PL2050 – TD (33)
45-472: K15 (3) The parliament of Poland is the bicameral legislature of Poland . It is composed of an upper house (the Senate ) and a lower house (the Sejm ). Both houses are accommodated in the Sejm and Senate Complex in Warsaw . The Constitution of Poland does not refer to the Parliament as a body, but only to the Sejm and Senate. Members of both houses are elected by direct election, usually every four years. The Sejm has 460 members, while
90-518: A Polish–Lithuanian monarch. Every newly elected king was required sign two documents – the Pacta conventa ("agreed pacts") – a confirmation of the king's pre-election promises, and Henrican articles ( artykuły henrykowskie , named after the first freely elected king, Henry of Valois ). The latter document served as a virtual Polish constitution and contained the basic laws of the Commonwealth: In
135-651: A common agreement"). The Nihil novi act transferred legislative power from the king to the Diet ( Sejm ), or Polish parliament. This date marked the beginning of the First Rzeczpospolita , the period of a szlachta -run "republic". Until the death of Sigismund Augustus , the last king of the Jagiellonian dynasty, monarchs could only be elected from within the royal family. However, starting from 1573, practically any Polish noble or foreigner of royal blood could become
180-523: A compensation for the unsuccessful incursion on Moldavia which had decimated the szlachta , John Albert granted the Piotrków Privilege on 26 April 1496 which prohibited serfs from leaving their owners' land, and banned city dwellers from buying land. In the spring of 1505 king Alexander signed a bill adopted by the Diet of Radom known as Nihil novi nisi commune consensu ("Nothing new without
225-514: A war outside Polish borders. The privileges granted by Ladislaus II at Brześć Kujawski (25 April 1425), Jedlnia (4 March 1430) and Kraków (9 January 1433) introduced or confirmed the rule known as Neminem captivabimus nisi iure victum which prevented a noble from being arrested unless found guilty. On 2 May 1447, the same king issued the Wilno Privilege which gave the Lithuanian boyars
270-603: Is the degree of right to join and contribute to the relevant Seniors' Konwent ( Polish : Konwent Seniorów ), the procedural committee that determines the drafting of agendas and chamber workings. In the Sejm , In the Senate , The National Assembly ( Polish : Zgromadzenie Narodowe ) is the name of a joint sitting of the Sejm and the Senate . It is headed by the Marshal of the Sejm (or by
315-434: The liberum veto , which at one time had placed the sejm at the mercy of any deputy who might choose, or be bribed by an interest or foreign power, to undo all the legislation that had been passed by that sejm. The May 3rd Constitution sought to supplant the existing anarchy fostered by some of the country's reactionary magnats , with a more egalitarian and democratic constitutional monarchy . The adoption of
360-532: The First and the Second Republic , Obliged to bequeath to future generations all that is valuable from our over one thousand years' heritage ... Mindful of the bitter experiences of the times when fundamental freedoms and human rights were violated in our Homeland, ..." . Many articles were written explicitly to rectify the wrongs of previous governments. Article 21 protects the rights of ownership and inheritance, but
405-655: The Law and Justice chairman Jarosław Kaczyński made a speech praising the new reformed party. After Jarosław Gowin 's scepticism with the "Polish Deal" proposal (an economic recovery plan for countering the COVID-19 recession in Poland) and media law changes that would inevitably force the American company Discovery, Inc. to sell its TVN Group , Gowin was publicly removed from his position as deputy prime minister, resulting in realignment of
450-655: The Marshal of the Senate when the former is absent). Under the 1997 Constitution of Poland the National Assembly has the authority to The National Assembly is also called in order to In the periods 1922–1935 and 1989–1990, it was this joint sitting which elected the President of the Republic of Poland by an absolute majority of votes. In and from 1935, it was replaced by an Assembly of Electors , which consisted of
495-531: The National Movement , although it has moderated its political outlook since 2016. During the 2018 local elections , it coordinated with the socially conservative Right Wing of the Republic ; in 2019, it joined the Polish Coalition . Due to its eurosceptic stances, its membership was terminated from the coalition. In May 2021 it announced its support for the ruling United Right coalition. Kukiz'15
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#1732844562047540-531: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . It was designed to redress long-standing political defects of the federative Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and its Golden Liberty . The Constitution introduced political equality between townspeople and nobility ( szlachta ) and placed the peasants under the protection of the government, thus mitigating the worst abuses of serfdom . The Constitution abolished pernicious parliamentary institutions such as
585-677: The Real Politics Union ended cooperation with Kukiz'15. However, the ideological differences between the Pro-European PSL and the Eurosceptic Kukiz MPs led to a quick fallout. In November 2020, a PiS motion was put to a vote on the support for the Polish government in the EU budget negotiations (in which Poland and Hungary used their veto ). 5 of the 6 Kukiz MPs voted in support. This led
630-514: The 1505 Nihil novi was one of the first European constitutional acts. Historically, the most significant is the Constitution of 3 May 1791 . The five years after 1992 were spent in dialogue about the new character of Poland. The nation had changed significantly since 1952 when the Constitution of the Polish People's Republic was instituted. A new consensus was needed on how to acknowledge
675-512: The 18th century, the introduction of Cardinal Laws in 1768 was an important step towards codifying the existing Polish law. The Polish Constitution of 3 May 1791 ( Polish : Konstytucja Trzeciego Maja ) is called the first constitution in Europe by historian Norman Davies . It was instituted by the Government Act (Polish: Ustawa rządowa ) adopted on that date by the Sejm ( parliament ) of
720-625: The 1997 Constitution. It replaced the Small Constitution of 1992 , a revision of the 1952 Constitution of the Polish People's Republic . It was adopted by the National Assembly of Poland on 2 April 1997, approved by a national referendum on 25 May 1997, promulgated by the President of the Republic on 16 July 1997, and came into force on 17 October 1997. Poland (and its predecessor states) have had numerous constitutions throughout history;
765-693: The Marshal of the Senate (as president of the Assembly of Electors), the Marshal of the Sejm, the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice, the General Armed Forces Inspector, 50 electors elected by the Sejm, and 25 electors elected by the Senate. The Senate was abolished in 1946 so in 1947 Bolesław Bierut was elected President only by the Sejm. There were no presidents from 1952 until 1989 when the Senate
810-837: The May 3rd Constitution provoked the active hostility of the Polish Commonwealth's neighbors. In the War in Defense of the Constitution (1792), Poland was betrayed by its Prussian ally Frederick William II and defeated by the Imperial Russia of Catherine the Great , allied with the Targowica Confederation , a cabal of Polish magnates who opposed reforms that might weaken their influence. Despite
855-481: The National Assembly drafted and passed a new Constitution , which was approved by a national referendum on 25 May 1997. Kukiz%2715 Kukiz'15 is a right-wing populist political party in Poland led by Paweł Kukiz . It was formed in 2015 as a loose movement that registered itself as an association in 2016 and later as a political party in 2020. Initially, it was connected with far-right parties such as
900-561: The National Movement leadership decided to end its collaboration with Kukiz'15 and instructed its MPs to leave the Kukiz'15 parliamentary club, but only one MP followed party instructions. These ones, who stayed in Kukiz'15, together with a few other Kukiz' MPs, formed National Democracy (Endecja). There was a Sejm scandal in April 2016. Kornel Morawiecki of Kukiz'15 left his Sejm member card in
945-571: The PSL and Kukiz'15 to part ways. On 20 June 2021, the reactivation of the congress of the Republicans , which were instrumental in the creation of Kukiz'15 in 2015, took place. Karol Rabenda announced that some Agreement members will join the Republican association and restructure it into a party, and that the newly formed party will subsequently join the governing coalition as a full member. In response,
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#1732844562047990-631: The Polish Nation – all citizens of the Republic, Both those who believe in God as the source of truth, justice, good and beauty, As well as those not sharing such faith but respecting those universal values as arising from other sources..." . Article 25 provides further protection, that public officials "shall be impartial in matters of personal conviction, whether religious or philosophical, or in relation to outlooks on life, and shall ensure their freedom of expression within public life." Other aspects include
1035-532: The Republic of Poland ( Polish : Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej or Konstytucja RP for short) is the supreme law of the Republic of Poland , which is also commonly called the Third Polish Republic ( Polish : III Rzeczpospolita or III RP for short) in contrast with the preceding systems. The current constitution was ratified on 2 April 1997. The Constitution is also commonly referred to as
1080-437: The Senate has 100 senators. To become law, a bill must first be approved by both houses, but the Sejm can override a Senate refusal to pass a bill. On certain occasions, the Marshal of the Sejm summons the National Assembly , a joint session of the members of both houses. It is mostly ceremonial in nature, and it only convenes occasionally, such as to witness the inauguration of the President . Under exceptional circumstances,
1125-488: The affirmation of the political equality of man and woman in Article 33, and the affirmation of freedom of ethnic minorities to advance and develop their culture, in Article 35. Having regard for the existence and future of our Homeland, Which recovered, in 1989, the possibility of a sovereign and democratic determination of its fate, We, the Polish Nation – all citizens of the Republic , Both those who believe in God as
1170-414: The awkward parts of Polish history ; the transformation from a one-party system into a multi-party one and from socialism towards a free market economic system ; and the rise of pluralism alongside Poland's historically Roman Catholic culture . The attitude toward the past was articulated in the preamble, in which the citizens of Poland established a Republic "Recalling the best traditions of
1215-537: The best traditions of the First and the Second Republic , Obliged to bequeath to future generations all that is valuable from our over one thousand years' heritage, Bound in community with our compatriots dispersed throughout the world, Aware of the need for cooperation with all countries for the good of the Human Family, Mindful of the bitter experiences of the times when fundamental freedoms and human rights were violated in our Homeland, Desiring to guarantee
1260-458: The composition of the coalition. As result, Adam Bielan 's "Agreement rebels" new party joined the coalition as replacements, and the remaining Kukiz '15 MP's led by Paweł Kukiz declared their support for the coalition, except Stanisław Tyszka . All deputies were elected on United Right list Constitution of Poland [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The Constitution of
1305-455: The constitution endows the National Assembly with great responsibilities and powers, such as to bring the President before the State Tribunal ( impeachment ). The largest party in the Sejm is Law and Justice (PiS) with 194 out of 460 seats in Sejm. Senate Pact 2023 is leading in the Senate with 66 out of 100 seats. The two debating halls have designated seats for the deputies, senators and
1350-511: The defeat, and the subsequent Second Partition of Poland , the May 3rd Constitution influenced later democratic movements in the world. Ultimately, Prussia, Austria and Russia partitioned Poland in 1795. It remained, after the demise of the Polish Kingdom in 1795, over the next 123 years of Polish partitions , a beacon in the struggle to restore Polish sovereignty. In the words of two of its co-authors, Ignacy Potocki and Hugo Kołłątaj , it
1395-546: The election was the replacement of Poland's proportional representation electoral system with single member constituencies, which was the subject of a referendum in September 2015. The movement was particularly popular among young people: Kukiz won 42% among voters aged 18 to 29 in the 2015 presidential election. In the 2015 parliamentary election , Kukiz'15 cooperated with the far-right National Movement , which gained 5 of Kukiz' 42 parliamentary seats. In April 2016,
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1440-541: The inviolability of the home, the right to form trade unions , and to strike . Those involved in drafting the document were not interested in creating a de facto Catholic Poland. That said, nods were given in the direction of the church , to the effect of protecting common morality. For example, in Article 18, marriage is granted the protection of the state, and in Article 53, freedom of religion , religious education , and religious upbringing are protected. The preamble emphasizes freedom of religion or disbelief: "We,
1485-485: The nationalists into the Sejm. In May 2018, Kukiz'15 has coordinated with the social conservative Right Wing of the Republic in local elections . In August 2019, Kukiz'15 joined the Polish People's Party (PSL) to set up a joint list for the 2019 parliamentary election named Polish Coalition . This alliance helped both parties overcome the 5%-threshold and Kukiz kept 6 MPs in the Sejm. Because of that alliance,
1530-453: The party has expressed eurosceptic stances, and has been described as a right-wing populist , and conservative party, that sits on the centre-right and right wing on the political spectrum. The key postulates upon foundation of the party were: The movement was founded after Kukiz stood in the 2015 presidential election , winning 21% of the vote and coming in third during the election's first round. Kukiz's primary issue during
1575-422: The post- World War II PKWN -decreed and implemented land reform was not invalidated. Article 23 thus established the family farm as the basis of the agricultural economy . Article 74 requires public officials to pursue ecologically sound public policy. Articles 39 and 40 prohibit the practices of forced medical experimentation, forbidding torture and corporal punishment , while Articles 50 and 59 acknowledge
1620-464: The rights of the citizens for all time, and to ensure diligence and efficiency in the work of public bodies, Recognizing our responsibility before God or our own consciences, Hereby establish this Constitution of the Republic of Poland as the basic law for the State, based on respect for freedom and justice, cooperation between the public powers, social dialogue as well as on the principle of subsidiarity in
1665-508: The same rights as those possessed by the Polish szlachta . In September and October 1454, Casimir IV granted the Cerkwica and Nieszawa Privileges which forbade the king to set new taxes, laws or draft nobles for war unless he had the consent of local diets ( sejmiki ). These privileges were demanded by the szlachta as a compensation for their participation in the Thirteen Years' War . As
1710-559: The single Marshal (speaker) of each. Senators and deputies are equipped with voting devices. After election deputies and senators will remain or splinter into deputy or senatorial groupings, or have no affiliations and sit as " independents ". In both chambers, there are two formal sizes of groups: Clubs ( Polish : kluby , klub ( sg. ) which are the entire party groups of the elected, where none have splintered away or defected to another klub ) and circles ( Polish : koła , koło ( sg. )). The primary difference between these
1755-539: The source of truth, justice, good and beauty, As well as those not sharing such faith but respecting those universal values as arising from other sources, Equal in rights and obligations towards the common good – Poland, Beholden to our ancestors for their labors, their struggle for independence achieved at great sacrifice, for our culture rooted in the Christian heritage of the Nation and in universal human values, Recalling
1800-467: The strengthening the powers of citizens and their communities. We call upon all those who will apply this Constitution for the good of the Third Republic to do so paying respect to the inherent dignity of the person, his or her right to freedom, the obligation of solidarity with others, and respect for these principles as the unshakeable foundation of the Republic of Poland. The first major privilege
1845-460: The voting device when he felt sick and went out from the debating hall and then Małgorzata Zwiercan voted for him. After this he left Kukiz'15 and launched a new party Free and Solidary ( Wolni i Solidarni ) along with two other Kukiz'15 MPs. In February 2017, three Kukiz'15 MPs left the group and became a parliamentary representation of the association "Republicans" ( Republikanie ). In February 2018, Paweł Kukiz apologised for having introduced
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1890-599: Was "the last will and testament of the expiring Fatherland." The Second Polish Republic had three constitutions. They were, in historical order: The Manifesto of the Polish Committee of National Liberation condemned the April Constitution of 1935 as "unlawful and fascist" and stated that the March Constitution of 1921 would be the Polish constitution until a new one could be written. The new constitution
1935-449: Was granted in Košice by Louis Andegavin on 17 September 1374. In order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga , he agreed to abolish all but one tax the szlachta was required to pay. The Koszyce Privilege also forbade the king to grant official posts and major Polish castles to foreign knights, and obliged him to pay indemnities to nobles injured or taken captive during
1980-492: Was initially connected with the National Movement party, although Kukiz'15 itself was not characterized as far right but rather national-conservative , conservative-liberal , and anti-establishment . After 2016, they ceased operations with far-right organizations and politicians. Since its inception, it has lacked programmatic coherence and thus has been described as a big tent party. In its program, they have expressed support for direct democracy . Its leader and
2025-405: Was restored and the National Assembly elected Wojciech Jaruzelski as President . Since 1990, the President has been elected by the people. However, the President is still sworn in before the National Assembly, which is also the only organ which can declare the President's permanent incapacity to perform his duties, or bring an indictment against him before State Tribunal . From 1992 to 1997,
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