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75-402: In 1970, Augustów became officially recognized as a health and relaxation resort . In 1973, surrounding settlements were named a part of it, forming a popular resort town . A settlement in the area was first mentioned in 1496. Augustów was established around 1540 by Bona Sforza and granted Magdeburg rights in 1557 by Sigismund II Augustus , after whom it was also named. It was laid out in

150-469: A critical approach to history, one that asks its own questions and is methodologically pluralistic." He added that in recent years that problem is being ameliorated as the IPN's work "has somewhat diversified as its administration has taken note of criticism on the part of academics." According to Robert Traba, "under the ... IPN, tasks related to the 'national politics of memory' were – unfortunately – merged with

225-530: A given reality, but also to understand the background of events, the circumstances in which people acted. It is easy to condemn, but difficult to understand a complicated past. ... [Meanwhile, in the IPN] thick volumes are being produced, into which are being thrown, with no real consideration, further evidence in criminating various persons now deceased (and therefore not able to defend themselves), and elderly people still alive – known and unknown." Traba posits that "there

300-603: A good or bad thing, depending on the overall quality of health. People who practice relaxation have said to be able to tolerate pain better both mentally and physically. In regards to the nervous system , relaxation can also play a big role. A person will go from active and alert, which is the sympathetic , to parasympathetic which is rest and digest. When they are relaxing, it gives the body time to catch up. A person does not need to worry about running, because they are sitting still and allowing "rest and digest". Immune systems will sometimes benefit from increased relaxation which

375-859: A major controversy. The book's premise was that in the 1970s the Solidarity leader and later president of Poland Lech Wałęsa was a secret informant of the Polish Communist Security Service . In 2018, the IPN hired Tomasz Greniuch , a historian who in his youth was associated with a far-right group . When he was promoted to a regional director of the Wrocław branch in February 2021, his past came to media attention and resulted in criticism of Greniuch and IPN. Greniuch issued an apology for his past behavior and resigned within weeks. Valentin Behr writes that

450-511: A passive simple focus . Relaxation techniques used in therapy by a certified counselor or therapist could include any of the previous techniques discussed. Professionals in the fields of psychology or counseling can administer a variety of these techniques. If they feel it is appropriate they may prescribe medication to assist the patient with relaxation. Although a number of these techniques are simple and can be performed on one's own time, patients may receive better results if they are guided by

525-565: A person can help reduce the negative things that stress can do to the body. Coping mechanisms are also improved with relaxation techniques in both mental and physical pain. Sleep disorders are an area that can produce stress and mental health issues. Relaxation may help reduce insomnia in those who have sleeping disorders. Those with insomnia may even give up sleeping aids just by practicing relaxation techniques. Avoiding unnecessary medication or sleep aids may help health. Even though relaxation cannot get rid of chronic diseases, it may help dull of

600-462: A person into a state of deep relaxation and high vulnerability to suggestions made by the hypnotist. In addition to relaxation, hypnosis therapy is used to treat a variety of conditions. Hypnosis is promoted by the Mayo Clinic for conditions such as smoking addiction, pain, obesity, chemotherapy reaction, asthma, and allergies. Many relaxation techniques, including physical ones, involve sustaining

675-430: A popular dessert. The main sports club of the town is Sparta Augustów  [ pl ] with football and canoeing sections. Augustów is twinned with: On 7 March 2022, partnership with Belarusian cities was terminated due to Belarus's involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . Relaxation (psychology) In psychology , relaxation is the emotional state of low tension, in which there

750-411: A professional who is very familiar with the techniques. Herbert Benson , a professor at the medical school at Harvard University , has proposed in his book The Relaxation Response a mechanism of the body that counters the fight-or-flight response . The relaxation response reduces the body's metabolism, heart and breathing rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and calms brain activity. It increases

825-487: A result of World War II and during the post-war totalitarian period. The IPN informs about the patriotic traditions of resistance against the occupational forces, and the Polish citizens' fight for sovereignty of the nation, including their efforts in defence of freedom and human dignity in general. According to the IPN, it is its duty to prosecute crimes against peace and humanity, as much as war crimes. Its mission includes

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900-761: A return of politics to the IPN. On 23 July 2021 Karol Nawrocki was appointed to head IPN. Two components of the IPN are specialized parts of the Public Prosecution Service of Poland, namely the Main Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation and the Lustration Bureau. Each of these two components exercises its activities autonomically from other components of the Institute and

975-927: A very regular manner, with a spacious market-place. Until 1569 Augustów belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . In 1569 it became part of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland , while its cemetery was left in the Grand Duchy, both countries formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a result of the Union of Lublin . Augustów was a royal city , located in the Podlaskie Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province . Tatar invaders destroyed Augustów in 1656, and

1050-501: A wide range of activities. Researchers at the IPN conduct not only research but are required to take part in public outreach. BEP has published music CDs, DVDs, and serials. It has founded "historical clubs" for debates and lectures. It has also organized outdoor historical fairs, picnic, and games. The IPN Bulletin  [ pl ] ( Polish : Biuletyn IPN ) is a high circulation popular-scientific journal, intended for lay readers and youth. Some 12,000 of 15,000 copies of

1125-458: Is ... a need for genuine debate that does not revolve around [the files] in the IPN archives, 'lustration,' or short-term and politically inspired discussions designed to establish the 'only real' truth", and suggests that adopting varied perspectives and diverse methodologies might contribute to such debate. During PiS's control of the government between 2005 and 2007, the IPN was the focus of heated public controversies, in particular in regard to

1200-508: Is a founding member of the Platform of European Memory and Conscience . Since 2020, the IPN headquarters have been located at Postępu 18 Street in Warsaw . The IPN has eleven branches in other cities and seven delegation offices. The IPN's main areas of activity, in line with its original mission statement , include researching and documenting the losses which were suffered by the Polish Nation as

1275-530: Is a technique wherein people focus on flexing and holding a certain set of muscles and then slowly relaxing them and focusing attention on a group of muscles. Gradually, from top to bottom, one might feel a deep sense of relaxation. Progressive muscle relaxation is a somewhat adapted version of the Jacobsonian Relaxation Technique developed in the 1920s. Progressive muscle relaxation is currently used in clinical and non-clinical settings to reduce

1350-464: Is an absence of arousal , particularly from negative sources such as anger , anxiety , or fear . Relaxation is a form of mild ecstasy coming from the frontal lobe of the brain in which the backward cortex sends signals to the frontal cortex via a mild sedative. Relaxation can be achieved through meditation , autogenics , breathing exercises, progressive muscle relaxation and other means. Relaxation helps improve coping with stress . Stress

1425-645: Is headed by a director who is ex officio Deputy Public Prosecutor General of Poland , while role of the IPN Director is in their case purely accessory and includes no powers regarding conducted investigations, being limited only to providing supporting apparatus and, when vacated, presenting candidates for the offices of the two directors to the Prosecutor General who as their superior has the discretionary power to appoint or reject them. The Main Commission for

1500-460: Is the leading cause of mental and physical problems, therefore feeling relaxed is often beneficial for a person's health. When a person is highly stressed, the sympathetic nervous system is activated because one is in a fight-or-flight response mode; over time, this could have negative effects on a human body . The idea of relaxation in psychology was popularized by Dr. Edmund Jacobson in his published book Progressive Relaxation (1929). It

1575-432: Is very important and needs to be worked on every day. Relaxation can help with many impairments that can occur in one's mental health. There is a higher mood and lower anxiety in those who practice relaxation techniques. Those who are relaxed have much slower and clearer thought processes than those who are not relaxed; this can be shown on an EEG. It is well known that relaxation can help reduce stress. With reducing stress,

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1650-564: Is why relaxation can be seen as part of treatment for AIDS and cancer patients. Institute of National Remembrance The Institute of National Remembrance – Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation ( Polish : Instytut Pamięci Narodowej – Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu , abbreviated IPN ) is a Polish state research institute in charge of education and archives which also includes two public prosecution service components exercising investigative, prosecution and lustration powers. The IPN

1725-754: The Bulletin are distributed free of charge to secondary schools in Poland, and the rest are sold in bookstores. The Bulletin contains: popular-scientific and academic articles, polemics, manifestos, appeals to readers, promotional material on the IPN and BEP, denials and commentary on reports in the news, as well as multimedia supplements. The IPN also publishes the Remembrance and Justice  [ pl ] ( Polish : Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość ) scientific journal. The IPN has issued several board games to help educate people about recent Polish history, including: In 2008,

1800-466: The Smolensk airplane crash on 10 April 2010. The elections were controversial, as during the elections a leak against Andrzej Przewoźnik accusing him of collaboration with Służba Bezpieczeństwa caused him to withdraw his candidacy. Przewoźnik was cleared of the accusations only after he had lost the election. In 2006, the IPN opened a "Lustration Bureau" that increased the director's power. The bureau

1875-543: The Soviet Union . The Polish government also asked UNESCO to officially change the name "Auschwitz Concentration Camp" to "Former Nazi German Concentration Camp Auschwitz-Birkenau", to clarify that the camp had been built and operated by Nazi Germany . In 2007, UNESCO's World Heritage Committee changed the camp's name to "Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940–1945)." Previously some German media, including Der Spiegel , had called

1950-485: The "good name" of Poland. Initially conceived as a criminal offense (3 years of jail) with an exemption for arts and research, following an international outcry, the article was modified to a civil offense that may be tried in civil courts and the exemption was deleted. Defamation charges under the act may be made by the IPN as well as by accredited NGOs such as the Polish League Against Defamation . By

2025-462: The "thematic monotony ... of micro-historical studies ... of no real scientific interest" of its research; its focus on " martyrology "; and various criticisms of methodology and ethics. Some of these criticisms have been addressed by Director Łukasz Kamiński during his tenure and who according to Mink "has made significant changes"; however, Minsk, writing in 2017, was also concerned with the recent administrative and personnel changes in IPN, including

2100-620: The 1930s, is an army yacht club that has been restored and converted into a resort. It is located on the edge of one of many lakes in the region. Pope John Paul II has a memorial chair from the first and last time he visited the town right outside the club. Boat tours are also popular and the old town square still has its original cobblestone streets. Every year hundreds of bikers come to Augustowskie Motonoce bikers festival. Bands that over years participated in celebration include Bright Ophidia  [ pl ] , AGE, ZZ Top Czech Revival Band, AC/DC Show Ukraina, Kraków Street Band, etc. Among

2175-453: The 1945 Augustów roundup "the largest crime committed by the Soviets on Polish lands after World War II". After the war, the recreational base of the city was further expanded. In 1946, the city had 7.2 thousand inhabitants. In 1954, several rural settlements were excluded from the city area, but in 1973, the city expanded to include several villages, forests and six lakes. In the years 1975–1998,

2250-499: The IPN faced a wide array of criticism calling for an overhaul or even replacement. Critics founds fault in the IPN being a state institution, the lack of historical knowledge of its prosecutors, a relatively high number of microhistories with a debatable methodology, overuse of the martyrology motif, research methodology, and isolationism from the wider research community. In response, Kamiński implemented several changes, including organizing public debates with outside historians to counter

2325-402: The IPN is most "concerned with the production of an official narrative about Poland's recent past" and therefore lacks innovation in its research, while noting that situation is being remedied under recent leadership. He writes that the IPN "has mainly taken in historians from the fringes of the academic field" who were either unable to obtain a prominent academic position or ideologically drawn to

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2400-419: The IPN is very bureaucratic in nature, comparing it to a "regular continental European bureaucracy, with usual deficiencies of its kind", and posits that in this aspect the IPN resembles the former Communist institutions it is supposed to deal with, equally "bureaucratic, centralist, heavy, inclined to extensive growth and quantity rather than quality of production". An incident which caused controversy involved

2475-405: The IPN's approach, and that "in the academic field, being an 'IPN historian' can be a stigma"; Behr explains this by pointing to a generational divide in Polish academia, visible when comparing IPN to other Polish research outlets, and claims: "Hiring young historians was done deliberately to give the IPN greater autonomy from the academic world, considered as too leftist to describe the dark sides of

2550-562: The IPN's lustration power was still wider than under the original 1997 law. These powers include loss of position for those who submitted false lustration declarations as well as a lustration process of candidates for senior office. The research conducted by IPN from December 2000 falls into four main topic areas: The IPN's Public Education Office (BEP) vaguely defined role in the IPN act is to inform society of Communist and Nazi crimes and institutions. This vaguely defined role allowed Paweł Machcewicz , BEP's director in 2000, freedom to create

2625-528: The Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland by Jan T. Gross , proved to be a lifeline for the IPN as Polish president Aleksander Kwaśniewski intervened to save the IPN since he deemed the IPN's research to be important as part of Jewish-Polish reconciliation and "apology diplomacy". The second director was Janusz Kurtyka , elected on 9 December 2005 with a term that started 29 December 2005 until his death in

2700-429: The Polish law regulating the IPN (enacted on 18 December 2006) came into effect. The change gave the IPN new lustration powers and expanded IPN's file access. The change was enacted by Law and Justice government in a series of legislative amendments during 2006 and the beginning of 2007. However, several articles of the 2006-7 amendments were held unconstitutional by Poland's Constitutional Court on 11 May 2007, though

2775-465: The Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation ( Główna Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni Przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu ) is the oldest component of the IPN tracing its origins to 1945. It investigates and prosecutes crimes committed on Polish soil against Polish citizens as well as people of other citizenships wronged in the country. War crimes which are not affected by statute of limitations according to Polish law include: On 15 March 2007, an amendment to

2850-570: The camp "Polish". Since 2019, the Institute publishes the Institute of National Remembrance Review ( ISSN   2658-1566 ), a yearly peer-reviewed academic journal in English, with Anna Karolina Piekarska as editor-in-chief .. According to Georges Mink  [ fr ] , common criticisms of the IPN include its dominance in the Polish research field, which is guaranteed by a budget that far supersedes that of any similar academic institution;

2925-546: The candidates, with a required supermajority (60%). The director has a 5-year term of office . Following 2016 legislation in the PiS controlled parliament, the former pluralist Collegium was replaced with a nine-member Collegium composed of PiS supporters, and the Sejm appoints the director after consulting with the College without an election between candidates. The first director of the IPN

3000-512: The chairman of the IPN wrote to local administrations, calling for the addition of the word "German" before "Nazi" to all monuments and tablets commemorating Germany's victims, stating that "Nazis" is not always understood to relate specifically to Germans. Several scenes of atrocities conducted by Germany were duly updated with commemorative plaques clearly indicating the nationality of the perpetrators. The IPN also requested better documentation and commemoration of crimes that had been perpetrated by

3075-610: The charge of isolationism and has suggested refocusing on victims as opposed to agents. On 22 July 2016 Jarosław Szarek was appointed to head IPN. He dismissed Krzysztof Persak, co-author of the 2002 two-volume IPN study on the Jedwabne pogrom . In subsequent months, IPN featured in media headlines for releasing controversial documents, including some relating to Lech Wałęsa , for memory politics conducted in schools, for efforts to change Communist street names, and for legislation efforts. According to historian Idesbald Goddeeris, this marks

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3150-650: The city was located in the Suwałki Voivodeship. In 1999, the city became part of newly created Podlaskie Voivodeship , and the seat of the Augustów district and the Augustów urban gmina. 2002 – 29,705 inhabitants, by nationality: 1921 – 8,762 inhabitants, by nationality: 1897 – 12,743 inhabitants, by language: National roads 8 ( Kudowa-Zdrój – Budzisko ), 16 ( Dolna Grupa – Ogrodniki and 61 ( Warsaw –Augustów), as well as voivodeship roads 664 (Augustów– Lipszczany ) and 672 (Augustów–Suwałki) pass through

3225-432: The communist regime." He says that the IPN has created opportunities for many history specialists who can carry dedicated research there without the need for an appointment at another institution, and for training young historians, noting that "the IPN is now the leading employer of young PhD students and PhDs in history specialized in contemporary history, ahead of Polish universities". Historian Dariusz Stola states that

3300-546: The director, who has a sovereign position that is independent of the Polish state hierarchy. The director may not be dismissed during his term unless he commits a harmful act. Prior to 2016, the election of the director was a complex procedure, which involves the selection of a panel of candidates by the IPN Collegium (members appointed by the Polish Parliament and judiciary). The Polish Parliament ( Sejm ) then elects one of

3375-613: The effects of anxiety and sleeplessness brought upon by stress. Meditation has long been practiced around the world, but has only become commonplace relatively recently in North America. Studies suggest that in addition to reducing physiological and psychological stresses placed on a body, people who practice meditation have fewer doctor visits for physical or psychological illnesses. Hypnosis relaxation therapy has recently become another technique used among healthcare professionals to promote relaxation. When performed correctly, it puts

3450-497: The election of Jarosław Szarek as director, which he posits are likely to result in further the politicization of the IPN. According to Valentin Behr, IPN research into the Communist era is valuable, positing that "the resources at its disposal have made it unrivalled as a research centre in the academic world"; at the same time, he said that the research is mostly focused on the era's negative aspects, and that it "is far from producing

3525-407: The extra stress that these things can do to the body if they are over worked. Muscle tension will decrease. If one's muscle tension is decreased they are not burning up extra energy that they may need later in the day. Metabolism can also decrease; this is mostly seen in hibernation and sleep and that gives the body extra time to rest and focus on other aspect that it needs to. This could be seen as

3600-558: The fact remains that stress can be detrimental to one's health. In order to combat this stress, there have been a variety of methods developed that have been proven to reduce stress and its consequences in everyday life. The majority of techniques can be classified into either physical , mental or therapeutic techniques. Breathing techniques are one of the easiest ways to reduce stress. They require little effort and can be done anywhere at any time. Proper breathing techniques that incorporate deep abdominal breathing have been shown to reduce

3675-422: The government formulated in 2016 a new IPN law. The 2016 law stipulated that the IPN should oppose publications of false information that dishonors or harms the Polish nation. It also called for popularizing history as part of "an element of patriotic education". The new law also removed the influence of academia and the judiciary on the IPN. A 2018 amendment to the law , added article 55a that attempts to defend

3750-453: The heart of debate today is a confrontation between those who support traditional methods and categories of research, and those who support newly defined methods and categories. ... Broadening the research perspective means the enrichment of the historian's instrumentarium.'" He puts the IPN research, in a broad sense, in the former; he states that "[a] solid, workshop-oriented, traditional, and positivist historiography ... which defends itself by

3825-400: The immune response, helps attention and decision making, and changes gene activities that are the opposite of those associated stress. The relaxation response is achieved through meditation. Benson's meditation technique involves these four steps: Autogenics was invented by Dr. Johannes Heinrich Schultz in the 1920s. The process of autogenics is by relaxing muscles deeply, and by doing so,

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3900-443: The integrity of its analysis and its diversified source base" but criticizes its approach for leading to a "falsely conceived mission to find 'objective truth' at the expense of 'serious study of event history', and a 'simplified claim that only 'secret' sources, not accessible to ordinary mortals', can lead to that objective truth." Traba quotes historian Wiktoria Śliwowska , who wrote: "The historian must strive not only to reconstruct

3975-448: The large Polish January Uprising of 1863–1864 against Russia . Following Russia's full annexation of the Polish kingdom in the 1860s, it was administered from Suwałki . With a population around 9400 ( c.  1875 ) , it carried a large trade in cattle and horses, and manufactured linen and huckaback . Its canal connects the Vistula and Neman rivers and the railway reached

4050-762: The mind follows through and relaxes as well. There as six parts to autogenics training: Taking walks in nature can be used to induce or support relaxation. Studies indicate taking walks in nature is more effective than walking elsewhere, walking on a treadmill, and viewing nature scenes, and that "spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature " (unspecified frequency of visits/week) is associated "with good health and wellbeing". Listening to music or audio can be useful too, in particular various relaxing audio which may include ambient music or soundscapes . Various substances are known to reduce cortisol or stress in general or to typically contribute to relaxation, albeit effect sizes may be small and vary. These include

4125-406: The mission of independent academic research. In the public mind, there could be only one message flowing from the institute's name: memory and history as a science are one. The problem is that nothing could be further from the truth, and nothing could be more misleading. What the IPN's message presents, in fact, is the danger that Polish history will be grossly over-simplified." Traba states that "at

4200-510: The need to compensate for damages which were suffered by the repressed and harmed people at a time when human rights were disobeyed by the state, and educate the public about recent history of Poland . IPN collects, organises and archives all documents about the Polish Communist security apparatus active from 22 July 1944 to 31 December 1989. Following the election of the Law and Justice party,

4275-466: The pasts of Solidarity leader Lech Wałęsa and PZPR secretary Wojciech Jaruzelski . As a result, the IPN has been referred to as "a political institution at the centre of 'memory games'". In 2008, two IPN employees, Sławomir Cenckiewicz and Piotr Gontarczyk , published a book, SB a Lech Wałęsa  [ pl ] (The Security Service and Lech Wałęsa: A Contribution to a Biography) which caused

4350-424: The physical symptoms of depression, anxiety and hypertension as well as everyday emotional symptoms of anger and nervousness. A study found cyclic sighing to be effective in reducing anxiety, negative mood and stress, and more so than equivalent-duration mindfulness meditation . These 5-min breathwork exercises consist of deep breaths followed by extended, relatively longer exhales. Progressive muscle relaxation

4425-455: The popular traditional dishes of north-eastern Poland , including Augustów, are kartacze and potato babka . Popular regional cakes are sękacz and mrowisko (lit. transl. "anthill"). Officially protected traditional foods from Augustów and its surroundings include the Augustów honey ( miód augustowski ) which comes in several variants, and augustowska jagodzianka , a local yeast roll stuffed with blueberries and topped with streusel ,

4500-463: The same law, the institution's mission statement was changed to include "protecting the reputation of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation". IPN was created by special legislation on 18 December 1998. The IPN is divided into: On 29 April 2010, acting president Bronislaw Komorowski signed into law a parliamentary act that reformed the Institute of National Remembrance. IPN is governed by

4575-592: The second half of the 17th century saw the town afflicted by plague . The 4th Polish National Cavalry Brigade was stationed in Augustów in 1790. In 1795 Prussia annexed Augustów in the Third Partition of Poland . In 1807, it became part of the Duchy of Warsaw , followed by incorporation into the Russian-controlled Kingdom of Poland in 1815. It was made a county seat in 1842. The local populace took part in

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4650-572: The substance l-theanine (also contained in green tea ), as well as some other anxiolytics for short-term relaxation. Apigenin (also contained in chamomile and an aromatase inhibitor ), lemon balm , and gotu kola are also under investigation. Some of these chemicals appear to act through increasing GABA levels. For some and longer-term, the adaptogens rhodiola rosea (also reduces fatigue and increases antioxidant capacity which may not always be beneficial) and ashwaghanda (can also increase testosterone and increase sleepiness at

4725-452: The symptoms one may have. Many cancer and AIDS patients are taught relaxation techniques. Physical health is also something that needs to be worked on daily, whether it is exercise, healthy eating , or relaxation. Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate will all decrease when one is relaxed. This means that a person's heart does not beat as fast and their breathing is shallow, helping one's body have time to rest. This will reduce

4800-869: The time taken) may be useful for relaxation as they appear generally healthy or safe and to be able to reduce stress. Effectiveness or relaxation-related neurobiological effects of techniques may be measurable to science possibly via self-reported (or self-tracked) subjective mental states, heart rate variability , cortisol levels, as well as, possibly less commonly, changes to blood pressure, plasma/urinary norepinephrine , norepinephrine spillover rate, various other hormones, heart rate, dexamethasone suppression test, salivary α-amylase , neuroimmune biomarkers, interleukins and peripheral cytokine expression. The benefits of relaxation can be found in three main areas of health; mental, physical and physiological. It can elevate mood or induce sleep. All of these things can help prolong and enhance life. Mental health

4875-722: The town in 1899, when its population was around 12,800. During World War I , the Russian Army successfully counterattacked the German Army in the Battle of Augustów , in the lead-up to the better-known Battle of the Vistula River . In the aftermath of World War I , it was a site of fighting during the Battle of Augustów in 1920. Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland , which started World War II in September 1939, Augustów

4950-565: The town. The construction of the Augustów bypass called Via Baltica, through the wetlands of the Rospuda Valley, attracted great controversy in 2007. The work was halted after the European Commission applied for an immediate injunction. Railway line 40 ( Sokółka – Suwałki ) passes through the town. Augustów has a railway station . The town, although small, has many attractions for the visitors. Oficerski Yacht Club Hotel, built in

5025-612: The town. World War II brought the destruction of about 70% of the town and death or departure of most of its residents, amongst them a community of several thousand Jews who were imprisoned in the ghetto situated between the canal and the river. The Germans executed practically all of them before they left. In 1945 the Soviets conducted the nearby Augustów roundup – a special operation against former Armia Krajowa anticommunist fighters. They are presumed to have been executed and buried in an unknown location in present-day Russia or Belarus. Polish Institute of National Remembrance has declared

5100-532: Was Leon Kieres , elected by the Sejm for five years on 8 June 2000 (term 30 June 2000 – 29 December 2005). The IPN granted some 6,500 people the "victim of communism" status and gathered significant archive material. The IPN faced difficulties since it was new and also since the Democratic Left Alliance (containing former communists) attempted to close the IPN. The publication of Neighbors: The Destruction of

5175-560: Was occupied by the Soviet Union until 1941. Many inhabitants were sent to exile in Kazakhstan , from where some were able to return after 6 years. On June 22, 1941, just before the Germans captured the town, the Soviets murdered around 30–34 Polish prisoners in Augustów as part of the NKVD prisoner massacres . The Nazi German forces occupied Augustów until 1944, and operated a forced labour camp in

5250-444: Was a technical book intended for doctors and scientists. His book describes tensing and relaxing specific muscles at a time to achieve overall relaxation in the body. Jacobson then published another book called You Must Relax published in 1934 that was geared towards the general public. According to Jacobson, his research started in 1908 at Harvard University , and later moving on to Cornell and University of Chicago . His research

5325-551: Was acting director 2010–2011, between the death of the IPN's second president, Janusz Kurtyka , in the 2010 Polish Air Force Tu-154 crash and the election of Łukasz Kamiński by the Polish Parliament as the third director. Łukasz Kamiński , was elected by the Sejm in 2011 following the death of his predecessor. Kamiński headed the Wroclaw Regional Bureau of Public Education prior to his election. During his term,

5400-467: Was aimed at improving the general human well-being. In 1932, Johannes Schultz and Wolfgang Luthe developed a method of relaxation that emphasized using the power of suggestion, called autogenic training . In 1975, Herbert Benson and Mirium Z. Klipper published a book called The Relaxation Response , which gives instructions on tying meditation techniques into daily activities the average person could do. Although stress levels vary across society,

5475-556: Was amended by the controversial Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance to include "protecting the reputation of the Republic of Poland and the Polish Nation". The IPN investigates and prosecutes Nazi and Communist crimes committed between 1917 and 1990, documents its findings, and disseminates them to the public. Some scholars have criticized the IPN for politicization, especially under Law and Justice governments. The IPN began its activities on 1 July 2000. The IPN

5550-453: Was assigned the task of examining the past of all candidates to public office. Kurtyka widened archive access to the public and shifted focus from compensating victims to researching collaboration. Franciszek Gryciuk In 1999, historian Franciszek Gryciuk was appointed to the Collegium of the IPN, which he chaired 2003–2004. From June 2008 to June 2011, he was vice president of the IPN. He

5625-660: Was established by the Polish parliament by the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance of 18 December 1998 through reforming and expanding the earlier Main Commission for the Investigation of Crimes against the Polish Nation of 1991, which itself had replaced the General Commission for Research on Fascist Crimes, a body established in 1945 focused on investigating Nazi crimes established in 1945. In 2018, IPN's mission statement

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