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Pakke Tiger Reserve

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34-664: Pakke Tiger Reserve , is a Project Tiger reserve in the East Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh in Northeast India . The 862 km (333 sq mi) reserve is protected by the Department of Environment and Forest of Arunachal Pradesh . It was known as Pakhui Tiger Reserve , but renamed in April 2001 by the Governor of Arunachal Pradesh . It has won India Biodiversity Award 2016 in

68-504: A game reserve on 28 March 1977. In 2001, it was renamed Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary and became Pakhui Tiger Reserve on 23 April 2002 as the 26th Tiger Reserve under Project Tiger of the National Tiger Conservation Authority . The reserves elevations range from 100 to 2,000 m (330 to 6,560 ft) above msl . The terrain is rugged with mountainous ranges in the north and narrow plains and sloping hill valleys in

102-413: A Tiger Conservation Plan which includes planning and management of notified areas and maintaining the requisite competent staff to ensure the protection of the tiger reserve and providing inputs for maintaining a viable population of tigers, co-predators and prey animals. Tiger reserves consist of a core area which includes part(s) of protected areas such as a national park or a wildlife sanctuary and

136-439: A buffer zone which is a mix of forested and non-forested land. Project tiger is aimed at performing the necessary activities to ensure viability of tiger population in the core area and to promote a balance between the existence of people and animals in the buffer zones. In 2006, National Tiger Conservation Authority was formed to administer the tiger reserves which were set up as a part of Project Tiger with Project Tiger becoming

170-592: A centrally sponsored scheme (CSS) to provide funding for the establishment and administration of the tiger reserves. In 1973, nine protected areas were initially designated as tiger reserves. By the late 1980s, the initial nine reserves covering an area of 9,115 km (3,519 sq mi) had been increased to 15 reserves covering an area of 24,700 km (9,500 sq mi). By 1997, 23 tiger reserves encompassed an area of 33,000 km (13,000 sq mi). As of March 2024, there are 55 protected areas that have been designated as tiger reserves. During

204-567: A high percentage of tree species (64%) that are animal-dispersed, with 12% tree species being wind-dispersed. At least 40 mammal species occur in Pakhui Tiger Reserve (PTR). Three large cats - the Bengal tiger , Indian leopard and clouded leopard share space with two canids – the wild dog and Asiatic jackal . Among the herbivore species, elephant , barking deer , gaur , and sambar are most commonly encountered. The commonest monkeys are

238-501: A typical layered structure and the major emergent species are bhelu Tetrameles nudiflora , borpat Ailanthus grandis and jutuli Altingia excelsa . The general vegetation type of the entire tract is classified as Assam Valley tropical semi-evergreen forest. The forests are multi-storeyed and rich in epiphytic flora and woody lianas . The vegetation is dense, with a high diversity and density of woody lianas and climbers. The forest types include tropical semi-evergreen forests along

272-515: Is 2,500 millimetres (98 in). It receives rainfall predominantly from the south-west monsoon in May to September and north-east monsoon from November to April. October and November are relatively dry. Winds are generally of moderate velocity. Thunderstorms occasionally occur in March–April. The average annual rainfall is 2500 mm. May and June are the hottest months. Humidity levels reach 80% during

306-602: Is a wildlife conservation movement initiated in India to protect the endangered tiger . The project was initiated in 1973 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change of the Government of India . As of March 2024, there are 55 protected areas that have been designated as tiger reserves under the project. As of 2023, there were 3,682 wild tigers in India, which is almost 75% of

340-591: Is a subtropical and tropical forest species, found from India and Sri Lanka , Bangladesh , Bhutan , Burma , China , Laos , Cambodia , Thailand , and Vietnam , Malaysia , Indonesia , and into the Cape York Peninsula in north Queensland ( Australia ). In India , these trees can be found in particularly large numbers in the Thattekad Bird Sanctuary , Kerala . In Myanmar , an old, around 60 m (200 ft) specimen can be found in

374-594: Is also found here. Presently, there are 27 anti-poaching camps where 104 local youth and 20 gaon buras (village fathers) have been employed as forest watchers. A 41 km (25 mi) road has been constructed to ease logistics and deter poachers. The people living around the park belong to the Nyishi community. The Ghora Aabhe (a group of village chiefs) and Women Self Help Groups help authorities in wildlife protection by providing information and enforcing customary laws. The Nyishi community has joined hands with civil society and

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408-659: Is buttressed, and the bark is grey and often shiny. The tree often contains large hollows in the trunk or branches. It is deciduous, bare of leaves between October and December in Australia and typically January–April in Vietnam. The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek tetra "four" and melos "part", and refers to the flower having four sepals. The species name is from the Latin nudiflora "bare flowers". Tetrameles nudiflora

442-743: Is home to majority of the global wild tiger population, the increase in population of tigers in India played a major role in driving up global populations as well; the number of wild tigers globally rose from 3,159 in 2010 to 3,890 in 2016 according to the World Wide Fund and Global Tiger Forum. Project Tiger is headed by an additional director general (ADG) based at New Delhi with regional offices at Bangalore , Guwahati and Nagpur . The wildlife habitats that fall under Project Tiger are categorized into different conservation units: Shivalik-Terai , North East , Sunderbans , Western ghats , Eastern ghats , Central India and Sariska . Function under

476-489: Is the only species in its genus Tetrameles , and together with Octomeles sumatrana comprise the only two species in the family Tetramelaceae . They were previously classified in the Datiscaceae but found genetically to not form a natural clade with the other members of that family. Tetrameles nudiflora grows as a large dioecious tree, capable of growing over 45 m tall with a spread of over 10 m. The trunk

510-541: The Lauraceae and Myrtaceae . These forests have a large number of species of economic value. Subtropical broadleaved forests of the Fagaceae and Lauraceae dominate the hill tops and higher reaches. Moist areas near streams have a profuse growth of bamboo , cane and palms . About eight species of bamboo occur in the area, in moist areas in gullies, in areas previously under settlements, or subjected to some form of disturbance on

544-810: The Rhesus macaque , Assamese macaque and the capped langur . In addition, PTR is home to as many as sixteen species of viverrids , weasels and mongooses . Commonly seen in pairs is the yellow-throated marten . Notable mammals in the Tiger Reserve are: tiger, leopard, clouded leopard, jungle cat , wild dog , jackal, Himalayan black bear, binturong, elephant, gaur, sambar, hog deer , barking deer, wild boar , yellow-throated marten, Malayan giant squirrel , flying squirrel , squirrel , capped langur, rhesus macaque, Assamese macaque, gaur. The presence of stamp tailed macaques has been reported by one researcher. At least 296 bird species have been recorded from PTR including

578-607: The University of Yangon campus (illustrated). In Vietnam , where the species is called tung or thung , a number of fine specimens are shown to visitors in Cat Tien National Park – one within walking distance of the park headquarters. Many specimens have grown to immense proportions of height and width. Its large size means that Tetrameles nudiflora is suited to nature reserves, parks and other large spaces rather than private gardens. Despite its timber being soft, it

612-714: The ambit of Project Tiger include protection of tiger habitats, daily monitoring, facilitating ecological development for local people in the buffer zones, voluntary relocation of people from core/critical tiger habitats and addressing human-wildlife conflicts. As a part of the project, state are provided assistance on curtailing poaching activities such as disseminating information on poachers, assisting in combing forest floor to check for traps and other anti-poaching activities, maintaining tiger database, providing grants and training for deployment of Special Tiger Protection Force. Wireless communication systems, infrared thermal cameras and monitoring systems have been developed within

646-519: The category of 'Conservation of threatened species' for its Hornbill Nest Adoption Programme. Pakke Wildlife Sanctuary lies in the undulating and hilly foothills of the Eastern Himalayas in Arunachal Pradesh's Pakke Kessang District at elevations ranging from 150 to 2,000 m (490 to 6,560 ft). It is bounded by Bhareli or Kameng River in the west and north, and by Pakke River in

680-407: The east. It is surrounded by contiguous forests on most sides. To the east lies Papum Reserve Forest with an area of 1,064 km (411 sq mi). Towards the south and south-east, the sanctuary adjoins reserve forests and Assam's Nameri National Park . To the west, it is bounded by Doimara Reserve Forest with an area of 216 km (83 sq mi) and Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary ; and to

714-667: The forest department to protect hornbill nests. The Nyishi tribe uses fiber glass replicas of hornbills beaks as their headgear and has fines for hunting of tigers, among other regulations. The Ghora Aabhe Society (a group of village chiefs) was formed in 2006. A group of 12 village heads, along with the forest department, supports conservation efforts around Pakhui Tiger Reserve (PTR). Their work has been widely recognised, through several awards and articles in print media. The Ghora Aabhe enforce customary laws, institute penalties against hunting and logging, aid in capacity building and spread awareness of PTR. Project Tiger Project Tiger

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748-943: The globally endangered white-winged wood duck, the unique ibisbill, and the rare Oriental bay owl. PTR is a good place to see hornbills. Roost sites of wreathed hornbills and great hornbill can be observed on the river banks. Birds seen in Pakke Tiger Reserve include: Jerdon's baza , pied falconet , white-cheeked hill-partridge , grey peacock-pheasant , elwe's crake , ibisbill , Asian emerald cuckoo , red-headed trogon , green pigeon spp., forest eagle owl , wreathed hornbill , great hornbill , collared broadbill and long-tailed broadbill , blue-naped pitta , lesser shortwing , Himalayan shortwing , Daurian redstart , Leschenault's forktail , lesser necklaced laughing-thrush , silver-eared leiothrix , white-bellied yuhina , yellow-bellied flycatcher warbler , sultan tit , ruby-cheeked sunbird , maroon oriole , and crow-billed drongo . Of

782-532: The hill slopes. At least five commercially important cane species grow in moist areas, along with tokko Livistona jenkinsiana , a species used extensively by locals for thatching roofs. Along the larger perennial streams, there are shingle beds with patches of tall grassland, which give way to lowland moist forests with outenga Dillenia indica and boromthuri Talauma hodgsonii . Along the larger rivers, isolated trees of semal Bombax ceiba and two species of koroi Albizzia sp. are common. These forests have

816-488: The lower plains and foothills dominated by kari Polyalthia simiarum , hatipehala Pterospermum acerifolium , karibadam Sterculia alata , paroli Stereospermum chelonoides , Ailanthus grandis and khokun Duabanga grandiflora . The tropical semi-evergreen forests are scattered along the lower plains and foothills, dominated by Altingia excelsa , nahar Mesua ferrea , banderdima Dysoxylum binectariferum , Beilschmedia sp. and other middle storey trees belonging to

850-452: The north by Shergaon Forest Division. Selective logging on a commercial scale occurred in the reserve forests until 1996. The main perennial streams in the area are the Nameri, Khari and Upper Dikorai. West of Kameng River are Sessa Orchid Sanctuary and Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary . The area of Pakke Tiger Reserve was initially constituted as Pakhui Reserve Forest on 1 July 1966 and declared

884-451: The over 1500 butterfly species found in India, it is estimated that Pakke Tiger Reserve could be home to at least 500 species. A total of 36 reptile species and 30 amphibian species have been reported in Pakke Tiger Reserve. The Assam roofed turtle , a highly endangered species, is commonly sighted. The king cobra is sometimes seen on the fringes of villages and is not uncommon within the park. The pied warty frog , resembling bird droppings,

918-406: The same on tiger conservation as it will increase human-animal conflict and might give opportunities for poaching. While others argue that this overlooks the reality of human-tiger coexistence and the abuse of power by authorities wherein local people who have been co-existing with the animals being evicted from their traditional lands rather than allowing them a proper role in decision-making to aid

952-601: The south. The sanctuary slopes southwards towards the river valley of the Brahmaputra River . The area of Brahmaputra and Chittagong Hills , which includes Pakke and Namdapha Tiger Reserve , is the north-western limit of the Indochinese tiger 's range, bordering the eastern limit of the Bengal tiger 's range. Pakke Tiger Reserve has a subtropical climate with cold weather from November to March. The temperature varies from 12 to 36 °C (54 to 97 °F). Annual rainfall

986-600: The summer. The habitat types are lowland semi-evergreen , evergreen forest and Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests . A total of 343 woody species of flowering plants (angiosperms) have been recorded from the lowland areas of the park, with a high representation of species from the families Euphorbiaceae and Lauraceae , but at least 1500 species of vascular plants are expected from Pakhui WLS, of which 500 species would be woody. While about 600 species of orchids are reported from Arunachal Pradesh, Pakhui WLS and adjoining areas also harbour many orchid species. The forest has

1020-419: The tiger census of 2006, a new methodology was used extrapolating site-specific densities of tigers, their co-predators and prey derived from camera trap and sign surveys using GIS . Based on the result of these surveys, the total tiger population was estimated at 1,411 individuals ranging from 1,165 to 1,657 adult and sub-adult tigers of more than 1.5 years of age. The 2010 National Tiger Assessment estimated

1054-464: The tiger crisis. Tetrameles nudiflora Tetrameles is a genus of flowering plants in the family Tetramelaceae with one species, Tetrameles nudiflora . It grows as a large deciduous tree and is found across southern Asia from India through southeast Asia, Malesia , and into northern Australia. Robert Brown described Tetrameles nudiflora in 1844, from material collected in Java. It

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1088-450: The tiger reserves to assist in patrol activities. Project Tiger's efforts are hampered by poaching , deforestation , construction and irregularities in administration of certain reserves. The Forest Rights Act enacted by the Indian government in 2006 recognizes the rights of forest dwelling communities in the buffer zones. Some of the wildlife experts have questioned the implications of

1122-522: The total population of wild tigers in India at 1,706. As per Ministry of Environment and Forests , the wild tiger population in India stood at 2,226 in 2014 with an increase of 30.5% since the 2010 estimate. In 2018, according to the National Tiger Conservation Authority, there were an estimated 2,603–3,346 wild tigers with an average of 2,967 in existence in India. The wild tiger population increased to 3,682 as of 2022. As India

1156-532: The world's wild tiger population. Project Tiger was initiated in 1973 by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change of the Government of India . The project was initiated to protect the Bengal Tiger and its habitats and to establish dedicated tiger reserves for sustaining tiger populations. As per the section 38 of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 , the state governments are responsible preparing

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