eyes are large, black and prominent. The ears are short, rounded, edged with white, and terminated by tufts of black hair. There are six short rounded incisors in each jaw, two canines, which are long and sharp, and six molars on each side. The hair on

1558-521: The tradition of keeping binturongs as pets. Captive animal All throughout history, domestic animals like pets and livestock were kept in captivity and tended by humans. However, pets and livestock were not the only animals to be put in captivity and receive human care because wild animals had this as well. Despite the fact that wild animals have been harbored by humans for thousands of years, this captivity has not always come close to present zoos. Some were failed domestication attempts. Furthermore,

1599-637: The wealthy, predominantly the aristocrats and kings, collected wild animals for various reasons. The affluent built the first zoos as personal collections to demonstrate their dominance and wealth. These private collections of animals were known as menageries . Contrary to domestication, the ferociousness and natural behaviour of the wild animals were preserved and exhibited. Today, zoos claim to have other reasons for keeping animals under human care: conservation , education and science . Captive animals, especially those not domesticated, sometimes can develop abnormal behaviours . One type of abnormal behaviour

1640-653: The year 2024. In Myanmar, binturongs were photographed on the ground in Tanintharyi Nature Reserve , at an elevation of 60 m (200 ft) in the Hukaung Valley , at elevations from 220–280 m (720–920 ft) in the Rakhine Yoma Elephant Reserve , and at 580 m (1,900 ft) and at three other sites up to 1,190 m (3,900 ft) elevation. In Thailand's Khao Yai National Park , several individuals were observed feeding in

1681-426: Was always ready as an aid. They descended the vertical bars of the cage head first, gripping them between their paws and using the prehensile tail as a check. They growled fiercely when irritated, and when on the prowl they periodically uttered a series of low grunts or a hissing sound, made by expelling air through partially opened lips. The binturong uses its tail to communicate . It moves about gently, clinging to

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