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16-422: First mentioned in 1455 records, on 17 July 1736 Jedwabne received city rights from Poland's King August III , including the privilege of holding weekly Sunday markets and five country fairs a year. A wooden Catholic church with two steeples was built in 1737–1738, and a synagogue around 1770. The Jedwabne synagogue was a fine example of the unique Polish Jewish architectural tradition of wooden synagogues . At

32-672: A borough (or burgh ) was distinguished from the countryside by means of a charter from the ruling monarch that defined its privileges and laws . Common privileges involved trade (marketplace, the storing of goods, etc.) and the establishment of guilds . Some of these privileges were permanent and could imply that the town obtained the right to be called a borough , hence the term "borough rights" ( German : Stadtrecht ; Dutch : stadsrechten ). Some degree of self-government , representation by diet , and tax-relief could also be granted. Multiple tiers existed; for example, in Sweden ,

48-606: A local dialect of Belarusian (called by them prosty jazyk 'simple language'). The people there belong to the Orthodox or Roman Catholic church. On the north bank of the upper Biebrza there are also a few villages where so-called " old believers " live, who speak an archaic dialect of Russian. Some of these communities have preserved much of their traditional culture in spite of long-lasting communist government policies aimed at assimilation of non-Polish cultural and linguistic minorities. This Podlaskie Voivodeship location article

64-545: A successful Soviet attack against a Polish partisan unit stationed in the Kobielne Wilderness. In 1940 the town had 3,985 residents: 3,670 Poles, 250 Jews, and 65 Belarusians. The NKVD arrested a number of residents and their families and deported them to Siberia . In September 1939 following the Invasion of Poland , Jedwabne was briefly occupied by German troops who deported some 300 men to labor camps prior to transferring

80-561: Is a river in northeastern Poland , a tributary of the Narew River (near Wizna ), with a length of 164 kilometers (102 mi) and a basin area of 7,092 km (7,067 in Poland). Larger towns in the area: The region is usually divided into lower, central, and upper basin areas, each with its own different characteristics. Today, the river is best known for the vivid wildlife in the peatbogs and marshes in its flood areas. Historically,

96-679: The January Uprising of 1863, due to Russian repression against Polish and Jewish entrepreneurs. The town was the center of a large Jewish community with a population in 1900 of 1,941. Following the Soviet invasion of eastern Poland in World War II in fulfillment of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , between 1939 and 1941 the Soviet NKVD conducted anti-Polish repression. It was preceded by

112-570: The area to the Soviets. On 23 June 1941, as part of Operation Barbarossa , German troops reoccupied Jedwabne. Jewish refugees from Wizna and Radziłów , where on 7 July Jews were burned alive in a barn , took refuge in Jedwabne. On 10 July 1941, the town's Jews were forced to assemble in the town square; there is a general consensus that the violence was performed by Polish men supported by German troops. A group of perpetrators humiliated and killed some of

128-467: The assembled Jews. Some 50 to 70 Jews were forced to tear down the statue of Lenin and place the pieces in a Polish farmer's barn, after which they were beaten to death. The perpetrators men then marched the rest of the Jews into the barn and set it alight. Casualty estimates vary; a forensic investigation in 2002 set the number at 340 dead, while other estimates range as high as 2,000. Accounts differ as well as to

144-482: The basic royal charter establishing a borough enabled trade, but not foreign trade, which required a higher-tier charter granting staple right . This European history –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article relating to the law of Europe or of a European country is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Biebrza The Biebrza ( Lithuanian : Bebra , Belarusian : Bobra , German : Bober )

160-528: The borderland regions of Mazovia and Lithuania, the area retains much of its cultural diversity today. The basin of the Biebrza River is inhabited not only by hundreds of rare and endangered sorts of birds, but also by people representing diverse cultures, languages, and religions. Although most of the population of the region speaks standard Polish, some people in the upper river basin (municipalities of Lipsk , Dąbrowa Białostocka and partly Sztabin ) speak

176-571: The community, as well as administrative support, business infrastructure, and investment financing. The town is flanked by the Biebrza National Park , the biggest complex of natural marshes in Central Europe; it is inhabited by moose as well as other animals and bird species, attracting numerous tourists. The Biebrza river nearby is surrounded by campgrounds for fishing, hiking, and mountain biking. Agrotourism substantially contributes to

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192-465: The end of the 18th century, new textile factories opened. In 1851 there were as many as 17 weaving establishments employing 36 workers in the town. In terms of its cloth production, Jedwabne was already the eleventh-largest manufacturing centre in the Kingdom of Poland . By 1862, 11 mechanical and 13 manual weaving machines had been installed at Jedwabne. The town's cloth production fell into decline only after

208-506: The local economy, with prolonged tourist season beginning on March 1 and lasting until October 30 each year. City rights Town privileges or borough rights were important features of European towns during most of the second millennium. The city law customary in Central Europe probably dates back to Italian models, which in turn were oriented towards the traditions of the self-administration of Roman cities. Judicially,

224-571: The massacre, some of the surviving Jews were interned in the Jedwabne ghetto; one to three months later, the ghetto was dissolved and the inmates expelled to the Łomża Ghetto . From there, on 2 November 1942, they were transferred to the Zambrów transit camp; and from there, in January 1943, to the Auschwitz extermination camp . Some Jedwabne Jews managed to flee the ghetto liquidations, and some of them survived

240-469: The number of survivors of the massacre (between 125 and 302). Some 12 of the Polish perpetrators were convicted in 1949, receiving prison sentences of eight to fifteen years. However, it needs to be remembered that sentence was issued by occupational Soviet jurisdiction, who was keen into increasing Polish-Jewish tensions. Even more, because of the situation, there might not be a chance for a fair-trial. Following

256-575: The war. In the early 20th century, many Jedwabne residents had emigrated to the United States. Landing and settling in New York City, they built the synagogue Congregation Anshe Yedwabne at 242 Henry Street in the Lower East Side . Jedwabne is the administrative and economic centre for the surrounding gmina , which has an agricultural character. It offers educational and healthcare services for

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