Balitung was a Javanese king of Mataram . Balitung was his birth name, though like other Javanese kings of this period, he was commonly referred to by his appanage title Rakai Watukura ( Lord of Watukura ). He reigned from 10 May 898 to c. 911–912 . His territories included a wide range of areas in Central Java and East Java .
92-399: Śrī Īsvarakeśavotsvatuṅga (frequent) Śrī Bāhuvikramabajradeva (Tiga Ron) Over 40 inscriptions were issued during Balitung's reign, making this period one of the best documented in early Javanese history. Only around half of these inscriptions were issued under the king's direct authority; others were produced by his ministers, or even by local communities. Among his best-known inscriptions
184-502: A functioning land of housing and industry. In 1879, Malang was connected to Java's railroad network , further increasing development and leading to increased industrialization. On 1 April 1914, Malang was designated gemeente (city). During the Japanese occupation in Indonesia , Malang was also occupied by Japan. Imperial Japanese Army began occupying Malang on 7 March 1942. Malang, which
276-488: A king named Jayamerta who gave special rights to Sukun Village (allegedly in Sukun Sub-District, District Sukun, Malang) for fighting enemies. Jayamerta has never been stated explicitly or implicitly in various records that refer to information regarding both the list of rulers of Kadiri and Jenggala . Some historians such as Agus Sunyoto mention that the area of origin of the resistance was named Purwa or Purwwa. This
368-452: A landmark like Tugu Malang ( Alun-alun Bundar ). Additionally, Malang is well-known because of its label as an educational city. Two of the best universities in Indonesia are in Malang, namely Brawijaya University and Malang State University . Malang has various ethnic groups and cultures from all over Indonesia and the world. The population of Malang comprised 847,192 people in mid-2023, with
460-670: A majority of Javanese , followed by the Madurese , and Chinese or Peranakan . Malang extended urban area, notable known as Malang Raya , is the second largest in East Java after Gerbangkertosusila (Surabaya Metropolitan Area). From the perspective of Javanese culture, the majority of Malang people belong to Arekan Javanese culture. Malang was spared many of the effects of the Asian financial crisis , and since that time, it has been marked by steady economic and population growth. The etymology of
552-814: A number of historical places in Malang such as the Gunung Katu area in Genengan (Prangargo, Wagir, Malang Regency) which according to historian Dwi Cahyono is a dharma site, Kidjo Rejo area (Kidal Village, District Tumpang, Malang Regency), where Raja Anusapati was worshiped in Candi Kidal, and the Tumpang area where Raja Wisnuwardhana was dharma in Jago Temple . Another legacy is the spring of Watugede in Watugede Village, Singosari District, Malang Regency. According to Agus Irianto,
644-461: A number of tax liability policies for sima (civil villages) in Malang and a number of land grant processes to build temples . There is no record that explains in detail the status and role of the area around Malang during King Airlangga's leadership in addition to the fact that Malang entered the territory of the Kingdom of Kahuripan . Because the Malang area is no longer the center of government of
736-572: A result, the Sanjaya returned to power in Mataram. Bosch assumed that the title rakai was a dynastic title. The list of Sanjaya kings recorded in the Mantyasih inscription according to Bosch: Malang Malang ( / m ɒ ˈ l ɒ ŋ / ; Javanese : ꦏꦸꦛꦩꦭꦁ , romanized: Kutha Malang , Indonesian : Kota Malang "Sorrowful City"), historically known as Tumapel , is an inland city in
828-465: A series of trips by King Hayam Wuruk to review the development around Lumajang . This visit is usually done when the harvest period is over. There are at least two contexts of the tour, namely recreation and pilgrimage. For the recreational context, the first place was Kasuranggan Park in the Sumberawan area (Toyomarto Village, District Singosari, Malang Regency ). It was here that King Hayam Wuruk built
920-545: A stupa as a place of worship for Buddhists so that it became the Sumberawan Temple as it is now. The second is Kedung Biru. Some historians connect Kedung Biru with the location now called Dusun Biru , Gunungrejo Village, District Singosari , Malang Regency . It is called kedung (meaning: ravine) because it is on the edge of a cliff near the Klampok River. In addition to the recreational place of Raja Hayam Wuruk, it
1012-469: A volcanic eruption ( guntur ). The accession of Balitung as king may have caused the previous king's son, Mpu Daksha, to become jealous. During the rule of his brother-in-law, Mpu Daksha held the position of Rakai Hino as described in a stele dated 21 December 910 about the partition of the Taji Gunung area between him and Rakai Gurunwangi. According to the stele of Plaosan, Rakai Gurunwangi is rumoured to be
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#17328485147311104-552: Is Arya Terung with the title Adipati Sengguruh. The name Sengguruh is said to be related to the existence of an education center and the residence of the knights or banner (commonly called Kepanjian or Kepanjen area). The banners who want to study in Kepanjen are said to be saying "Let's go to the Teacher" which refers to the place where they study. These words gradually became Sengguruh. According to Babad ing Gresik (Chronicles of Gresik),
1196-487: Is July with average 22.6 °C. The city of Malang was previously led by Mayor Sutiaji from 2018 until 2023. The city's legislative body, the DPRD Kota Malang has 45 seats, in which dominated by PDI-P (11 seats), PKB (6 seats), and Golkar Party (5 seats). The members are elected every five years. Malang is divided into five districts ( kecamatan ), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at
1288-688: Is an entity that stands side by side with Watak Hujung (in Ngujung, Toyomarto Village, District Singosari , Malang Regency ) and Watak Tugaran (in Tegaron, Lesanpuro, Kedungkandang, Malang Regency) which each oversees several wanua ( village level ). When the capital Mataram was moved to the Tamwlang and Watugaluh ( Jombang ) areas during the reign of King Mpu Sindok (929–948 AD), several inscriptions such as Sangguran, Turyyan, Gulung-Gulung, Linggasutan, Jeru-Jeru, Tija, Kanuruhan, Muncang, and Wurandungan describes
1380-649: Is dated to 907 and was created by King Balitung from the Sanjaya dynasty , of the Ancient Mataram Kingdom . This inscription contains a genealogy of the kings of Mataram before King Balitung. The inscription mentions that Mantyasih village was awarded by King Balitung as sima (tax-free) land. In Mateseh village today a stone mortar believed to be used during sima ceremony can still be found. Two mountains are also mentioned: Mount Susundara and Wukir Sumbing (today Mount Sundoro and Sumbing ). The inscription
1472-511: Is debate about whether it was built during the reign of Singhasari or Majapahit Kingdom. Because, according to the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia, Singosari Temple was built around 1300 AD (the reign of King Raden Wijaya) as a temple of respect, if not dharma, Raja Kertanegara along with Jawi Temple. However, there is an argument which states that this temple was being built during
1564-519: Is described as an 'incarnation of Viṣṇu'. In the Kubu-Kubu inscription (905), Daksha is referred to as the king's companion ( rowang haji ), a very rare status that may indicate some degree of parity. This dualism reflects the exceptionally powerful position of Dakṣa throughout Balitung's reign, though the reason for his prominence is not well understood. The oldest known inscription issued in Balitung's reign
1656-529: Is located at a plateau . The city lies at an altitude between 440 and 667 metres above sea level. The city's highest point is in CitraGarden City Malang, a real estate development, while the lowest area of Malang is in the Dieng area. The city of Malang, together with the surrounding districts of Malang Regency , is surrounded by mountains and mountain ranges . The city is surrounded by Mount Arjuno in
1748-676: Is referred to in two Balitung King inscriptions from Ancient Mataram , namely the Mantyasih Inscription in 907 AD and the Inscription of 908 AD. Experts still have not obtained an agreement on where the building is located. On the one hand, there are a number of experts who say that the Malangkuçeçwara building is located in the Mount Buring area, a mountain that stretches east of Malang, where one of its peaks named "Malang". Others, on
1840-824: Is said that this place is a sanctuary for kris made by Mpu Gandring and other royal weapons . The third is the Bureng area identified as the Wendit natural bath in Mangliawan Village, District Pakis, Malang Regency. For the context of pilgrimage , King Hayam Wuruk visited several heritage temples of the Singhasari Kingdom which aimed to dharma the ancestors ( Wangsa Rajasa ). Some of the temples visited include Kidal Temple (in honor of King Anusapati ), Jago Temple (in honor of King Wisnuwardhana), and Candi Singasari (in honor of Raja Kertanegara). Especially for Singasari Temple, there
1932-427: Is the third largest city by economy in East Java, after Surabaya and Kediri , with an estimated 2016 GDP at Rp . 44.30 trillion. The city is well known for its mild climate. During Dutch colonization , it was a popular destination for European residents. Even now, Malang still holds its position as a popular destination for international tourists. Malang keeps various historical relics. This city keeps relics of
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#17328485147312024-541: Is the great-grandson of Raja Kertajaya according to Negarakertagama and nephew of Raja Wisnuwardhana (from the lineage of women) according to the Mula Malurung Inscription. The rebellion killed Raja Kertanegara, the last king of Singhasari, due to his territory having no defense when most of his military was sent for the Pamalayu Expedition . Jayakatwang easily occupied the capital, took power and moved
2116-419: Is the stele of Telahap (issued on 11 March 899). However, this inscription has only been read in part and is no longer extant; it therefore sheds little light on Balitung's reign. On 30 March 900, Balitung ordered the completion of waterworks and the irrigation of rice fields at the sanctuary of Tiga Ron ('Three Leaves'), which can be identified with present-day Kedulan temple. An extensive narrative passage in
2208-399: Is unclear. Balitung's origins have been much debated. Goris (1929) suggested that Balitung originated from East Java, though other historians such as Boechari (1977) have doubted this. Balitung's family relationships to preceding kings is not explained in any inscriptions, and so is a matter of pure speculation for historians. Boechari hypothesised that Balitung became king due his marriage to
2300-460: The Dinoyo inscription at year of 760 as the primary official document to support the birth of Malang before a new inscription was discovered in 1986, which is yet to be deciphered. According to the inscription, it was concluded that the 8th century was the beginning of the existence of Malang Regency's government due to the birth of King Gajayana's ruling of his Indianized Hindu kingdom in Malang. From
2392-417: The Dinoyo inscription , it is noted that the inscription used the " Candra Sengkala " or Cronogram Calendar, and stated that the birth date of Malang Regency was on Jum'at Legi (sweet Friday) of 28 November 760. Kanjuruhan Kingdom power is estimated to not last long. The kingdom was finally under the rule of Mataram ( Ancient Mataram Kingdom ) during the leadership of King Dyah Balitung (899–911 AD). In
2484-796: The Indonesian province of East Java . It has a history dating back to the age of the Singhasari Kingdom . It is the second most populous city in the province, with a population of 820,043 at the 2010 Census and 843,810 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as of mid-2023 was 847,182 (comprising 421,340 males and 425,842 females). The Malang Metropolitan area ( Greater Malang ) was home to 3,663,691 inhabitants in 2010, spread across two cities (Malang itself and Batu ) and 22 districts (21 in Malang Regency and one in Pasuruan Regency ). Malang
2576-561: The Mantyasih inscription (907) and the Wanua Tengah III inscription (908), both of which contain lists of Mataram kings. Balitung had an unusually diverse range of regnal names, which are in Sanskrit as usual for early Javanese kings. He most commonly appears in inscriptions as Śrī Dharmodaya Mahāśambhu ('glorious, creator of dharma , greatly beneficent'); this title appears as early as
2668-649: The Pararaton called Dandang Gendhis) who resided in the Katang-Katang Kedaton. There is no further research on whether the attack was a rebellion or attempted conquest. However, the existence of the Kamulan Inscription shows that there was a new political force that emerged to oppose Panjalu's power. This argument is reinforced by the existence of the Sukun Inscription (1083 Saka / 1161 AD) which mentions
2760-402: The mancu , Dyah Limpa rice fields namely ... Malang here refers to an eastern of Mount Kawi . Although it is known that the use of Malang has at least been going on since the 12th century, it cannot be ascertained the etymology of its territory. The first hypothesis refers to the name of a holy building called Malangkuçeçwara ( pronounced [malaŋkuʃeʃworo] ). The sacred building
2852-488: The 2020 Census. The table also includes the locations of the district administrative centres, the number of administrative villages (urban kelurahan ) in each district, and their postal codes. The names of the kelurahan are as follows: Malang municipality had a population of 843,810 at the 2020 Census, with over 3 million clustering in the Malang Valley , making it the province's second most populous city. However,
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2944-633: The Arya Terung flee north around the lower reaches of the Brantas River . With the help of Sultan Trenggana who had conquered the former capital of the Singhasari Empire in 1545. Sengguruh succeeded in quelling the rebellion. Raden Pramana fled towards Blambangan . In Serat Kanda, Sultan Trenggana once again appointed Arya Terung as Duke of Sengguruh which was under the Demak Sultanate. In addition,
3036-643: The Ayam Teas inscription (901) and as late as the problematic Tulangan inscription (910). His second most frequent regnal name is Śrī Īsvarakeśavotsavatuṅga ('glorious, Īśvara and Keśava [a.k.a. Śiva and Viṣṇu], highest in joy') or Śrī Īsvarakeśavasamarotuṅga ('glorious, highest in the union of Īśvara and Keśava'), which is found first in the Watu Kura I inscription (902) and finally in the Watu Ridang inscription (910). Two regnal names appear only in single inscriptions. In
3128-483: The Balingawan Inscription (813 Saka / 891 AD), it is mentioned Pu Huntu as Rakryan Kanuruhan (ruler of Kanuruhan character) in the reign of King Mpu Daksa (911–919 AD). The area that used to be an autonomous kingdom has dropped one level to a watak (region) that is on a level with the duchy or district (one level under the authority of the king ). Watak Kanuruhan which covers the center of Malang today
3220-646: The Brahmana class against Raja Kertajaya. The collapse of Panjalu / Kadiri and the birth of the Tumapel Kingdom in Malang originated from the Brahmana class from Panjalu who tried to save himself from political persecution by King Kertajaya. They fled eastward and joined the political forces in Tumapel, led by Ken Angrok or Ken Arok . He then rebelled against Akuwu Tunggul Ametung and took control of Tumapel. Ken Arok's victory
3312-490: The Brahmins so that it was contrary to the religious teachings of the Brahmins. The second is the kidnapping of Ken Dedes by Tunggul Ametung, akuwu (equivalent to sub-district head) for the Tumapel region. According to Blasius Suprapto, the location of Tumapel itself was in an area formerly called Kutobedah (now called Kotalama, Kedungkandang, Malang). The implication of the two conflicts was the withdrawal of political support from
3404-549: The Kingdom of Kanjuruhan period until the Dutch period . The existence of Dutch heritage in general is in the form of ancient buildings such as the Kayutangan church and Ijen Cathedral which employ Gothic architecture . Malang also holds various events to preserve its cultural heritage, one of which is Malang Tempo Doeloe Festival. There is also a lot of historical heritage which has become
3496-561: The Kingdom which is centered around Mount Penanggungan and Sidoarjo with its capital Kahuripan. Even when Raja Airlangga divided Kahuripan into Panjalu which was centered in Daha ( Kadiri ) and Jenggala which remained centered in Kahuripan, the Malang region was included as a peripheral of the powers of both kingdoms. However, it can be ascertained that the Malang region entered the Jenggala region at
3588-579: The Malang area after the conquest of Sultan Trenggana changed to Kutho Bedah ("The Destructed City"). Sengguruh Kingdom remains in the form of ruins in Sumedang Hamlet, Jenggala Village (on the west side of Sengguruh Village), District Kepanjen, Malang Regency . The city was capital city of Singhasari in 1222, then transferred to Dutch colony. Malang was modernized under the Dutch; its mild climate which results from its elevation, along with its proximity to
3680-447: The Malang region is included in the Bhumi or the capital of empire. He is a nagara (provincial equivalent) named Tumapel which is led by a rajya (governor) or natha (master) or bhre (nobleman / prince) —such as dukes . Negarakertagama also recorded King Hayam Wuruk's visit to several places in the Malang region in 1359 AD. According to Yudi Anugrah Nugroho, the tour was part of
3772-607: The Malang region witnessed history from the fate of Jayakatwang who was exiled to another spring in Polaman (now Kalirejo Village, Lawang District, Malang Regency ). According to Pararaton and Kidung Harsyawijaya, this was where Jayakatwang was inspired to write Wukir Polaman, his last literary work before being executed by Raden Wijaya. In the Majapahit government structure according to the Waringin Pitu Inscription (AD 1447),
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3864-625: The Ming dynasty at Tumapel. This can be attributed to Admiral Cheng Ho's diplomatic efforts to ensure the security of ethnic Chinese in the Majapahit region. During the War of Regreg (1406), around 170 delegates from the Ming dynasty were sent by Admiral Cheng Ho to re-establish diplomatic relations between China and Majapahit after the conflict of the Jayakatwang-Raden Wijaya-Kublai Khan in
3956-527: The Pamotoh / Ukirnegara Inscription (1120 Saka / 1198 AD) which was discovered on 11 January 1975 by a Bantaran plantation administrator in Wlingi, Blitar Regency . In the copper inscription, one part is written (with the following translation) as follows. ...taning sakrid Malang-akalihan wacid lawan macu pasabhanira dyah Limpa Makanagran I... ... in the east where hunting around Malang with wacid and
4048-487: The Republic of Indonesia on 21 September 1945 and re-entered on 2 March 1947 after being re-occupied by the Dutch East Indies . The government was changed to Malang City Government on 1 January 2001 based on second amendments of Indonesia's Constitution . Along with growth came urbanization. The government could not satisfy the population's needs for affordable housing, which led to the building of shanty towns along
4140-608: The Southern Karst Mountains. Malang ancient lake gradually dried up in the Holocene era and caused the Malang region to become a plateau in Malang. When it began to enter the Planting Period , early humans began to descend from the mountains and make a number of settlements and agricultural areas. The discovery of a number of artifacts in the form of two square pickaxes, chalcedony stone tools and hand-held andesite axes on
4232-533: The Tiga Ron inscription (900), Balitung is referred to as Śrī Bāhuvikramabajradeva ('glorious, god of thunder, having powerful forearms'), which shares significant elements with Daksha's standard title Śrī Bāhubajrapratipakṣakṣaya . In the Rumwiga I inscription (904), Balitung is called Janārdanottuṅga ('highest agitator of people', an epithet of Viṣṇu). Balitung's motivation for using different names in different contexts
4324-595: The arrival of Mataram troops. After the conquest, the Mataram forces named the area of the conquest as Malang. The Malang area in the Pleistocene era was still a deep basin flanked by volcanic activity from mountains such as the Karst Mountains in the south, Kawi , Butak , and Kelud in the west, Anjasmoro and Arjuno-Welirang complex in the northeast and north, and the Tengger Mountains Complex in
4416-458: The bathing staff of Watugede, Pararaton wrote that this place was often used by Ken Dedes and other prospective women to clean the body. The village elders also believe that in this place Ken Arok also saw the light emanating from the body of Ken Dedes as a sign that he was a nareswari. During the leadership of Raja Kertanegara, the Kingdom of Singhasari faced a rebellion by Jayakatwang from the bracelet area (around Madiun ). Jayakatwang himself
4508-482: The center of government to his ancestral land, Kadiri . Malang was not the center of the power struggle between Jayakatwang , Raden Wijaya , and Kublai Khan's army from Mongol . After winning the succession of power, Raden Wijaya, who held the title of Kertarajasa Jayawardhana moved the center of power to the area he had built in the Tarik Forest (now around Mojokerto and District Tarik, Sidoarjo ). However,
4600-596: The claim was opposed by Manggalawardhana, Bhre Tumapel II, who was still the son of King Hayam Wuruk. Therefore, this area is considered as the frontline of the battle involving Majapahit (West) and Blambangan ('East Majapahit). However, because Regreg war was won by King Wikramawardhana , Tumapel returned to Majapahit power. When the Majapahit Kingdom arrived Admiral Cheng Ho from China ( Ming dynasty ) in 1421 AD, he agreed with King Wikramawardhana (1389–1429 AD) to place Ma Hong Fu and Ma Yung Long as ambassadors of
4692-420: The daughter of his predecessor Jebang (Lord of Watuhumalang), who ruled immediately before him, and furthermore that Balitung's successor Daksha was his brother-in-law. According to the Wanua Tengah III inscription, Balitung came to power on 10 May 898. This inscription also mentions the role of Dakṣa as his prime minister ( mahāmantri ); Balitung is described as an 'incarnation of Rudra (a.k.a Śiva)', while Dakṣa
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#17328485147314784-459: The development of a complex named Paparahuan, led by Rakai Welar Mpu Sudarsana, located on the verge of the Bengawan Solo river. Balitung freed the villages in Paparahuan and its surroundings from tax, and forbade the local inhabitants to collect payment from people who crossed the river. On 12 November 904, Balitung made the far-reaching decision that "all Buddhist monasteries ( vihāra ) in Java be independent and cease to be taxed". This demonstrates
4876-401: The east side of Mount Kawi in the Kacuk area around the Metro and Brantas streams reinforced this assumption. [8] In addition, the study estimates that the forms of occupancy in the transitional period were in the form of a stilt house , where the body of the house was supported by the legs of the house and was several meters above the ground. This is reinforced by the discovery of artifacts in
4968-436: The east. The basin has not been inhabited by humans because the condition is still in the form of lava and hot lava flows from the surrounding mountains. Towards the rainy season, the Malang basin is filled with water flowing through the mountain slopes, leading to a number of rivers and forming an ancient swamp . The swamps spread to create ancient lakes . When the ancient lake had not dried up, early human civilization
5060-475: The end the resistance effort from the area which was said to be named Purwa / Purwwa was successfully crushed by Panjalu . Some historians attribute the series of events of resistance and crackdown to the socio-political context of the two conflicts involving King Kertajaya and the Brahmin class. The first is the policy of King Kertajaya who tried to reduce a number of rights from the Brahmana class. Some folklore shows that King Kertajaya wanted to be "worshiped" by
5152-542: The era of transition from Singhasari to Majapahit . However, all the envoys were massacred by King Wikramawardhana who could not distinguish their arrival status as an enemy or not. The role of Admiral Cheng Ho was also significant for the Malang region (Tumapel) in 1432 when he was with his subordinates, Gan Eng Cu and (Duke ( Bhre ) of Arya Teja I of Tuban) and his younger brother, Gan Eng Wan, helped Ratu Maharani Sri Suhita (1429–1447 AD ) to unite Daha (Kadiri) and Tumapel after internal conflict. For his services, Bro Eng Wan
5244-399: The form of "Watu Gong" or "Watu Kenong" in Dinoyo, Lowokwaru, Malang, whose forms are similar to traditional musical instruments, namely gong , which are actually swear or foundation of a stilt house. The growth of settlements around the river flowing in Malang became the forerunner of the ancient civilizations of the Homo sapiens . The history of Malang Regency could be revealed through
5336-460: The founder of the Mataram Kingdom, who adhered to Shivaist Hinduism . The next Maharaja was Panangkaran , who, according to Bosch, was defeated by the Sailendras. Thus in Mataram. there were two dynasties: the Sanjayas ruled the northern parts of Java, while the Sailendras ruled in southern Java. The daughter of Sailendra Maharaja Samaratungga , named Pramodhawardhani , married Rakai Pikatan of Sanjaya, who succeeded his father-in-law's throne. As
5428-416: The grammar of this phrase is somewhat ambiguous, a likely explanation is that Medang and Poh Pitu refer to two separate locations where the pre-Balitung kings had their palaces (cf. the mentions of Medang in connection with Mamrati in the Shivagrha inscription ). On 19 October 907, Balitung granted the village of Rukam to his grandmother, the lady of Sanjiwana, as compensation for property she had lost due to
5520-407: The granting of special privileges to several villages in Hantang (Ngantang, Malang Regency ) and its surroundings for their services in favor of Panjalu during the war. This inscription also shows that the Malang region is under the authority of Panjalu. The Kamulan Inscription (1116 Saka / 1194 AD) records the events of the attack of an area from the east of Daha (Kadiri) against King Kertajaya (in
5612-458: The importance of agrarian water management, as well as the infrastructural challenges faced by ancient Javanese society. The oldest of Balitung's east Javanese inscriptions is Watukura (27 July 902), which exists only in a Majapahit -era copy. This is the oldest inscription that mentions the existence of the title lord of Kanuruhan , which may be connected to the toponym Kanjuruhan in the Malang area. The Telang plates (11 January 904) mention
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#17328485147315704-401: The king's support of Buddhist institutions, despite indications that he was personally oriented towards Śaivism. This decision may have formed the legal basis for Balitung's earlier grant to the foundation of Dalinan (5 March 904), as well as later grants to the monasteries of Hujung Galuh (4 May 907) and Pikatan (8 September 908). The Poh inscription (17 July 905) states that the village of Poh
5796-452: The kingdom had tried to attack the Lamongan and Giri (Gresik) areas in 1535. However, the efforts of Arya Terung were unsuccessful, if not failed to maintain their occupation of the two regions. In fact, according to the records in Tedhak Dermayudan, after the failure of the conquest, Arya Terung adopted Islam and spread Islamic teachings throughout Sengguruh. As a result, the Majapahit sympathizers led by Raden Pramana rebelled and made
5888-435: The list of attendees she precedes Daksha and is second only to the king himself. The Kubu-Kubu inscription (17 October 905) describes a grant given by Balitung to the lords ( rakryān ) of Hujung and of Majawuntan in form of a village, Kubu-Kubu, as they both conquered the Bantan area under the instructions of Daksha. Damais (1952) suggested that Bantan might be an alternative form of the name Bali , though this interpretation
5980-471: The major port of Surabaya , made it a popular destination for the Dutch and other Europeans. Malang began to grow and develop rapidly and various economic sectors of the community were increasing, especially the need for space to carry out various activities. As a result, there was a change in land use which was marked by a built up area that appeared uncontrollably. Changes in land functions undergo rapid changes, such as from functioning land agriculture becomes
6072-439: The name Malang is uncertain. One of the theory said that the name Malang is derived from the words Malangkuçeçwara which means "God has destroyed the false and enforced the right". The words were taken from an ancient term which mentions a legendary temple called Malangkuçeçwara , supposedly located near the city Malang. The word Malangkuçeçwara was applied as the motto of the city of Malang. The name "Malang" first appeared on
6164-415: The north; Mount Semeru to the east; Mount Kawi and Mount Butak in the west; Mount Kelud in the south. The popular active volcano Mount Bromo is about 25 km (16 miles) east of the city, and in November 2010, the airport was closed for nearly a week due to airborne ash from an eruption. The Climate in Malang city features tropical monsoon climate ( Am ) as the climate precipitation throughout
6256-443: The opening to the Tiga Ron inscription describes how Balitung noticed the poor condition of the temple and its fountain while he was trapping pigeons in the area. Having sought information on the matter from Śivāstra, the official ( sang pamegat ) of Tiruan, he learned that the original construction dated back to the reign of Lokapala , but it had never been properly completed. In 869, a noblewoman called Manoharī had made provisions for
6348-429: The other hand, suspect that the actual location of the sacred building is in the Tumpang area, Malang Regency. In the area, there is a village called Malangsuka, which, according to historians, comes from the word Malangkuça ( pronounced [malankuʃoː] ) which is pronounced upside down. This opinion is reinforced by the existence of ancient relics around Tumpang, such as Jago Temple and Kidal Temple, which are in
6440-427: The period of the transfer of the royal capital during the reign of King Wisnuwardhana from Kutaraja to Singhasari (Singosari District, Malang Regency) in 1176 Saka / 1254 AD, there was no comprehensive record of the strategic status of the Malang region in the Tumapel era. There was no explanation for the reasons for the move but starting in this era Singhasari became the name of this kingdom. The remaining data only shows
6532-467: The population growth is low, at about 0.12 percent a year, and the mid-2022 official estimate was just 846,126. The racial makeup of the city is mainly Javanese , with small percentages of Madurese , Chinese and Arab descent. Compared with other Javanese people, the Javanese people of Malang have a hard and egalitarian character. Up until the 14th century, Malang was part of an Indianized majority Hindu - Buddhist kingdom like most of Java. Now
6624-472: The reign of King Kertanegara itself as a public worship temple. The consequence of this last argument is that the construction of the temple was not completed due to the occupation of Singhasari by Jayakatwang. The Malang region (Tumapel) became one of the objects of political conflict when the Regreg war erupted (1404–1406). This area is claimed by Aji Rajanata, Bhre Wirabhumi II (Blambangan, Banyuwangi). However,
6716-445: The rivers and rail tracks. Today, the shanty towns still exist; although some have been transformed into "better" housing. Malang is located in the middle of Malang Regency and south side of Java Island. The city has an area of 111.08 square kilometres (42.89 sq mi). The city is bordered by Singosari and Karangploso Districts on the north side; Pakis and Tumpang Districts on the east side; Tajinan and Pakisaji Districts on
6808-507: The same dam, as shown in the Pananggaran and Sumundul inscriptions also discovered at the Kedulan site; this project remained unfinished after three decades. Balitung therefore ordered the waterworks be properly completed, to ensure that rice fields belonging to the lord of the sanctuary were sufficiently irrigated. This episode demonstrates Balitung's concern for the upkeep of holy sanctuaries and
6900-419: The son of Rakai Pikatan. Historians speculate that Rakai Gurunwangi allied himself with Mpu Daksha, his nephew, as they are the son and grandson of Rakai Pikatan. The historian Boechari is certain that the rule of Balitung ended as a result of Mpu Daksa's rebellion. According to the stele of Taji Gunung (910), Daksha was still as Rakai Hino, while by the stele of Timbangan Wungkal (913), he had already ascended
6992-433: The south side; and Wagir and Dau Districts on the west side which are all districts of Malang Regency . The parts of Malang have their own characteristics so that they are well-suited for various activities. The southern part of Malang is a large enough plateau that is suitable for industry , the northern part is a fertile highland that is suitable for agriculture , the eastern part is a plateau with less fertile soil, and
7084-533: The story of the assault of the Mataram Sultanate forces in Malang in 1614, led by Tumenggung Alap-Alap. According to folklore, there was a conversation between Tumenggung Alap-Alap and one of his assistants regarding the condition of Malang before the attack began. The assistant from Tumenggung Alap-Alap mentioned residents and soldiers from the area as residents who "blocked the halangi" ("Malang" in Javanese) from
7176-407: The territory of the Kingdom of Singhasari . The Malangkuçeçwara name consists of 3 words, namely mala, which means falsehood, cheating, falsehood, and evil, angkuça ( pronounced [aŋkuʃo] which means to destroy or destroy, and içwara ( pronounced [iʃworo] ) which means God. Therefore, Malangkuçeçwara means "God has destroyed the vanity". The second hypothesis refers to
7268-533: The throne as king. Mantyasih inscription The Mantyasih inscription (also known as Balitung charter and Kedu inscription ) is an important inscription found and kept by Li Djok Ban in Ngadireja Parakan Temanggung, then the inscription was brought by one of the princes of Surakarta to brought to Surakarta and is now stored in the Radyapustaka Museum, Central Java , Indonesia . It
7360-539: The time of this division. The division of Kahuripan shows that Mount Kawi was used as the boundary of the two new kingdoms with the eastern side obtained by Jenggala. Malang again became an important area in the history of Panjalu or Jenggala when King Jayabhaya of Panjalu conquered Jenggala . In the Hantang Inscription (1057 Saka / 1135 AD), it is written Panjalu Jayati (" Panjalu Menang "), signifying Panjalu's victory over Jenggala. The inscription also included
7452-643: The war. He was responsible for gathering much financial support from the community to aid China in the war. I fled to Malang and went hidden until the war is over. In 1943, while he was in Java, Tan began writing his memoirs, The Memoirs of an Overseas Chinese of the Southern Ocean (南僑回憶錄; 南侨回忆录; Nánqiáo Huíyìlù), which later became an important document of the history of the overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. After Independence of Indonesia in 1945, Malang became part of
7544-584: The western part is a vast plateau and is now an educational area. Malang City is passed by one of the longest rivers in Indonesia and the second longest in Java after Bengawan Solo , the Brantas River whose source is located on the slopes of Mount Arjuno in the northwest of the city. The second longest river in Malang is the Metro River through Malang in Karangbesuki village, Sukun subdistrict. The city of Malang
7636-413: The year is greatly influenced by the monsoon, bordering with subtropical highland climate ( Cwb ). The driest month is August with precipitation total 26 mm, while the wettest month is January with precipitation total 400 mm. The temperature is moderated by the altitude, as the city is located at 506 m above sea level. The hottest month is October with average 24.8 °C, while the coolest month
7728-598: Was at the same time a statement of war to separate himself from Panjalu/Kadiri. The power struggle between Kertajaya and Ken Arok towards the Malang region and its surroundings led to the Battle of Ganter in Ngantang (now a sub-district in Malang Regency ) (1144 Saka / 1222 AD) which was won by Ken Arok. He also ordained himself as the first king of the Kingdom of Tumapel with the title Rajasa Sang Amurwabhumi. The capital itself remained in Tumapel but changed its name to Kutaraja. During
7820-511: Was dated 828 Saka (907 CE). This is the part that contains the genealogy list of Mataram ruling kings, part B lines 7-9: Bosch, in his book Sriwijaya, de Sailendrawamsa en de Sanjayawamsa (1952), suggests that in the Mataram Kingdom , there were two dynasties, the Sanjaya dynasty , and the Sailendra dynasty that equally ruled the kingdom. The Sanjaya lineage was established by Sri Sanjaya ,
7912-520: Was freed from tax in return for taking care of the holy caitya which served as a funerary monument for 'the deity who lies at Pastika' ( bhaṭāra lumah iṅ Pastika ). The identity of this deceased figure is unclear, though it is known from the Wintang Mas II inscription that he was a former king ( śrī mahārāja ). A notable figure involved in the issuing of the Poh inscription was Balitung's grandmother Tammer; in
8004-608: Was given the title Raden Arya Suganda was appointed as an official at Tumapel. Sengguruh is the last Hindu kingdom and the rest of the heritage of Majapahit sympathizers in Malang. He was an independent kingdom after the fall of Majapahit. Hermanus Johannes de Graff argued that the son of the Brawijaya VII , Raden Pramana fled to the remote mountain region in the south due to the occupation of Daha (Kadiri) (capital of Majapahit since Girindrawardhana – Brawijaya VI ) by Sultan Trenggana from Demak in 1527. The leader of this region
8096-475: Was questioned by Boechari (1976). The charter of Mantyasih (11 April 907) describes a grant to five junior patihs because they kept the peace during Balitung's wedding. This inscription gives a selective list of deified former kings of Mataram, who are ritually invoked during the demarcation ceremony as witnesses and guarantors. These kings are addressed as "ye ancestors of old at Medang [and] at Poh Pitu" ( kamu, ra hyaṅta rumuhun ri mḍaṅ, ri poḥ pitu ). While
8188-411: Was still in the early to advanced stages of Hunting and Collecting Food . The settlements are still on the slopes of mountains and mountains that surround Malang in the form of natural caves. Therefore, it is understandable that the discovery of artifacts in the paleolithic and mesolithic period is found in mountainous areas, such as on the slopes of Mount Kawi, Arjuno-Welirang, Tengger, Semeru and
8280-511: Was supported by Sunyoto's argument when referring to all Majapahit rulers as descendants of Ken Arok who "[...] drained his seed into the world through teja which emanated from" secrets "Ken Dedes, naraiswari [...] Purwa Kingdom." "Naraiswari (or nareswari / Ardanareswari) himself in Sanskrit means "the main woman" and Ken Dedes himself is the daughter of Mpu Purwa, a brahmana from Panawijyan (Kelurahan Polowijen, Kecamatan Blimbing, Malang). In
8372-555: Was then led by Raden Adipati Ario Sam (R.A.A. Sam), surrendered to the Japanese who were then in power in Malang. Taking over the Government in principle continues the old system (Gemeente), only the designations in positions are replaced with Japanese . During the Japanese occupation there was a shift in the function of local buildings. The houses where the Dutch lived were transferred to Japanese use. The Dutch building on Jalan Semeru (which
8464-609: Was used as an office or the headquarters of the Dutch troops,) was converted into a Kempetai building and a Shinto shrine was also built in the city. The Kentapetai building became one of the historical buildings in Malang, which is now a private vocational school building and witnesses the disarmament of the Japanese by the People's Security Agency (BKR) in order to strengthen the defence of Malang. Chinese businessman, investor, and philanthropist Tan Kah Kee who's based in Singapore before
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