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27-411: The temple complex was a compound enclosed in stone walls, with some parts still buried underground. Within the enclosure, there are four temples; one main temple facing east, and three smaller ancillary temples ( candi perwara ) in front of the main temple on the eastern side in a row running north to south. The style and layout are quite similar to Sambisari temple; however, Sambisari temple faces west and

54-409: Is a square measuring 13.7 metres (45 ft) on each side, and the height of the main building is 8.009 metres (26.28 ft) tall. Currently, the temple is in disrepair; some parts are still buried and some stones are missing. In 2017, the archaeological study and reconstruction project were in progress, and by early 2018, the temple reconstruction entered the anastylosis phase. The restoration of

81-703: Is left after hundreds or even thousands of years of abuse, historical architectural monuments which have fallen into ruin. This is done by placing components back into their original positions. Where standing buildings are at risk of collapse, the method may entail the preparation of drawings and measurements, piece-by-piece disassembly, and careful reassembly, with new materials as required for structural integrity; occasionally this may include new foundations. When elements or parts are missing, modern materials (of restoration grade) may be substituted, such as plaster , cement , and synthetic resins . The international Venice Charter of 1964 details criteria for anastylosis. First,

108-431: Is located around 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) to the southwest. The main temple was accidentally discovered on 24 November 1993, when a group of volcanic sand miners quarried the land. The village communally owned the land. Subsequently, archaeological excavations were commenced, led by BP3 Yogyakarta. After digging 6–7 metres (20–23 ft) deep, the ruins of the temple's main building were uncovered. The temple floor plan

135-481: Is not allowed. Anastylosis has its detractors in the scientific community. In effect, the method poses several problems: One of the well-restored structures restored by the anastylosis method is the Temple of Garni . The entire colonnade of the temple collapsed in a devastating earthquake on June 4, 1679, the epicenter of which was located in the gorge of Garni . Most of the original building blocks remained scattered at

162-568: The Archaic period . In 1939, Balanos' own ill health and the approach of the Second World War forced him to abandon the project. Balanos' use of the term has been credited for the international recognition of the word anastylosis to refer to reconstructing monuments with the use of original fragments. Balanos' work was initially praised by his contemporaries. More recently, however, it has been criticised for its "invasive" methodology and for

189-704: The French language article and the German language article 10 May 2006. Nikolaos Balanos Nikolaos Balanos ( Greek : Νικόλαος Μπαλάνος ) (1869 in Athens – 22 September 1943) was a Greek architect. He is best known for his controversial anastylosis (restoration) of monuments on the Acropolis of Athens between 1894 and 1939. After studying at the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées in Paris, he became Director of

216-720: The Temple of Athena Nike was re-erected from remaining parts. Around 1905, Sir Arthur Evans famously reconstructed parts of the Minoan palace at Knossos . Starting in 1902, the Greek architect Nikolaos Balanos used anastylosis in order to restore a collapsed portion of the Parthenon , restore the Erechtheion , and rebuild the Nike Temple a second time. Iron clamps and plugs which had been used earlier had started to rust and had caused heavy damage to

243-720: The United States , and are now in storage at Heritage Malta . Following the recapture of Palmyra by the Syrian Army in March 2016, director of antiquities Maamoun Abdelkarim stated that the Temple of Bel , the Temple of Baalshamin and the Monumental Arch , which had been destroyed by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in 2015, will be rebuilt using anastylosis. Translated from

270-579: The 20th century, Dutch archaeologists carried out anastylosis of the stupa at the Buddhist temple complex at Borobudur in Java, Indonesia between 1907 and 1911. The Prambanan Hindu temple complex was excavated and was partially reconstructed between 1911 and 1953, also reconstructed using the anastylosis method. The recent practice of anastylosis in Indonesia is the reconstruction of Kedulan temple, built in 869,

297-597: The Erectheion became apparent by the mid-20th century. A particular problem was the exposure of the original Caryatids to air pollution, which was causing corrosion. In 1977, a major programme of dismantling and repair was announced, which included the removal of the Caryatids to the Acropolis Museum and their replacement on the temple by replicas. From the 1980s onwards, a second restoration campaign attempted to correct

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324-713: The Sebasteion complex (2012– ). The Buddhas of Bamyan in Afghanistan which were destroyed by the Taliban in 2001 are under consideration for anastylosis. Archaeologists have estimated that as much as 50% of the statues' material is recoverable. It would be possible to reconstruct the Gourgion Tower in Gozo , Malta using anastylosis, since many of its decorated stones and inscriptions were retrieved following its destruction in 1943 by

351-772: The Technical Department of the Greek Ministry of Public Instruction. In 1932, at the 350th anniversary of the University of Würzburg , he was named Doctor honoris causa of the Faculty of Arts. In 1894, Balanos was given responsibility for the restoration of the Parthenon, which had been damaged in earthquakes over the previous year. The supervising committee appointed by the Greek Archaeological Service to oversee

378-480: The archaeological historian Fani Mallouchou-Tufano, "independently and unchecked". The first phase of the practical work of restoration took place between 1898 and 1902, replacing parts of the upper columns in the Parthenon's opisthodomos and west façade as well as most of the structural blocks behind the west frieze. Balanos also disassembled, repaired and reinforced several parts of the temple, particularly its pediments . By 1900, Balanos had also restored one of

405-399: The clamps with reinforced concrete, which he believed would be waterproof. This was not, however, the case, and water was able to enter the structures, causing the iron to rust and expand, cracking the marble and causing blocks to fall apart. The damage caused to the monuments in this way has been described as "irreparable". As with the Parthenon, severe problems with his reconstructions of

432-476: The entire Kedulan Temple complex was expected to be completed by the end of 2018. Anastylosis Anastylosis (from the Ancient Greek : αναστήλωσις, -εως ; ανα , ana = "again", and στηλόω = "to erect [a stela or building]") is an architectural conservation term for a reconstruction technique whereby a ruined building or monument is re-erected using the original architectural elements to

459-470: The greatest degree possible, combined with modern materials if necessary. With the Venice Charter , it was established that the latter should be unobtrusive while clearly recognizable as replacement materials. It is also sometimes used to refer to a similar technique for restoring broken pottery and other small objects. The intent of anastylosis is to rebuild, from as much of the original materials that

486-552: The lack of archaeological expertise shown in some of the restorations: Balanos himself had no formal archaeological training. He has also been criticised for prioritising aesthetic concerns over the historical integrity of the monument, sometimes sawing pieces off two different ancient blocks so that they could be joined into a new one. In Ancient Greece, iron clamps were used to hold together pieces of masonry, and were shielded with lead to protect them from water. Balanos, however, did not use lead in his restorations, instead surrounding

513-472: The operational direction was delegated to the 'Committee for the Conservation of the Parthenon', a body which included academics, members of Athens' foreign schools of archaeology, and representatives of the Greek government. Nikolaos Balanos, Athens' Chief Engineer of Public Works, was invited to join this committee after its formation, and effectively took control of the reconstructions, operating, according to

540-408: The original condition of the structure must be confirmed scientifically. Second, the proper placement of each recovered component must be determined. Third, supplemental components must be limited to those necessary for stability (that is, substitute components may never lie at the top), and must be recognizable as replacement materials. New construction for the sake of filling in apparent lacunae (gaps)

567-514: The original structure. These were removed and replaced with precious metal clamps. When the temple was once again rebuilt additional newly identified original fragments were added. Currently, anastylosis is being applied to the Parthenon. Several monuments protected by the Archaeological Survey of India have been restored, including havelis in Shekhavati and Humayun's Tomb . Early in

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594-427: The site, allowing the building to be reconstructed. As much as 80% of the original masonry and ornamental friezes were at the site by the late 1960s. Renewed interest in the 19th century led to excavations at the site in the early and mid-20th century, and its eventual reconstruction between 1969 and 1975, using the anastylosis method. A primitive anastylosis was carried out in 1836 at the Acropolis in Athens , where

621-407: The temple was buried under volcanic layers for centuries, until it was discovered in 1993. The restoration of the entire Kedulan Temple complex was expected to be completed by the end of 2018. The École Française d'Extrême-Orient (EFEO) began restoration work at Angkor Wat in 1908. Between 1986 and 1992, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) carried out restoration work on the temple. Bayon

648-524: The temple, and rebuilt it up to the orthostates , making a tentative restoration of the upper parts of the temple which was later completed by Anastasios Orlandos in 1940. Along with the German archaeologist Gabriel Welter , Balanos excavated the tower on which the temple was built, as part of which he found remains of the Mycenaean fortifications of the acropolis as well as traces of the worship of Athena from

675-685: The twelve marble sections of the roof of the Propylaia. Between 1902 and 1909, he restored the Erechtheion, using a combination of original and new material: he rebuilt the ceilings of the north and south porches, as well as large parts of the south, west and north walls. Balanos' final restorations were of the Temple of Athena Nike , which he began in 1935. The temple had originally been reconstructed under Ludwig Ross and Kyriakos Pittakis between 1835 and 1847, but sudden subsidence under its crepidoma had left it in danger of collapse. Balanos dismantled

702-557: The work had decided to make a partial reconstruction of the temple, which would strengthen the damaged parts and replace, where necessary, ancient marble with modern. They also decided to use, as far as possible, the original building methods — specifically, dry-stone masonry held together with metal clamps — in the restoration work. The restorations were notionally supervised by the English, German and French architects Francis Penrose , Josef Durm  [ de ] and Lucien Magne , but

729-668: Was restored by EFCO followed by Japanese Government Team for the Safeguarding of Angkor (JSA). Ta Prohm is being restored by the Archaeological Survey of India . Aphrodisias has several buildings sufficiently well preserved to allow such anastylosis: the Tetrapylon (1983–90); the east end of the Sebasteion's South Building (2000–2012); the Doric logeion of the Theatre (2011–2012); and the Propylon of

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