54-576: Khao Yai National Park ( Thai : อุทยานแห่งชาติเขาใหญ่ , RTGS : Utthayan Haeng Chat Khao Yai , pronounced [ʔùt.tʰā.jāːn hɛ̀ŋ t͡ɕʰâːt kʰǎw jàj] ) is a national park in Thailand . Established in 1962 as Thailand's first national park, it is the third largest national park in Thailand. Khao Yai National Park is in the western part of the Sankamphaeng Mountain Range, at
108-561: A dominant language in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later widespread adoption as a second language among the country's minority ethnic groups from the mid-late Ayutthaya period onward. Ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect. Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Northern Thai , Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with
162-475: A habitat corridor , or green corridor, is an designated area that connects wildlife populations that have been separated by human activities or structures, such as development, roads, or land clearings. These corridors enable movement of individuals between populations, which helps to prevent negative effects of inbreeding and reduced genetic diversity , often caused by genetic drift , that can occur in isolated populations. Additionally, corridors support
216-507: A wolf corridor was restored through a golf course in Jasper National Park , Alberta , which successfully altered wildlife behavior and showed frequent use by the wolf population. Some species are more likely to utilize habitat corridors depending on migration and mating patterns, making it essential that corridor design is targeted towards a specific species. Due to space constraints, buffers are not usually implemented. Without
270-533: A four-way distinction among stops and affricates . The maximal four-way occurred in labials ( /p pʰ b ʔb/ ) and denti-alveolars ( /t tʰ d ʔd/ ); the three-way distinction among velars ( /k kʰ ɡ/ ) and palatals ( /tɕ tɕʰ dʑ/ ), with the glottalized member of each set apparently missing. The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing distinction losses and the concomitant tone split . This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of
324-562: A large home range. Large herbivores , medium to large carnivores , and migratory species are typical passage users. Corridor dwellers , on the other hand, can occupy a corridor for several years. Species such as plants , reptiles , amphibians , birds , insects , and small mammals may spend their entire lives in linear habitats. In such cases, the corridor must provide enough resources to support such species. Habitat corridors can be categorized based on their width, with wider corridors generally supporting greater wildlife use. However,
378-517: A northeasterly direction to the Mekong . The Sai Yai River system drains from the eastern basin, turning sharply into the southern floodplains and on to the Gulf of Thailand . The Nakhon Nayok River system drains from the southwest watershed into Nakhon Nayok Province to the south. The Saraburi Province drainage system drains westward from the far west of Khao Yai. Khao Yai is home to a variety of animals. It
432-646: A shortcut into a small cave under the waterfall cliff. One urban legend reports that Haew Su Wat was named after a thief named Suwat who, in order escape government authority, jumped into the basin. However, there's no verifiable proof of this actually happening so the origin of the name is currently unknown. According to the Department of National Parks (DNP), which manages the park, visitors to Khao Yai have risen from 671,569 in 2008 to more than 1.2 million in FY2016 . From October 2015 to September 2016, 471,514 vehicles entered
486-525: A syllable that formerly began with a voiceless consonant (including glottalized stops). An additional complication is that formerly voiceless unaspirated stops/affricates (original /p t k tɕ ʔb ʔd/ ) also caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3. The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the complex relationship between spelling and sound in modern Thai. Modern "low"-class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and
540-658: Is also used to evaluate migration and mating patterns. By analyzing gene flow within a population, researchers can better understand the long- term role of corridors in migration and genetic diversity. Wildlife corridors are most effective when designed with the ecology of their target species in mind. Factors such as seasonal movement, avoidance behavior, dispersal patterns, and specific habitat requirements must also be considered. Corridors are more successful when they include some degree of randomness or asymmetry and are oriented perpendicular to habitat patches. However, they are vulnerable to edge effects ; habitat quality along
594-500: Is based on the register of the educated classes by Central Thai and ethnic minorities in the area along the ring surrounding the Metropolis . In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages . Although most linguists classify these dialects as related but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai". As
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#1732837125404648-553: Is based on the dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the Thai script . Hlai languages Kam-Sui languages Kra languages Be language Northern Tai languages Central Tai languages Khamti language Tai Lue language Shan language others Northern Thai language Thai language Southern Thai language Tai Yo language Phuthai language Lao language (PDR Lao, Isan language ) Thai has undergone various historical sound changes. Some of
702-412: Is one of the few places in Thailand where wild elephants still survive. They are regularly seen and are a major tourist attraction. Other larger animals include gibbons, pig-tailed macaques, muntjacs and sambar deer. Other large animals include barking deer, porcupine, and civet. Other species that can occasionally be seen include sun bear, Asian black bear, gaur, otter, dhole and jackal. In early-2017 it
756-479: Is the language of television, education, news reporting, and all forms of media. A recent research found that the speakers of the Northern Thai language (also known as Phasa Mueang or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak Standard Thai, so that they are now using mostly Central Thai words and only seasoning their speech with the "Kham Mueang" accent. Standard Thai
810-427: Is the most spoken of over 60 languages of Thailand by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary is derived from or borrowed from Pali , Sanskrit , Mon and Old Khmer . It is a tonal and analytic language . Thai has a complex orthography and system of relational markers . Spoken Thai, depending on standard sociolinguistic factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and
864-416: Is the park's 2nd highest mountain, the highest being Khao Rom. Similar to Khao Rom, reaching the peak of the mountain is also only possible on foot. Reaching the peak of the mountain takes no less than 7 hours. Before reaching the absolute summit, one must also climb up a rope. With such difficult challenges climbing the mountain, The Lottery Club once awarded a 60,000 baht prize to a woman who would conquer
918-525: The Trans-Canada Highway , which passes through Banff National Park . The tops of the bridges are planted with trees and native grasses, with fences present on either side to help guide animals. In Southern California , 15 underpasses and drainage culverts were observed to see how many animals used them as corridors. They proved to be especially effective on wide-ranging species such as carnivores, mule deer , small mammals, and reptiles, even though
972-603: The 55th anniversary of Khao Yai National Park with a Google Doodle . Thai language Thai , or Central Thai (historically Siamese ; Thai: ภาษาไทย ), is a Tai language of the Kra–Dai language family spoken by the Central Thai , Mon , Lao Wiang , Phuan people in Central Thailand and the vast majority of Thai Chinese enclaves throughout the country. It is the sole official language of Thailand . Thai
1026-636: The 80 m (260 ft) Heo Narok (เหวนรก), and Heo Suwat (หวสุวัต) made famous by the film The Beach . Around 1922 some people from Ban Tha Dan and Ban Tha Chai villages in Nakhon Nayok Province built a settlement within the forest in the Sankamphaeng mountains. Up to 30 households cultivated the land. The area was formally recognized by the government and classified as Tambon Khao Yai within Pak Phli District . Due to its remoteness from
1080-547: The Khmer system first before the Thai borrowed. Old Thai had a three-way tone distinction on "live syllables" (those not ending in a stop), with no possible distinction on "dead syllables" (those ending in a stop, i.e. either /p/, /t/, /k/ or the glottal stop that automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel). There was a two-way voiced vs. voiceless distinction among all fricative and sonorant consonants, and up to
1134-609: The Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form the Southwestern branch of Tai languages . The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family , which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border. Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard
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#17328371254041188-484: The Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction: However, in the process of these mergers, the former distinction of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In essence, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiced consonant, and a higher-pitched tone corresponding to
1242-475: The abundance of orchids present there. This waterfall gets its source from the Huai Lam Takhong flowing through a 25 meter high cliff. The basin of the waterfall is suitable for swimming, however, the national park prohibits swimming due to fear of turbulent flood waters. In the rainy season, the falling water will make a scattered mist of water vapor. In the dry season, the waterfall will recede, revealing
1296-556: The authorities it became a refuge for criminals and fugitives. After an attempt to capture the suspects in the area, in 1932 the villagers were relocated into the plains some 30 km away and the tambon status was cancelled. In 1959 the prime minister, Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat , instructed the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of the Interior to create a process whereby national parks could be established. Khao Yai National Park
1350-760: The benefits of wildlife corridors to wildlife conservation are used and managed by indigenous communities. Habitat corridors can be considered a management tool in areas where the destruction of a natural habitats has severely impacted native species , whether due to human development or natural disasters. When land is fragmented, wildlife populations may become unstable or isolated from larger populations. These management tools are used by ecologists, biologists , indigenous tribes, and other concerned parties that oversee wildlife populations. Corridors help reconnect these fragmented populations and reduce negative population fluctuations by supporting these key aspects that stabilize populations: Daniel Rosenberg et al. were among
1404-420: The center habitat were two to four times more likely to move to the connected remnant rather than the disconnected ones. Furthermore, male holly plants were placed in the center region, and female holly plants in the connected region increased by 70 percent in seed production compared to those plants in the disconnected region. Plant seed dispersal through bird droppings was noted to be the dispersal method with
1458-436: The corridors were not intended specifically for animals. Researchers also learned that factors such as surrounding habitat, underpass dimensions, and human activity played a role in the frequency of usage. In South Carolina , five remnant areas of land were monitored; one was put in the center with the other four surrounding it. Then, a corridor was put between one of the remnants and the center. Butterflies that were placed in
1512-465: The edge of a habitat fragment is often much lower than in core habitat areas. While wildlife corridors are essential for large species that require expensive ranges ; they are also crucial for smaller animals and plants, acting as ecological connectors to move between isolated habitat fragments. Additionally wildlife corridors are designed to reduce human-wildlife conflicts. In Alberta, Canada , overpasses have been constructed to keep animals off
1566-704: The first to define the concept of wildlife corridors, developing a model that emphasized the corridors' role in facilitating movement unrestricted by the end of native vegetation or intermediate target patches of habitat. Wildlife corridors also have significant indirect effects on plant populations by increasing pollen and seed dispersal through animals movement, of various species between isolated habitat patches. Corridors must be large enough to support minimum critical populations, reduce migration barriers, and maximize connectivity between populations. Wildlife corridors may also include aquatic habitats often referred to as riparian ribbons , ) and are typically found in
1620-591: The form of wildlife crossings , such an underpasses or overpasses that allow animals to cross man-made structures like roads, helping to reduce human-wildlife conflict , such as roadkill . Observations that underpasses tend to be more than overpasses as many animals are too timid to cross over a bridge in front of traffic and prefer the cover of an underpass. Researchers use mark-recapture techniques and hair snares to assess genetic flow and observe how wildlife utilizes corridors. Marking and recapturing animals helps track individual movement. Genetic testing
1674-412: The form of rivers and streams. Terrestrial corridors take the form of wooded strips connecting forested areas or an urban hedgerows. Most species can be categorized into one of two groups: passage users and corridor dwellers . Passage users occupy corridors for brief periods. These animals use corridors for such events as seasonal migration , juvenile dispersal or moving between different parts of
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1728-689: The largest increase within the corridor-connected patch of land. In Florida June 2021, the Florida Wildlife Corridor act was passed, securing a statewide network of nearly 18 million acres of connected ecosystems. Starting from the Alabama state line, through the Florida panhandle and all the way to the Florida Keys. Containing state parks, national forests, and wildlife management areas supporting wildlife and human occupation. The positive effects on
1782-512: The limits of the protected area of the forest. Illegal logging is also a problem in the area of the park. Khao Rom is the highest mountain in Khao Yai National Park, measuring up to 1,351 meters above sea level. Reaching the peak of the mountain is only accessible on foot, which few people attempt to, except for forestry officers Since this mountain is spiral shaped, it is called Khao Laem (เขาแหลม; Lit: Spiky Mountain). Khao Laem
1836-515: The local patois as pronounced in Guangdong Ayutthaya , the old capital of Thailand from 1351 - 1767 A.D., was from the beginning a bilingual society, speaking Thai and Khmer . Bilingualism must have been strengthened and maintained for some time by the great number of Khmer-speaking captives the Thais took from Angkor Thom after their victories in 1369, 1388 and 1431. Gradually toward the end of
1890-547: The most significant changes occurred during the evolution from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, especially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern orthography . According to a Chinese source, during the Ming dynasty , Yingya Shenglan (1405–1433), Ma Huan reported on the language of the Xiānluó (暹羅) or Ayutthaya Kingdom, saying that it somewhat resembled
1944-505: The overall effectiveness of a corridor depends more on its design that its width. The following are three main categories of corridor widths: Habitat corridors can also be classified based on their continuity. Continuous corridors are uninterrupted strips of habitat,, while " stepping stone " corridors consist of small, separate patches of suitable habitat. However, stepping-stone corridors are more vulnerable to edge effects , which can reduce their effectiveness. Corridors can also take
1998-536: The park, together with other parks in the same range and in the Dong Phaya Yen Mountains further north, was proclaimed a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the name "Dong Phaya Yen–Khao Yai Forest Complex". As the lands adjacent to the national park are becoming increasingly developed into luxury hotels and golf courses, acquiring land for future wildlife conservation efforts is becoming problematic. Homes and residential villas have been built illegally within
2052-513: The park. The congestion has led to demands to close the park to private vehicles. During one of its busiest periods, New Year's week from 30 December – 3 January 2016, the park received 156,574 visitors. They left in excess of 23 tonnes of waste behind. As litter was a serious problem at the park, in 2020 the park started mailing litter to the homes of visitors who left it there. Khao Yai National Park has three main seasons, with an annual mean temperature of 23 °C, though this varies greatly with
2106-415: The period, a language shift took place. Khmer fell out of use. Both Thai and Khmer descendants whose great-grand parents or earlier ancestors were bilingual came to use only Thai. In the process of language shift, an abundance of Khmer elements were transferred into Thai and permeated all aspects of the language. Consequently, the Thai of the late Ayutthaya Period which later became Ratanakosin or Bangkok Thai,
2160-421: The rates of transfer and interbreeding in vole populations. A control population in which voles were confined to their core habitat with no corridor was compared to a treatment population in their core habitat with passages that they use to move to other regions. Females typically stayed and mated within their founder population , but the rate of transfer through corridors in the males was very high. In 2001,
2214-619: The re-establishment of populations that may have been reduced or wiped out due to random events like fires or disease. They can also mitigate some of the severe impacts of habitat fragmentation , a result of urbanization that divides habitat areas and restricts animal movement. Habitat fragmentation from human development poses an increasing threat to biodiversity , and habitat corridors help to reduce its harmful effects. Corridors aside from their benefit to vulnerable wildlife populations can conflict with communities surrounding them when human-wildlife conflicts are involved. In other communities
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2268-484: The royal vocabulary according to their immediate environment. Thai and Pali, the latter from Theravada Buddhism, were added to the vocabulary. An investigation of the Ayutthaya Rajasap reveals that three languages, Thai, Khmer and Khmero-Indic were at work closely both in formulaic expressions and in normal discourse. In fact, Khmero-Indic may be classified in the same category as Khmer because Indic had been adapted to
2322-495: The seasons. Limestone is present towards the eastern end close to the Dângrêk Mountains . Sandstone outcrops exist in the south and north of the park. Shales and schist are also present. In the south, steep slopes made of granite and conglomerates are seen. There are four drainage areas in the park which are vital catchments for four river systems. The Lam Takhong River drains from the central Khao Yai area and runs in
2376-1103: The southwestern boundary of the Khorat Plateau . The highest mountain in the area of the park is 1,351 m (4,432 ft) high Khao Rom . This park lies largely in Nakhon Ratchasima Province (Khorat), but also includes parts of Saraburi , Prachinburi and Nakhon Nayok Provinces. The park is the third largest in Thailand. It covers an area of 1,353,472 rai ~ 2,166 km (836 sq mi), including tropical seasonal forests and grasslands . Elevations mostly from 400–1,000 m (1,300–3,300 ft). There are 3,000 species of plants, 320 species of birds such as red junglefowl and coral-billed ground cuckoo , and 66 species of mammals, including Asian black bear , Indian elephant , gaur , gibbon , Indian sambar deer , southern pig-tailed macaque , Indian muntjac , Ussuri dhole and wild pigs . There have been no tigers in Khao Yai for at least 20 years. Its waterfalls include
2430-417: The summit of the peak. The recipient of the award, Catherine B. Buri, conquered the summit in 1972. The path used to travel to the summit of the mountain is also used as a wildlife corridor by animals, therefore many animal tracks are found here. Ascending the mountain also affords the opportunity of seeing various forms of wildlife. Haew Narok is a waterfall formed from Tha Dan canal. It is known as one of
2484-456: The tallest and most beautiful waterfalls of Khao Yai National Park. Originally, before the Prachin Buri - Khao Yai road was cut, it is only accessible on foot and would take at least 6 hours to make it there, but after the finishing of the Prachin Buri - Khao Yai road, it is easily accessible by cars since the road passes near Haew Narok Waterfall. There is a parking lot just 1 kilometer away from
2538-535: The terminology "low" reflects the lower tone variants that resulted. Modern "mid"-class consonants were voiceless unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern "high"-class consonants were the remaining voiceless consonants in Old Thai (voiceless fricatives, voiceless sonorants, voiceless aspirated stops). The three most common tone "marks" (the lack of any tone mark, as well as
2592-432: The three tones of Old Thai were split have since merged into five in standard Thai, with the lower variant of former tone 2 merging with the higher variant of former tone 3, becoming the modern "falling" tone. หม ม หน น, ณ หญ ญ หง ง ป ผ พ, ภ บ ฏ, ต ฐ, ถ ท, ธ ฎ, ด จ ฉ ช Wildlife corridor A wildlife corridor , also known as
2646-423: The two marks termed mai ek and mai tho ) represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the complex relationship between tone mark and actual tone is due to the various tonal changes since then. Since the tone split, the tones have changed in actual representation to the point that the former relationship between lower and higher tonal variants has been completely obscured. Furthermore, the six tones that resulted after
2700-508: The urban/rural divide, is partly mutually intelligible with Lao , Isan , and some fellow Thai topolects . These languages are written with slightly different scripts, but are linguistically similar and effectively form a dialect continuum . Thai language is spoken by over 69 million people (2020). Moreover, most Thais in the northern (Lanna) and the northeastern (Isan) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects because Central Thai
2754-451: The waterfall. Upon reaching the waterfall, there is a staircase going down about 50 meters, which is quite narrow and steep. In the rainy season, there is typically a lot of rain water but in the dry season, there is little to no water falling down the cliff. Pha Kluai Mai Waterfall gets its water source from Huai Lam Takhong. To get there, you have to park your car at Pha Kluai Mai tent yard and walk on. The waterfall gets its name from
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#17328371254042808-449: Was a thorough mixture of Thai and Khmer. There were more Khmer words in use than Tai cognates. Khmer grammatical rules were used actively to coin new disyllabic and polysyllabic words and phrases. Khmer expressions, sayings, and proverbs were expressed in Thai through transference. Thais borrowed both the Royal vocabulary and rules to enlarge the vocabulary from Khmer. The Thais later developed
2862-689: Was announced that 18 tigers, including five males, seven female and six cubs, were filmed by surveillance cameras in the Dong Phaya Yen-Khao Yai world heritage site in June 2016 and February 2017 in a joint effort of the Department of National Parks, the Freeland Foundation , and the Panthera Corporation . The last time that tigers were seen by surveillance cameras in Khao Yai National Park was in 2002. On 18 September 2017, Google celebrated
2916-475: Was then established on 18 September 1962, declared by royal proclamation in the Government Gazette (Book 79, Section 89) as the first national park in Thailand. A major role in its establishment was played by Boonsong Lekakul , one of the 20th century's most famous Thai conservationists. It was named after the defunct tambon, Khao Yai. In 1984 the park was made an ASEAN Heritage Park , and on 14 July 2005
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