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96-573: Kaziranga National Park is a national park in the Golaghat , Sonitpur , Biswanath and Nagaon districts of the state of Assam , India . KNP has 5 ranges. The park, which hosts two-thirds of the world's Indian rhinoceroses , is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . According to a March 2018 census conducted jointly by the Forest Department of the Government of Assam and some recognized wildlife NGOs,

192-550: A children's storybook by Arup Dutta about rhinoceros poaching in the national park, won the Shankar's Award. The Assamese singer Bhupen Hazarika refers to Kaziranga in one of his songs. The BBC conservationist and travel writer, Mark Shand , authored a book and the corresponding BBC documentary Queen of the Elephants , based on the life of the first female mahout in recent times— Parbati Barua of Kaziranga. The book went on to win

288-487: A descendant , derivative or derived from an etymon (but see below). Cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in a common parent language. Doublets or etymological twins or twinlings (or possibly triplets, and so forth) are specifically cognates within the same language. Although they have the same etymological root, they tend to have different phonological forms, and to have entered

384-500: A Welsh philologist living in India , who in 1782 observed the genetic relationship between Sanskrit , Greek and Latin . Jones published his The Sanscrit Language in 1786, laying the foundation for the field of Indo-European linguistics . The study of etymology in Germanic philology was introduced by Rasmus Christian Rask in the early 19th century and elevated to a high standard with

480-505: A derivative with the meaning "to mark with blood"). Semantic change may also occur. For example, the English word bead originally meant "prayer". It acquired its modern meaning through the practice of counting the recitation of prayers by using beads. The search for meaningful origins for familiar or strange words is far older than the modern understanding of linguistic evolution and the relationships of languages, which began no earlier than

576-635: A line of ancient grammarians of Sanskrit who lived several centuries earlier like Sakatayana of whom very little is known. The earliest of attested etymologies can be found in Vedic literature in the philosophical explanations of the Brahmanas , Aranyakas , and Upanishads . The analyses of Sanskrit grammar done by the previously mentioned linguists involved extensive studies on the etymology (called Nirukta or Vyutpatti in Sanskrit) of Sanskrit words, because

672-463: A long written history , etymologists make use of texts, particularly texts about the language itself, to gather knowledge about how words were used during earlier periods, how they developed in meaning and form , or when and how they entered the language. Etymologists also apply the methods of comparative linguistics to reconstruct information about forms that are too old for any direct information to be available. By analyzing related languages with

768-509: A petroleum refinery at Numaligarh , pose a hazard to the ecology of the region. Invasive species such as Mimosa and wild rose have posed a threat to the native plants in the region. To control the growth and irradiation of invasive species, research on biological methods for controlling weeds, manual uprooting and weeding before seed settling are carried out at regular intervals. Grassland management techniques, such as controlled burning , are effected annually to avoid forest fires . Observing

864-513: A technique known as the comparative method , linguists can make inferences about their shared parent language and its vocabulary. In this way, word roots in many European languages, for example, can be traced back to the origin of the Indo-European language family . Even though etymological research originated from the philological tradition, much current etymological research is done on language families where little or no early documentation

960-415: Is a difference in altitude between the eastern and western areas of the park, with the western side being at a lower altitude. The western reaches of the park are dominated by grasslands . Tall elephant grass is found on higher ground, while short grasses cover the lower grounds surrounding the beels or flood-created ponds. Annual flooding, grazing by herbivores, and controlled burning maintain and fertilize

1056-426: Is a latest attraction to the tourists. It houses more than 500 species of orchids, 132 varieties of sour fruits and leafy vegetables, 12 species of cane, 46 species of bamboo and a large varieties of local fishes. Tourism benefits the people living in the fringe of the park and helps in empowering the local people. As of 2007, about 35 hotels or lodges of various kinds located just outside the park, four of which run by

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1152-482: Is also a butterfly hotspot. . UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985 Largest population of Indian Rhinoceros, wild water buffalo and Eastern Swamp Deer|| Indian rhinoceros , Royal Bengal Tiger , Wild water buffalo , Asian elephant , Eastern Swamp Deer Also a biosphere reserve and Elephant reserve Successful conservation programs for the blackbuck , wolf and lesser florican , bustard popular trekking and ecotourism destination National Parks not under

1248-511: Is at the Bagori range of Kaziranga to help visitors learn more about the park. The park remains closed for visitors from May to October due to monsoon rains. Four tourist lodges at Kohora and three tourist lodges outside the park are maintained by the Department of Environment and Forests, Government of Assam . Private resorts are available outside the park borders. Increase in tourist inflow has led to

1344-476: Is available, such as Uralic and Austronesian . The word etymology is derived from the Ancient Greek word ἐτυμολογία ([ἐτυμολογία] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) ), itself from ἔτυμον ([ἔτυμον] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) ), meaning ' true sense or sense of a truth ' , and the suffix -logia , denoting '

1440-571: Is home to a variety of migratory birds, water birds, predators, scavengers, and game birds. Birds such as the lesser white-fronted goose , ferruginous duck , Baer's pochard duck and lesser adjutant , greater adjutant , black-necked stork , and Asian openbill stork migrate from Central Asia to the park during winter. Riverine birds include the Blyth's kingfisher , white-bellied heron , Dalmatian pelican , spot-billed pelican , Nordmann's greenshank , and black-bellied tern . Birds of prey include

1536-410: Is mild and dry, with a mean high of 25  °C (77  °F ) and low of 5  °C (41  °F ). During this season, beels and nullahs (water channels) dry up. The summer season between March and May is hot, with temperatures reaching a high of 37  °C (99  °F ). During this season, animals usually are found near water bodies. The rainy monsoon season lasts from June to September, and

1632-431: Is preferred for birding. Local people get employment from the park in the form of labour and allied activities. Labour requirements for the park include labour for anti-poaching activities and construction of bridges, culverts, etc. Approximately 100 to 200 people are hired per range for removal of Mimosa , a weed which is harmful for the herbivores. As of 2007 the park authorities have also hired security guards to protect

1728-623: Is received under the Project Elephant from the Central Government. Most of this funding is used in paying wages and salaries of the staff and in anti-poaching measures, only a little sum is left behind for the development of the park. In spite of the funding from the government the park faces shortage of funds. In 1997–1998, a grant of US$ 100,000 was received under the Technical Co-operation for Security Reinforcement scheme from

1824-485: Is responsible for most of Kaziranga's annual rainfall of 2,220 mm (87 in). During the peak months of July and August, three-fourths of the western region of the park is submerged, due to the rising water level of the Brahmaputra. Each time a flood comes, 70％~80％ percent of the national park is inundated for 5–10 days at a time. The flooding causes most animals to migrate to elevated and forested regions outside

1920-431: Is responsible for the administration and management of Kaziranga. The administrative head of the park is the director, who is a Chief Conservator of Forests-level officer. A divisional Forest Officer is the administrative chief executive of the park. He is assisted by two officers with the rank of Assistant Conservator of Forests. The park area is divided into five ranges, overseen by Range Forest Officers. The five ranges are

2016-414: Is said, the way of light. Etymology in the modern sense emerged in the late 18th-century European academia, within the context of the wider " Age of Enlightenment ", although preceded by 17th century pioneers such as Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn , Gerardus Vossius , Stephen Skinner , Elisha Coles , and William Wotton . The first known systematic attempt to prove the relationship between two languages on

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2112-475: Is such, she is gracious in beholding, she spreadeth over all without lying down, she passeth in going right without crooking by right long line; and it is without dilation of tarrying, and therefore it is showed the blessed Lucy hath beauty of virginity without any corruption; essence of charity without disordinate love; rightful going and devotion to God, without squaring out of the way; right long line by continual work without negligence of slothful tarrying. In Lucy

2208-580: Is the Core Zone of the Tiger Reserve or a Strict Nature Reserve , where casual visitors are not permitted. The Western range has Baguri as the entry point and covers the Monabeel, Bimoli, Kanchanjuri areas. This range is preferred for seeing big game like rhinos and water buffaloes. The Eastern range with Agortoli as the entry point covers Sohola and Rangamatia. This is 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Kohora and

2304-904: The German Dictionary of the Brothers Grimm . The successes of the comparative approach culminated in the Neogrammarian school of the late 19th century. Still in the 19th century, German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche used etymological strategies (principally and most famously in On the Genealogy of Morals , but also elsewhere) to argue that moral values have definite historical (specifically, cultural) origins where modulations in meaning regarding certain concepts (such as "good" and "evil") show how these ideas had changed over time—according to which value-system appropriated them. This strategy gained popularity in

2400-889: The Assam Forest Regulation of 1891 and the Biodiversity Conservation Act of 2002 have been enacted for protection of wildlife in the park. Poaching activities, particularly of the rhinoceroses for its horn, has been a major concern for the authorities. Between 1980 and 2005, 567 rhinoceroses were hunted by poachers. Following a decreasing trend for the past few years, 18 Indian rhinoceroses were killed by poachers in 2007. Reports have suggested that there are links between these poaching activities and funding of terrorist organizations. But these could not be substantiated in later years. Preventive measures such as construction of anti-poaching camps and maintenance of existing ones, patrolling, intelligence gathering, and control over

2496-450: The Bokakhat subdivision of Golaghat district . The park is approximately 40 km (25 mi) in length from east to west, and 13 km (8 mi) in breadth from north to south. Kaziranga covers an area of 378 km (146 sq mi), with approximately 51.14 km (20 sq mi) lost to erosion in recent years. A total addition of 429 km (166 sq mi) along

2592-544: The Brahmaputra , and the park includes numerous small bodies of water. Kaziranga has been the theme of several books, songs, and documentaries. The park celebrated its centennial in 2005 after its establishment in 1905 as a reserve forest . The history of Kaziranga as a protected area can be traced back to 1904, when Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston , the wife of the Viceroy of India , Lord Curzon of Kedleston , visited

2688-642: The Karbis , Kajir is a common name for a girl child, and it was believed that a woman named Kajir once ruled over the area. Fragments of monoliths associated with Karbi rule found scattered in the area seem to bear testimony to this assertion. Kaziranga is located between latitudes 26°30' N and 26°45' N, and longitudes 93°08' E to 93°36' E within three districts in the Indian state of Assam —the Kaliabor subdivision of Nagaon district , Bokajan subdivision of Karbi Anglong and

2784-705: The Mora Diphlu , which forms the southern boundary. Other notable rivers within the park are the Diphlu and Mora Dhansiri . Kaziranga has flat expanses of fertile, alluvial soil , formed by erosion and silt deposition by the River Brahmaputra. The landscape consists of exposed sandbars , riverine flood-formed lakes known as, beels , (which make up 5% of the surface area), and elevated regions known as, chapories , which provide retreats and shelter for animals during floods. Many artificial chapories have been built with

2880-655: The Mullaperiyar Dam was erected in 1895. The park is made up of tropical evergreen and moist deciduous forests , grasslands and stands of eucalyptus Home to the largest population of lion-tailed macaques Famous for " Save Silent Valley " movement National Parks not under the administration of the Government of India Gaurs reintroduced from Kanha National Park Panpatha wildlife sanctuary Balaghat district Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion In 2022, Asian forest tortoises (Manouria emys) were reintroduced into Ntangki National Park in collaboration with

2976-543: The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) jointly support rural tourism in village of Durgapur, which falls in the periphery of the Kohora range of Kaziranga along with other initiatives at 31 sites across India. Authorised guides of the forest department accompany all travelers inside the park. Mahout -guided elephant rides and Jeep or other 4WD vehicles rides are booked in advance. Starting from

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3072-518: The World Heritage Fund . Additional funding is also received from national and international Non-governmental organizations . There are three dirt tracks inside the park corresponding to the three forest ranges of the park for patrolling and to view wildlife by the tourists. The Central or Kaziranga range with Kohora as the entry point covers the Daglang and Foliomari area. Some part of this range

3168-538: The chital , Indian muntjac , Indian boar and Indian hog deer . Kaziranga has the largest population of the Wild water buffalo anywhere accounting for about 57% of the world population. The Indian rhinoceros, royal Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, wild water buffalo and swamp deer are collectively known as 'Big Five' of Kaziranga. Kaziranga is one of the few wild breeding areas outside Africa for multiple species of large cats, such as Bengal tigers and Indian leopard . Kaziranga

3264-596: The endemic Assam roofed turtle and one species of tortoise, the brown tortoise . 42 species of fish are found in the area, including the Tetraodon . Four main types of vegetation exist in this park. These are alluvial inundated grasslands , alluvial savanna woodlands , tropical moist mixed deciduous forests , and tropical semi-evergreen forests . Based on Landsat data for 1986, percent coverage by vegetation is: tall grasses 41%, short grasses 11%, open jungle 29%, swamps 4%, rivers and water bodies 8%, and sand 6%. There

3360-591: The red giant flying squirrel characterized by montane grasslands and shrublands interspersed with sholas Also a tiger sanctuary under Project Tiger Report titled ‘Status of Tigers Co-predators and Prey in India’, released by the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change for 2018-19 revealed that national park has 14 tigers per 100 square kilometers which is highest in India. Dhikala grasslands To

3456-412: The swamp francolin , Bengal florican , and pale-capped pigeon . Other families of birds inhabiting Kaziranga include the great pied hornbill and wreathed hornbill , Old World babblers such as Jerdon's and marsh babblers , weaver birds such as the common baya weaver , threatened Finn's weavers , and bristled grassbird . Other threatened species include the black-breasted parrotbill Two of

3552-433: The tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome, and the frequently-flooded Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands of the tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome. Kaziranga is also surrounded by lush green tea plantations, most of them contributing heavily to Assam's economy. The park experiences three seasons: summer, monsoon, and winter. The winter season, between November and February,

3648-555: The 14 primate species found in India occur in the park. Prominent among them are the Assamese macaque , capped and golden langur , as well as the only ape found in India, the hoolock gibbon . The binturong and the Asian small-clawed otter were recorded in the park in the year 2024. Kaziranga's rivers are also home to the endangered Ganges dolphin . Kaziranga has been identified by Birdlife International as an Important Bird Area . It

3744-558: The 18th century. From Antiquity through the 17th century, from Pāṇini to Pindar to Sir Thomas Browne , etymology had been a form of witty wordplay, in which the supposed origins of words were creatively imagined to satisfy contemporary requirements; for example, the Greek poet Pindar (born in approximately 522 BCE) employed inventive etymologies to flatter his patrons. Plutarch employed etymologies insecurely based on fancied resemblances in sounds . Isidore of Seville 's Etymologiae

3840-411: The 1980s. Although the etymology of the name Kaziranga is not certain, there exist a number of possible explanations derived from local legends and records. According to one legend, a girl named Rawnga, from a nearby village, and a youth named Kazi, from Karbi Anglong , fell in love. This match was not acceptable to their families, and the couple disappeared into the forest, never to be seen again, and

3936-495: The 1980s. There are 106 existing national parks in India covering an area of 44,402.95 km which is 1.35% of the geographical area of the country. In addition to the above, 75 other National Parks covering an area of 16,608 km (6,412 sq mi) are proposed in the Protected Area Network Report. The network of parks will go up 176 after full implementation of the above report. Source: The park

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4032-469: The 1996 Thomas Cook Travel Book Award and the Prix Litteraire d'Amis , providing publicity simultaneously to the profession of mahouts as well as to Kaziranga. In 2017, Kaziranga came under severe criticism after a BBC News documentary revealed a hardliner strategy to conservation, reporting the killing of 20 people a year in the name of rhino conservation. As a consequence of this reporting, BBC News

4128-615: The Burapahar (HQ: Ghorakati), Western (HQ: Baguri), Central (HQ: Kohora), Eastern (HQ: Agaratoli) and Northern (HQ: Biswanath). Each range is further sub-divided into beats, headed by a forester, and sub-beats, headed by a forest guard. The park receives financial aid from the State Government as well as the Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change of Government of India under various Plan and Non-Plan Budgets. Additional funding

4224-709: The Kanchanjhuri, Panbari, and Tamulipathar blocks, contain trees such as Aphanamixis polystachya , Talauma hodgsonii , Dillenia indica , Garcinia tinctoria , Ficus rumphii , Cinnamomum bejolghota , and species of Syzygium . Tropical semi-evergreen forests are present near Baguri, Bimali, and Haldibari. Common trees and shrubs are Albizia procera , Duabanga grandiflora , Lagerstroemia speciosa , Crateva unilocularis , Sterculia urens , Grewia serrulata , Mallotus philippensis , Bridelia retusa , Aphania rubra , Leea indica , and Leea umbraculifera . There are many different aquatic floras in

4320-613: The Park Administrative Centre at Kohora , these rides can follow the three motorable trails under the jurisdiction of three ranges—Kohora, Bagori, and Agaratoli. These trails are open for light vehicles from November to April. Visitors willing to view wild life by motorcars are guided through these roads by the staff of this department. Visitors are allowed to take their own vehicles when accompanied by guides. Buses owned by Assam State Transport Corporation and private agencies between Guwahati , Tezpur , and Upper Assam stop at

4416-629: The Turtle Survival Alliance and Wildlife Conservation Society India Gahirmatha Beach and Marine Sanctuary are to the east, separating the swamp region and mangroves from the Bay of Bengal It is UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves Ramsar Wetland It is an important biodiversity area in the Northern Aravalli leopard and wildlife corridor Rodents include the Indian giant squirrel and

4512-1222: The administration of the Government of India Pakistan-administered Kashmir Pakistan-administered Kashmir Pakistan-administered Kashmir Pakistan-administered Kashmir Pakistan-administered Kashmir It is part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Invasive Alien Species - Lantana bush, Parthenium Moist deciduous forest valleys and scrubland on higher areas Tiger , sloth bear , peacock , elephant , sambar deer , mouse deer , Leopard , Baboons , Reptiles , Asiatic Elephants , Lion , Birds , Butterflies , Nilgai , Wilddogs , Jackals , Wolves , Hyenas , Giraffe .Etc. Herbivores - chital, sambar deer, barking deer , four-horned antelope , gaur, wild boar , and Indian elephant. Other mammals - gray langur , bonnet macaque , jungle cat , leopard cat , slender loris , small Indian civet and Asian palm civet , Indian brown mongoose and stripe-necked mongoose , European otter , Indian giant flying squirrel , Indian giant squirrel , porcupine , golden jackal , chevrotain , hare and Indian pangolin Anamudi ,

4608-517: The ancient Indians considered sound and speech itself to be sacred and, for them, the words of the sacred Vedas contained deep encoding of the mysteries of the soul and God. One of the earliest philosophical texts of the Classical Greek period to address etymology was the Socratic dialogue Cratylus ( c.  360 BCE ) by Plato . During much of the dialogue, Socrates makes guesses as to

4704-413: The animals prefer to remain near the water sources especially around the numerous perennial beels and water streams inside the park. During the monsoon, the shallow beels and the nullahs start to get filled up, firstly by the monsoon showers and later by the floodwaters. The animals gradually start moving towards higher grounds, which are situated around the tree forests. When the flood water covers most of

4800-520: The area. After failing to see a single-horned rhinoceros, for which the area was renowned, she persuaded her husband to take urgent measures to protect the dwindling species which he did by initiating planning for their protection. On 1 June 1905, the Kaziranga Proposed Reserve Forest was created with an area of 232 km (90 sq mi). Over the next three years, the park area was extended by 152 km (59 sq mi), to

4896-593: The areas the animals migrate to the nearby Karbi Anglong Hills and other adjoining areas. Kaziranga contains significant breeding populations of 35 mammalian species, of which 15 are threatened as per the IUCN Red List . The park has the distinction of being home to the world's largest population of the Indian rhinoceros (2,401), wild water buffalo (1,666) and eastern swamp deer (468). Significant populations of large herbivores include Indian elephants (1,940), gaur (1300) and sambar (58). Small herbivores include

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4992-517: The banks of the Brahmaputra River . In 1908, Kaziranga was designated a "Reserve Forest". In 1916, it was redesignated the "Kaziranga Game Sanctuary" and remained so till 1938, when hunting was prohibited and visitors were permitted to enter the park.. In 1934 Kaziranga was changed to Kaziranha. A few people call it by its original name till today. The Kaziranga Game Sanctuary was renamed the "Kaziranga Wildlife Sanctuary" in 1950 by P. D. Stracey,

5088-454: The basis of similarity of grammar and lexicon was made in 1770 by the Hungarian, János Sajnovics , when he attempted to demonstrate the relationship between Sami and Hungarian (work that was later extended to the whole Finno-Ugric language family in 1799 by his fellow countryman, Samuel Gyarmathi ). The origin of modern historical linguistics is often traced to Sir William Jones ,

5184-543: The birds or types of birds found in a specific region, period, or environment. When compared with other protected areas in India, Kaziranga has achieved notable success in wildlife conservation . Located on the edge of the Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspot , the park combines high species diversity and visibility. Kaziranga is a vast expanse of tall elephant grass , marshland , and dense tropical moist broadleaf forests , criss-crossed by four major rivers, including

5280-409: The burnt patches and relish the ash and the partially burnt stems of the reeds. With few winter showers fresh grass blades shoot up in the burnt patches attracting larger number of animals to these areas. With the onset of the summer season the grasses in the burnt patches grow up quickly and the tender shoots turn into coarse blades, which no longer attract the animals. The temperature also goes up and

5376-423: The central government on 11 February 1974. In 1985, Kaziranga was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO for its unique natural environment. Kaziranga has been the target of several natural and man-made calamities in recent decades. Floods caused by the overflow of the river Brahmaputra, leading to significant losses of animal life. In 2024, six dead rhinos along with hundreds of deer were tallied as drowned by

5472-521: The economic empowerment of the people living at the fringes of the park, by means of tourism related activities, encouraging a recognition of the value of its protection. A survey of tourists notes that 80 percent found rhino sightings most enjoyable and that foreign tourists were more likely to support park protection and employment opportunities financially, while local tourists favored support for veterinary services. Recently set up Kaziranga National Orchid and Biodiversity Park established at Durgapur village

5568-535: The forest conservationist, in order to rid the name of hunting connotations. In 1954, the government of Assam passed the Assam (Rhinoceros) Bill, which imposed heavy penalties for rhinoceros poaching . Fourteen years later, in 1968, the state government passed the Assam National Park Act of 1968, declaring Kaziranga a designated national park. The 430 km (166 sq mi) park was given official status by

5664-459: The forest was named after them. According to another legend, Srimanta Sankardeva , the sixteenth-century Vaisnava saint-scholar, once blessed a childless couple, Kazi and Rangai, and asked them to dig a big pond in the region so that their name would live on. Testimony to the long history of the name can be found in some records, which state that once, while the Ahom king Pratap Singha was passing by

5760-426: The form of an etymology. The Sanskrit linguists and grammarians of ancient India were the first to make a comprehensive analysis of linguistics and etymology. The study of Sanskrit etymology has provided Western scholars with the basis of historical linguistics and modern etymology. Four of the most famous Sanskrit linguists are: These linguists were not the earliest Sanskrit grammarians, however. They followed

5856-418: The gods, who have power and command overall. Others make the word refer to exceptions of impossible cases; the priests were to perform all the duties possible; if anything lays beyond their power, the exception was not to be cavilled. The most common opinion is the most absurd, which derives this word from pons, and assigns the priests the title of bridge-makers. The sacrifices performed on the bridge were amongst

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5952-407: The government. They employ about 300 people. Some families also offer home stay facilities just outside the park so that the tourists may get a taste of the local life and host can drive and guide visitors into the park. There are also 26 shops selling souvenirs and locally handmade woven cloth that are owned and/or managed by local community members. The Ministry of Tourism , Government of India and

6048-418: The grasslands and reeds. Common tall grasses are sugarcanes , spear grass , elephant grass , and the common reed . Numerous forbs are present along with the grasses. Amidst the grasses, providing cover and shade are scattered trees—dominant species including kumbhi , Indian gooseberry , the cotton tree (in savanna woodlands), and elephant apple (in inundated grasslands). Thick evergreen forests, near

6144-422: The growth of short grasses cover up their beds. The grasses also grow around the perennial beels. With the end of the monsoon season, herbivorous animals, especially the rhinoceros , rush into these areas for grazing. In the other parts of the park the tall coarse grasses dry up by the month of December and January and are then control burnt by the park staff. After such burning some animals begin to concentrate in

6240-512: The help of the Indian Army to ensure the safety of the animals. Kaziranga is one of the largest tracts of protected land in the sub-Himalayan belt, and due to the presence of highly diverse and visible species, has been described as a " biodiversity hotspot ". The park is located in the Indomalayan realm , and the dominant ecoregions of the region are Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests of

6336-473: The highest peak of western ghats, is located here Vegetation - Rolling grasslands, with shola forests in upper parts lion-tailed macaques , gaur , Indian muntjac and sambar deer It is a part of Palani hills Keystone species - Nilgiri Marten Located high in the Cardamom Hills and Pandalam Hills of the south Western Ghats The sanctuary surrounds Periyar Lake, a reservoir that formed when

6432-493: The lakes and ponds, and along the river shores. The invasive water hyacinth is very common, often choking the water bodies, but it is cleared during destructive floods. Another invasive species, Mimosa invisa , which is toxic to herbivores, was cleared by Kaziranga staff with help from the Wildlife Trust of India in 2005. The Wildlife wing of the forest department of the Government of Assam, headquartered at Bokakhat ,

6528-493: The language through different routes. A root is the source of related words within a single language (no language barrier is crossed). Similar to the distinction between etymon and root , a nuanced distinction can sometimes be made between a descendant and a derivative . A derivative is one of the words which have their source in a root word, and were at some time created from the root word using morphological constructs such as suffixes, prefixes, and slight changes to

6624-495: The largest snakes in the world, the reticulated python and Indian rock python , as well as the longest venomous snake in the world, the king cobra , inhabit the park. Other snakes found here include the Indian cobra , monocled cobra , Russell's viper , and the common krait . Monitor lizard species found in the park include the Bengal monitor and the Asian water monitor . Other reptiles include fifteen species of turtle , such as

6720-668: The main gate of Kaziranga on NH 37 at Kohora. The nearest town is Bokakhat, Golaghat situated at 23 km and 65 km away. Major cities near the park are Guwahati, Dimapur and Jorhat . Furkating 75 kilometres (47 mi), which is under the supervision of Northeast Frontier Railway , is the nearest railway station. Jorhat Airport at Rowriah (97 kilometres (60 mi) away), Tezpur Airport at Salonibari (100 kilometres (62 mi) away), Dimapur Airport 172 kilometres (107 mi) and Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport in Guwahati (217 kilometres (135 mi) away) are

6816-802: The matter, calling out BBC for the carelessness of its journalism, but also pointing to the problems of conservation in Kaziranga and questioning whether shoot-at-sight has been a useful conservation strategy at all. Kaziranga Tiger Reserve estimated its annual flow benefits to be 9.8 billion rupees (0.95 lakh / hectare). Important ecosystem services included habitat and refugia for wildlife (5.73 billion), gene-pool protection (3.49 billion), recreation value (21 million), biological control (150 million) and sequestration of carbon (17 million). List of national parks of India National parks in India are International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) category II protected areas . India's first national park

6912-515: The most sacred and ancient, and the keeping and repairing of the bridge attached, like any other public sacred office, to the priesthood. Isidore of Seville compiled a volume of etymologies to illuminate the triumph of religion. Each saint's legend in Jacobus de Varagine 's Legenda Aurea begins with an etymological discourse on the saint's name: Lucy is said of light, and light is beauty in beholding, after that S. Ambrose saith: The nature of light

7008-456: The nearby airports. Transportation is also available from Guwahati to Kaziranga National Park and other places in Assam and Nagaland . Kaziranga has been the theme of, or has been mentioned in, several books, songs, and documentaries. The park first gained international prominence after Robin Banerjee , a physician-turned-photographer and filmmaker, produced a documentary titled Kaziranga , which

7104-407: The origin of newly emerged words is often more or less transparent, it tends to become obscured through time due to sound change or semantic change. Due to sound change , it is not readily obvious that the English word set is related to the word sit (the former is originally a causative formation of the latter). It is even less obvious that bless is related to blood (the former was originally

7200-411: The origins of many words, including the names of the gods. In his Odes Pindar spins complimentary etymologies to flatter his patrons. Plutarch ( Life of Numa Pompilius ) spins an etymology for pontifex , while explicitly dismissing the obvious, and actual "bridge-builder": The priests, called Pontifices.... have the name of Pontifices from potens , powerful because they attend the service of

7296-435: The origins of words, some of which are: Etymological theory recognizes that words originate through a limited number of basic mechanisms, the most important of which are language change , borrowing (i.e., the adoption of " loanwords " from other languages); word formation such as derivation and compounding ; and onomatopoeia and sound symbolism (i.e., the creation of imitative words such as "click" or "grunt"). While

7392-415: The park boundaries where they are susceptible to hunting, hit by speeding vehicles, or subject to reprisals by villagers for damaging their crops. To mitigate the losses, the authorities have increased patrols, purchased additional speedboats for patrol, and created artificial highlands for shelter. Several corridors have been set up for the safe passage of animals across National Highway–37 which skirts around

7488-482: The present boundary of the park has been made and designated with separate national park status to provide extended habitat for increasing the population of wildlife or, as a corridor for safe movement of animals to Karbi Anglong Hills. Elevation ranges from 40 m (131 ft) to 80 m (262 ft). The park area is circumscribed by the Brahmaputra River, which forms the northern and eastern boundaries, and

7584-438: The rare eastern imperial , greater spotted , white-tailed , Pallas's fish eagle , grey-headed fish eagle , and the lesser kestrel . Kaziranga was once home to seven species of vultures , but the vulture population reached near extinction, supposedly by feeding on animal carcasses containing the drug Diclofenac . Only the Indian vulture , slender-billed vulture , and white-rumped vulture have survived. Game birds include

7680-544: The region during the seventeenth century, he was particularly impressed by the taste of fish, and on asking was told it came from Kaziranga. Kaziranga also could mean the "Land of red goats (Deer)", as the word Kazi in the Karbi language means "goat", and Rangai means "red". Some historians believe, however, that the name Kaziranga was derived from the Karbi word Kajir-a-rong , which means "the village of Kajir" ( kajiror gaon ). Among

7776-520: The rhino population in Kaziranga National Park is 2,613. It comprises 1,641 adult rhinos and 385 calves. In 2015, the rhino population stood at 2,401. Kaziranga National Park was declared a Tiger Reserve in 2006. The park is home to large breeding populations of elephants , wild water buffalo , and swamp deer . Kaziranga is recognized as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International for conservation of avifaunal species which refers as

7872-603: The rising water. Encroachment by people along the periphery has also led to a diminished forest cover and a loss of habitat. An ongoing separatist movement in Assam led by the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) has crippled the economy of the region, but Kaziranga has remained unaffected by the movement; indeed, instances of rebels from the United Liberation Front of Assam protecting the animals and, in extreme cases, killing poachers, have been reported since

7968-961: The south-west, the Chilapata Forests form an elephant corridor to the Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary The fragile "Terai Eco-System" constitutes a part of this reserve Buxa, serves as an international corridor for Asian elephant migration between India and Bhutan Rajabhatkhawa Vulture Breeding Centre was established by Bombay Natural History Society to emulate the success of Jatayu Conservation Breeding Centre, Pinjore Eurasian griffon , Amur falcon Endangered species include leopard cat , Bengal florican , regal python , Chinese pangolin , hispid hare , hog deer lesser adjutant , white-rumped vulture , slender-billed vulture , chestnut-breasted partridge , rufous necked hornbill , ferruginous pochard and great hornbill Ramsar site Tiger reserve Etymology For languages with

8064-480: The southern border of the park, such as the Mikir hills . 540 animals, including 13 rhinos and mostly hog deer perished in unprecedented floods of 2012. However, occasional dry spells create problems as well, such as food shortages and occasional forest fires. Seasonal variations in the vegetation and habitat of the animal is notable in the park. During winter the shallow beels and nullahs (small water channel) dry up and

8160-419: The southern boundary of the park. To prevent the spread of diseases and to maintain the genetic distinctness of the wild species, systematic steps such as immunization of livestock in surrounding villages and fencing of sensitive areas of the park, which are susceptible to encroachment by local cattle, are undertaken periodically. Water pollution due to run-off from pesticides from tea gardens, and run-off from

8256-465: The study or logic of ' . The etymon refers to the predicate (i.e. stem or root ) from which a later word or morpheme derives. For example, the Latin word candidus , which means ' white ' , is the etymon of English candid . Relationships are often less transparent, however. English place names such as Winchester , Gloucester , Tadcaster share in different modern forms a suffixed etymon that

8352-463: The tourist jeeps inside the park. The park has developed a very good network of intelligence throughout the villages surrounding the park. There are key informants in every village, which reports about the movement of poachers and are monetarily compensated for information they provide to the park authorities. Kaziranga National Park has been granted maximum protection under the Indian law for wildlife conservation. Various laws, which range in dates from

8448-410: The use of firearms around the park have reduced the number of casualties. Since 2013, the park used cameras on drones which are monitored by security guards to protect the rhino from armed poachers. Perennial flooding and heavy rains have resulted in the death of wild animals and damage to the conservation infrastructures. To escape the water-logged areas, many animals migrate to elevated regions outside

8544-411: The vowels or to the consonants of the root word. For example unhappy , happily , and unhappily are all derivatives of the root word happy . The terms root and derivative are used in the analysis of morphological derivation within a language in studies that are not concerned with historical linguistics and that do not cross the language barrier. Etymologists apply a number of methods to study

8640-474: The wildlife , including birding , is the main visitor activity in and around the park. Guided tours by elephant or Jeep are available. Hiking is prohibited in the park to avoid potential human-animal conflicts. Observation towers are situated at Sohola, Mihimukh, Kathpara, Foliamari, and Harmoti for wildlife viewing. The snow-covered Lower Himalayan peaks frame the park's landscape of trees and grass interspersed with numerous ponds . An interpretation centre

8736-705: Was aired on television in Berlin in 1961 and became a runaway success. American science fiction and fantasy author , L. Sprague de Camp wrote about the park in his poem, " Kaziranga, Assam " . It was first published in 1970 in Demons and Dinosaurs , a poetry collection, and was reprinted as Kaziranga in Years in the Making: the Time-Travel Stories of L. Sprague de Camp in 2005. Kaziranga Trail ( Children's Book Trust , 1979),

8832-459: Was an encyclopedic tracing of "first things" that remained uncritically in use in Europe until the sixteenth century. Etymologicum genuinum is a grammatical encyclopedia edited at Constantinople in the ninth century, one of several similar Byzantine works. The thirteenth-century Legenda Aurea , as written by Jacobus de Varagine , begins each vita of a saint with a fanciful excursus in

8928-474: Was banned from filming in protected areas in India for 5 years. While several news reports claimed that BBC had apologized for the documentary, the BBC stood by its report, with its director general, Tony Hall, writing in a letter to Survival International that "the letter 'in no way constitutes an apology for our journalism. ' " As a response to the report, researchers in India have provided more nuanced understanding of

9024-525: Was declared a Tiger Reserve in 2006 . Other felids include the jungle cat , fishing cat and leopard cat . It is also the only place in India and the world, where a Golden tiger was spotted in the wild. Small mammals include the rare hispid hare , Indian gray mongoose , small Indian mongooses , large Indian civet , small Indian civets , Bengal fox , golden jackal , sloth bear , Chinese pangolin , Indian pangolins , hog badger , Chinese ferret-badger , and particoloured flying squirrel . Nine of

9120-517: Was established in 1936, now known as Jim Corbett National Park , in Uttarakhand . In 1970, India had only five national parks. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tiger in 1973 to safeguard the habitats of conservation reliant species and currently there are 106 national parks in India. Further legislation strengthening protection for wildlife was introduced in

9216-518: Was once meaningful, Latin castrum ' fort ' . Reflex is the name given to a descendant word in a daughter language, descended from an earlier language. For example, Modern English heat is the reflex of the Old English hǣtu. Rarely, this word is used in reverse, and the 'reflex' is actually the root word rather than the descendant word. However, this usage is usually filled by the term etymon instead. A reflex will sometimes be described simply as

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