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108-605: The suffix -anes is quite typical in north-western Doric Greek and is found in several ethnonyms in Epirus (Arktanes, Athamanes, Talaianes etc.) but is also found in other Greek regions apart from Epirus. A. J. Toynbee argues that the suffix -anes perhaps suggests that the name Atintanes may have been of Greek origin. He also states that they gave the Greeks their name for the Titanes , a race of giants in mythology. Toynbee has linked their name to

216-423: A nervous collapse and was institutionalised , causing financial difficulties for the family. Regardless, Toynbee achieved first class honours in mods and in greats and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. From 1911 to 1912, he toured Italy and Greece to study the classical landscape and remains that "he had thitherto known only through books". In 1912, having returned from his travels, Toynbee

324-688: A 4th-century B.C. inscription from Dodona ( SGDI 1336). They are reported on the above ancient sources in the historical context of the Peloponnesian War , the Roman-Illyrian Wars , the first Roman-Macedonian War , and the 167 BC Roman settlement of Macedonia. Thucydides (5th century BC), describing the Acarnanian campaign of 429 B.C., lists the Epirote forces; among them the Atintantes, as well as

432-643: A Christian moralist than of a historian. In his 2011 article for the Journal of History titled "Globalization and Global History in Toynbee," historian Michael Lang wrote: Toynbee's work, however, continues to be referenced by some classical historians, because "his training and surest touch is in the world of classical antiquity." His roots in classical literature are also manifested by similarities between his approach and that of classical historians such as Herodotus and Thucydides . Comparative history , in which his work

540-400: A Scotsman involved in the first Jacobite uprising of 1715 was recaptured (and executed) because, having escaped, he yet lingered near the place of his captivity in "the hope of recovering his favourite Titus Livius ". The authority supplying information from which possible vital data on Livy can be deduced is Eusebius of Caesarea , a bishop of the early Christian Church . One of his works

648-603: A book on geography and a daughter married Lucius Magius, a rhetorician. Titus Livius died at his home city of Patavium in AD 17. The tombstone of Livy and his wife might have been found in Padua. Livy's only surviving work is commonly known as History of Rome (or Ab Urbe Condita , 'From the Founding of the City';). Together with Polybius it is considered one of the main accounts of

756-495: A century after Livy's time, described the Emperor Augustus as his friend. Describing the trial of Cremutius Cordus , Tacitus represents him as defending himself face-to-face with the frowning Tiberius as follows: I am said to have praised Brutus and Cassius , whose careers many have described and no one mentioned without eulogy. Titus Livius, pre-eminently famous for eloquence and truthfulness, extolled Cn. Pompeius in such

864-561: A certain degree of Hellenization through contact with their Greek neighbours, she also argued (2002) that they were conceivably closely associated in terms of language with those tribes. The Atintanes are mentioned in classical antiquity by Thucydides (2.80.6), Pseudo-Skylax (26), Pseudo-Aristotle ( Mir. 833a 9), Lycophron ( Alexandra 1042–1046), Polybius (2.5; 11.11; 7.9.13), Strabo (7.7.8 Baladié), Livy (27.30.13; 29.12.13; 45.30.7), Appian ( Illyrike 7–8), Polyaenus (4.11.4), Stephanus of Byzantium ( s.v. Ἀτιντάνία) and on

972-442: A common pastime. He was familiar with the emperor Augustus and the imperial family. Augustus was considered by later Romans to have been the greatest Roman emperor, benefiting Livy's reputation long after his death. Suetonius described how Livy encouraged the future emperor Claudius , who was born in 10 BC, to write historiographical works during his childhood. Livy's most famous work was his history of Rome . In it he narrates

1080-502: A complete history of the city of Rome, from its foundation to the death of Augustus. Because he was writing under the reign of Augustus, Livy's history emphasizes the great triumphs of Rome. He wrote his history with embellished accounts of Roman heroism in order to promote the new type of government implemented by Augustus when he became emperor. In Livy's preface to his history, he said that he did not care whether his personal fame remained in darkness, as long as his work helped to "preserve

1188-732: A delegate to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, where he helped shape the Treaty of Sèvres . He was present at the meeting at the Hotel Majestic when Lionel Curtis proposed the formation of an Institute of International Affairs, resulting in the formation of Chatham House in London and The Council on Foreign Relations in New York. Following the end of the First World War , he returned to

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1296-422: A despotic minority. According to an Editor's Note in an edition of Toynbee's A Study of History, Toynbee believed that societies always die from suicide or murder rather than natural causes; and nearly always the former. He sees the growth and decline of civilizations as a spiritual process, writing that "Man achieves civilization, not as a result of superior biological endowment or geographical environment, but as

1404-688: A district on the border between Illyria and Epirus, and he located the Atintani around Antigonea and Byllis . E. Shehi (2015) locates the Atintanes in southern Illyria, and he accepted the possibility of the inclusion of three main koina among the Atintanes: the Bylliones , the Amantes , and the Atintanes proper. Timothy Edward Schaefer (2015) considers Atinania as a part of Epirus. Cartography by L. Martinez-Sève shows

1512-422: A large area between Illyria, Epirus and Macedonia, consisting of Atintania, Parauaea and Tymphaea , which according to M. P. Dausse (2015) can be considered a border or "intermediate area", as also stated by P. Cabanes. Dausse argued that the border between Illyrians and Epirotes depends on the location of the Atintanes, however it seems very difficult to set clear limits in those regions, especially because little

1620-452: A mixed zone; though part of Illyria, according to him it was a cultural extension of Greek speaking Epirus. C. Habicht (1995) considered Atintania an Illyrian region. S. Thiry (2001) listed the Atintanes among the Epirotes. T. J. Winnifrith (2002) associated the diverse positions of Atintanes reported in ancient accounts with peaceful transhumans activity, but he also stated that two tribes with

1728-530: A nephew of the 19th-century economist Arnold Toynbee (1852–1883), and a descendant of prominent British intellectuals for several generations. Having won a scholarship, he was educated at Winchester College , an all-boys independent boarding school in Winchester, Hampshire. From 1907 to 1911, having won a scholarship to Oxford University, he read literae humaniores (i.e. classics ) at Balliol College, Oxford . Early in Toynbee's degree, his father suffered

1836-467: A panegyric that Augustus called him Pompeianus, and yet this was no obstacle to their friendship. Livy's reasons for returning to Padua after the death of Augustus (if he did) are unclear, but the circumstances of Tiberius 's reign certainly allow for speculation. During the Middle Ages , due to the length of the work, the literate class was already reading summaries rather than the work itself, which

1944-561: A protectorate on the conquered Illyrian lands, the Greek cities of Apollonia and Epidamnus , Corfu , as well as Atintanis. The following years they supported the campaign of Demetrius of Pharos but after his defeat Atintania returned to Roman control. The region became a disputed zone between Romans and Macedon. In the Treaty of Phoenice , 205 BC, Atintania was assigned to the Macedonian Kingdom . As such it appears that it remained part of

2052-555: A region between Byllis and Dassaretis, without the Drino valley, and considered them the southernmost Illyrian people, on the border with Epirus. According to M.B. Hatzopoulos, the Atintanes, together with the Chaonians constitute the northernmost Epirote community. Hatzopoulos considers that to their north, and between them and the Parthini , Taulantians and the (Illyrian) Dassaretii , existed

2160-460: A response to a challenge in a situation of special difficulty which rouses him to make a hitherto unprecedented effort." Named after Arnold J. Toynbee, the [Toynbee Prize] Foundation was chartered in 1987 'to contribute to the development of the social sciences , as defined from a broad historical view of human society and of human and social problems.' In addition to awarding the Toynbee Prize,

2268-416: A result, standard information in a standard rendition is used, which gives the impression of a standard set of dates for Livy. There are no such dates. A typical presumption is of a birth in the 2nd year of the 180th Olympiad and a death in the first year of the 199th Olympiad, which are coded 180.2 and 199.1 respectively. All sources use the same first Olympiad , 776/775–773/772 BC by the modern calendar. By

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2376-637: A search for the now missing books. Laurentius Valla published an amended text initiating the field of Livy scholarship. Dante speaks highly of him in his poetry, and Francis I of France commissioned extensive artwork treating Livian themes; Niccolò Machiavelli 's work on republics , the Discourses on Livy , is presented as a commentary on the History of Rome . Respect for Livy rose to lofty heights. Walter Scott reports in Waverley (1814) as an historical fact that

2484-641: A secularised West. A heated debate ensued, and an editorial in The Times promptly attacked Toynbee for treating communism as a "spiritual force". Toynbee was a leading analyst of developments in the Middle East. His support for Greece and hostility to the Turks during World War I had gained him an appointment to the Koraes Chair of Modern Greek and Byzantine History at King's College, University of London . However, after

2592-516: A similar name may have existed. He also classifies the Atitanians among the Epirote tribes. Sasel Kos (2002) included the Atintanians among the most outstanding Illyrian peoples who conceivably were closely related with each other in terms of culture, institutions and language. She placed them somewhere in the hinterland of Epidamnus and south of it though she argued that the location of the Atintanians

2700-460: A society capable of carrying out large-scale irrigation projects; or social, as when the Catholic Church resolved the chaos of post-Roman Europe by enrolling the new Germanic kingdoms in a single religious community. When civilisations responded to challenges, they grew; but they disintegrated when their leaders stopped responding creatively, sinking into nationalism, militarism, and the tyranny of

2808-407: Is a matter of dispute. Kirgin (2006) located Atintania on the area to the east of Apollonia and he mentioned the Atintanes as an Illyrian tribe. M. Dieterle (2007) considered that Atintania was part of Epirus, and together with Chaonia and Parauaea comprised the northern Epirote tribal region. Stocker (2009) notes that Pseudo-Scylax recorded the Atintanes as a tribe dwelling in the hinterland and to

2916-474: Is an overall consensus in scholarship that the Greek-speaking population of Epirus, including the Atintanes, spoke a Northwestern Doric variety similar to that spoken by several neighbouring peoples of central and western Greece. Papamichail (2020) states that a number of variation existed in the speech of those tribes nevertheless their language was based on Doric Greek. N. G. L. Hammond (1977), who proposed

3024-680: Is awarded every other year for work that makes a significant contribution to the study of global history. The recipients have been Raymond Aron , Lord Kenneth Clark , Sir Ralf Dahrendorf , Natalie Zemon Davis , Albert Hirschman , George Kennan , Bruce Mazlish , J. R. McNeill , William McNeill , Jean-Paul Sartre , Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. , Barbara Ward , Lady Jackson , Sir Brian Urquhart , Michael Adas , Christopher Bayly , and Jürgen Osterhammel . Livy Titus Livius ( Latin: [ˈtɪtʊs ˈliːwiʊs] ; 59 BC – AD 17), known in English as Livy ( / ˈ l ɪ v i / LIV -ee ),

3132-561: Is known about some peoples to precisely locate them. L. Martinez-Sève (2017) depicted Atintania on the lower valley of the Aoos, between Apollonia and Orikos . C. J. King (2017) considered the Atintani as an Illyrian tribe, and located Atintania alternatively in Illyria, Epirus or in Upper Macedonia ( Macedon 's westernmost meris around Lake Lycnhidos ). P. Filos (2017) listed the Atintanes among

3240-523: Is not certain. M.P. Castiglioni (2003) considered that the area suggested by Cabanes would seem in accordance with the data from Lycophron , and for a more in-depth analysis on the location she referred the reader to Hatzopoulos (1993). The collective work Index du bulletin épigraphique, 1987 - 2001 (2005) published by the Association des études grecques and Universite de Paris IV, Sorbonne classifies Atintantes as an Epirote tribe though their precise location

3348-489: Is often categorised, has been in the doldrums. Toynbee is thanked in the acknowledgment section of Mark Lane 's Rush to Judgment (1966), which critiques the official explanation of the assassination of John F. Kennedy , for having been "kind enough to read the manuscript and make suggestions" to the book. While the writing of the Study was underway, Toynbee produced numerous smaller works and served as Director of Studies of

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3456-632: The Chronographia , a summary of history in annalist form, and the Chronikoi Kanones , tables of years and events. St. Jerome translated the tables into Latin as the Chronicon , probably adding some information of his own from unknown sources. Livy's dates appear in Jerome's Chronicon. The main problem with the information given in the manuscripts is that, between them, they often give different dates for

3564-584: The Bylliones and the Amantes ), Stocker argues that the proposed Illyrian koinon was more likely limited in size to the southern, non-Greek speaking area of Illyria that did not include Epirus, since the latter was Greek speaking. According to Burton (2011) the Atintani were located in the Illyrian interior. Heinz Warnecke (2014) considers the Atintanians as a tribe residing inland in northwestern Epirus. V. Parker (2014) considered Atintania as an inland region of Illyria. R. Waterfield (2014) considered Atintania as

3672-488: The Charity Organization Society , and his wife Sarah Edith Marshall (1859–1939). His mother took the equivalent of an undergraduate degree in English history at Cambridge University, when higher education for women was unusual and before women were allowed to graduate from the university, and his sister Jocelyn Toynbee was an archaeologist and art historian. Arnold Toynbee was a grandson of Joseph Toynbee ,

3780-703: The Greco-Turkish War , an experience that resulted in the publication of The Western Question in Greece and Turkey . In 1925 he became Research Professor of International History at the London School of Economics . In 1929 he became Director of Studies at the Royal Institute of International Affairs ( Chatham House ), a post he held until 1956. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA) in 1937. He

3888-617: The Molossians (c. 300 BC) indicating that by the end of the 4th century the Atintanes were not part of the Epirote confederacy. At 295 B.C. Pyrrhus of Epirus detached Atintanis and made it a part of the Epirote Kingdom again. In 231 B.C. the Chaonian capital of Phoenice was raided by the Illyrians of Teuta . Those inhabitants of the city who survived the attack and slavery managed to flee to

3996-474: The Roman army . However, he was educated in philosophy and rhetoric. It seems that Livy had the financial resources and means to live an independent life, though the origin of that wealth is unknown. He devoted a large part of his life to his writings, which he was able to do because of his financial freedom. Livy was known to give recitations to small audiences, but he was not heard of to engage in declamation , then

4104-597: The Second Punic War . When he began this work he was already past his youth, probably 33; presumably, events in his life prior to that time had led to his intense activity as a historian. He continued working on it until he left Rome for Padua in his old age, probably in the reign of Tiberius after the death of Augustus. Seneca the Younger says he was an orator and philosopher and had written some historical treatises in those fields. History of Rome also served as

4212-607: The Survey of International Affairs, a "bible" for international specialists in Britain. He is best known for his 12-volume A Study of History (1934–1961). With his prodigious output of papers, articles, speeches and presentations, and numerous books translated into many languages, Toynbee was widely read and discussed in the 1940s and 1950s. Toynbee was born on 14 April 1889 in London , England, to Harry Valpy Toynbee (1861–1941), secretary of

4320-657: The University of London , specialising in the Byzantine Empire and Modern Greek studies and being appointed to the Koraes Professor of Modern Greek and Byzantine History, Language and Literature at King's College London in 1919. He would ultimately resign from the chair in 1924, following an academic dispute (see subsection on Greece below). In 1921 and 1922 he was the Manchester Guardian correspondent during

4428-957: The 4th Macedonian meris the following years. The Atintanes received sacred Greek envoys as part of the Epirote League in c. 220-189 B.C. In 167 B.C. after the Romans defeated the Macedonians at Pydna , they captured a total of seventy settlements of the Molossians and the Atintanians and sold 150,000 men into slavery. As part of the invasion of Epirus by the Romans the later continued with the destruction of Atintania, Molossis as well as east Chaonia even after 157 B.C. Katsikoudis, Nikos (2000). "Το θέατρο στην αρχαία Ήπειρο" (PDF) . Dodona (18) . Retrieved 3 December 2020 . Arnold J. Toynbee Arnold Joseph Toynbee CH FBA ( / ˈ t ɔɪ n b i / ; 14 April 1889 – 22 October 1975)

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4536-429: The Atintanes among the Illyrian peoples, barbarians, located to the north of Chaonia . In the lexicon "Ethnika" of Stephanus of Byzantium (6th century AD), Atintania appears as a region of Macedonia, named after Atintan, a son of Makednos in the version of Lycaon. The tradition of an eponymous Atintan, as the son of Makednos, was probably created during the reign of Philip V of Macedon (238–179 BC) in order to tighten

4644-530: The Atintanes are mentioned as "barbarians" not in the sense that their culture, customs or behavior were in diametrical opposition to Greek norms but rather because of their seemingly more primitive way of life marked them as "failed Greeks". The Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax (4th century BC) locates the Atintanes inland in contact with the Amantes and the Chaonians to their west and the area of Idonia (by some authors interpreted as Dodonia ) to their south. The poem Alexandra by Lycophron (3rd century BC) locates

4752-618: The Chairman) at Oxford until 1941 when Ivison Macadam took over the role from Curtis. There were four deputy directors. The four Deputy Directors were Alfred Zimmern , George N. Clark , Herbert J. Patton and Charles K. Webster and a number of experts in its nineteen divisions. It was moved to the Foreign Office 1943–46. While on a visit in Berlin in 1936 to address the Law Society, Toynbee

4860-520: The Chaones, Thesprotians, Molossians, Paravaii, and Orestae, as "barbarians" living north-west from the Greek lands. They are listed along with the Molossians under the same commander, one Sabylinthos. Thucydides depicts a clear distinction between the Hellenic contingents and the barbarian forces, while Macedonian troops are mentioned immediately after the list of the barbarian forces. It has been suggested that

4968-581: The Epirote "Atintanes", located by him somewhere around the upper valley of the Drino ; and the Illyrian "Atintani", located by him in the Çermenikë area in Central Albania. According to Hammond, the Epirote "Atintanes" are the tribe who appears in the accounts of western Greek campaigns of the Spartan admiral Knemos in 429, as reported by Thycydides, and who are also named by Pseudo-Scylax, Lycophron and Strabo, while

5076-615: The Epirote tribes in contrast to the Illyrian Parthini. Martin Nilsson (1986) considers them as an Epirote tribe of [ancient] north-western Greece. F. Papazoglou and Pierre Cabanes stated that there was only one tribe with the name Atintanians and that the area they inhabited was located in the mountain ranges between the Aous ( Vjosë ) and the Apsus ( Osum ) rivers. Cabanes (1988) located Atintania in

5184-517: The Foreign Office, and in 1917 he published a memorandum with his colleague Lewis Namier which supported exclusive Jewish political rights in Ottoman Palestine. He expressed support for Jewish immigration to Palestine , which he believed had "begun to recover its ancient prosperity" as a result. Historian Isaiah Friedman felt Toynbee had been influenced by the Palestine Arab delegation which

5292-684: The Foreign Press and Research Service of the Institute worked closely with the Foreign Office to provide intelligence for and to work closely with the Foreign Office dedicating their research to the war effort under the Chairmanship of Waldorf Astor . The formal remit of Chatham House for the FPRS at Balliol was: 1. To review the press overseas. 2. To “produce at the request of the Foreign Office, and

5400-423: The German National Socialists' account might be, not that they had exterminated a majority of the Western Jews, but that they had caused the surviving remnant of Jewry to stumble." In 1971 and '73, Toynbee met and corresponded with Daisaku Ikeda , president of the Soka Gakkai International . Their dialogue was later edited and presented in the form of a book, Choose Life . The handsome payment he received from

5508-485: The Greek-speaking minor tribes of Epirus. A. V. Vasilyev (2018) locates Atintania in Illyria. Jaupaj (2019) lists the Atintanes among the southern Illyrian tribes that inhabited a large territory reached as far as the area of Dodona at some point. According to him the Atintanes probably formed a larger koinon which may have included both Illyrian and Epirotic tribes and was reduced in territory over time as its communities formed their own polities. Hatzopoulos (2020) described

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5616-422: The Illyrian "Atintani" are the tribe who appears in the accounts of Cassander's operations against Epidamnus in 314 BC, as reported by Polyaenus, and of the later Roman-Illyrian and Roman-Macedonian wars, as reported by Polybius, Appian and Livy. Hammond placed the boundary between the Epirote Atintanes and the Molossians at the upper Kalamas river as far as Kalpaki . According to Dause Hammond's view about

5724-521: The Pindus range would give a quite weird shape to the Roman protectorate that included them. Also the Atintanian particular form of treachery, being unreliable components of the Roman protectorate, is not suitable for a southern location, since the Atintanes were detached from the Roman protectorate both by the Illyrian kingdom of the Ardiaei and by the kingdom of Macedon . Due to controversial and contradicting information provided by ancient authors N. G. L. Hammond proposed two distinct homonymous tribes:

5832-433: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, (from 1929-1956). He also retained his position at the London School of Economics until his retirement in 1956. Toynbee worked for the Political Intelligence Department of the British Foreign Office during World War I and served as a delegate to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. He was Director of Studies at Chatham House from 1929 to 1956. Toynbee

5940-479: The Service and other Departments, memoranda giving the historical and political background on any given situation on which information is desired”. 3. “To provide information on special points desired" (in regards to each country). It provided various reports on foreign press, historical and political background of the enemy and various other topics. Many eminent historians served on the FPRS under Arnold J. Toynbee as its Director and with Lionel Curtis (represented

6048-445: The allegedly megalomaniacal Ikeda prompted the accusation that Toynbee was all too willing, on this occasion and throughout his earlier career, to associate himself with unworthy persons and organizations for money, write historian Louis Turner. In 1984 his granddaughter Polly Toynbee wrote an article for The Guardian regretting her late grandfather's association with Ikeda. With the civilisations as units identified, he presented

6156-464: The allegedly negative portrayal of Judaism in A Study of History , Toynbee's frequent use of the adjective Judaic to describe episodes of "extreme brutality" even where Jews were not involved, as in the Gothic persecution of Christians , Toynbee's reference to the Jewish presence in Palestine at the time of the publication of A Study of History as merely a "fossil remnant," his portrayal of Judaism as fanatical and provincial and as having advanced

6264-575: The allocation of disputed territories, an idea brought to fruition by the postwar use of plebiscites. In his 1915 book Nationality & the War , Toynbee offered various elaborate proposals and predictions for the future of various countries, both European and non-European. For example, he advocated an autonomous Poland in a federal arrangement with Russia, the retention of Austro-Hungarian dominion over Czech and Slovak lands, Austro-Hungarian relinquishment of Galicia , Transylvania , and Bukovina , independence for Bosnia , Croatia , and Slovenia ,

6372-425: The cause of civilization only as a seedbed for Christianity, his view that Zionism offends Jewish piety by attempting to effect a return to the Mideast through secular means rather than entrusting it to a divinely promised Messiah, and certain troubling passages in Toynbee's oeuvres , such as a passage in Vol.8 of A Study of History in which Toynbee wrote that, "On the Day of Judgement, the gravest crime standing to

6480-538: The city was well known for its conservative values in morality and politics. Livy's teenage years were during the 40s BC, a period of civil wars throughout the Roman world . The governor of Cisalpine Gaul at the time, Asinius Pollio , tried to sway Patavium into supporting Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony) , the leader of one of the warring factions during Caesar's Civil War (49-45 BC). The wealthy citizens of Patavium refused to contribute money and arms to Asinius Pollio, and went into hiding. Pollio then attempted to bribe

6588-418: The coastline. At the beginning of the Peloponnesian War (429 B.C.), Atintanes and Molossians appear under the leadership of Sabylinthus , regent of king Tharrhypas , as allies of Sparta against Acarnania . At that time they were subordinate to the Molossians, while they were more loosely connected with the Parauoi and the Orestai . They were the among Epirote tribes that had kings. At 344 B.C. during

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6696-429: The connection between the Macedonian authorities and Atintanians. There is no consensus in current scholarship on the origin and precise location of the Atintanes. Modern scholarship mentions the Atintanes either as one of the various Epirote tribes or in connection with the Illyrians. They also appear sometimes as Epirotes and other times as Macedonians, based on which neighbouring state gained control of their area. In

6804-411: The division of Bessarabia between Russia and Romania and joint use by those two countries of the port of Odessa , Russian acquisition of Outer Mongolia and the Tarim Basin in central Asia and of Pontus and the Armenian Vilayets in the Ottoman Empire , a strong, independent, central government in Persia. and a Russo-British partitioning of Afghanistan . Michael Lang says that for much of

6912-424: The driving force behind the "northern theory" regarding the Etruscans' origins. This is because in the book Livy states, "The Greeks also call them the 'Tyrrhene' and the 'Adriatic ... The Alpine tribes are undoubtedly of the same kind, especially the Raetii, who had through the nature of their country become so uncivilized that they retained no trace of their original condition except their language, and even this

7020-431: The early 20th century, M. Holleaux sketched Atintania on the middle valley of the Aoos . P. Lévêque located the Atintanes on the middle valley of the Aoos similarly to Holleaux, but he also included the valley of the Drino . A. J. Toynbee located the Atintanes in Epirus, between the Chaonians and the Parauaioi ; according to him they were an authentic Epirote people. H. Kreissig (1984) stressed that they were among

7128-399: The existence of two different Atintanes/Atintani tribes and their location seems to be abandoned. Hatzopoulos states that although the specific view is "understandable" it is "unacceptable and unnecessary". S. Kos considered Cabanes' proposal seemingly more likely than Hammond's one. M.B. Hatzopoulos (1993) did not accept Hammond's proposal of two distinct tribes, and he located the Atintanes on

7236-407: The existence of two distinct homonymous tribes – the Epirotic Atintanes and the Illyrian Atintani, stated that the Epirotic Atintanes spoke Greek at least from the time of the Dorian invasion as the rest of the Doric tribes that share the common suffix -anes in their name. Marjeta Šašel Kos (2005) has argued that the Atintanes spoke a language similar to other southern Illyrian tribes which acquired

7344-428: The first six volumes sold over 300,000 copies in the US. Toynbee appeared on the cover of Time magazine in 1947, with an article describing his work as "the most provocative work of historical theory written in England since Karl Marx's Capital ". He became a regular commentator for the BBC on the then-current hostility between east and west and on non-western views of the western world. Toynbee's overall theory

7452-410: The foundation sponsors scholarly engagement with global history through sponsorship of sessions at the annual meeting of the American Historical Association , of international conferences, of the journal New Global Studies and of the Global History Forum. The Toynbee Prize is an honorary award, recognising social scientists for significant academic and public contributions to humanity. Currently, it

7560-560: The future emperor Claudius , he encouraged to take up the writing of history. Livy was born in Patavium in northern Italy , now modern Padua , probably in 59 BC. At the time of his birth, his home city of Patavium was the second wealthiest on the Italian peninsula, and the largest in the province of Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy). Cisalpine Gaul was merged in Italy proper during his lifetime and its inhabitants were given Roman citizenship by Julius Caesar . In his works, Livy often expressed his deep affection and pride for Patavium, and

7668-424: The history of each in terms of challenge-and-response, a process he proposed as a scientific law of history. Civilizations arose in response to some set of extreme challenges, when "creative minorities" devised new solutions that reoriented their entire society. Challenges and responses were physical, as when the Sumerians exploited the intractable swamps of southern Iraq by organising the Neolithic inhabitants into

7776-451: The land of the Atintanes near the city of Amantia , which corresponds to the hinterland of Apollonia . Strabo (1st century BC – 1st century AD) based on Hecateus ' account (6th century BC) listed them among the fourteen Epirote tribes, drawing a border between them and the Illyrians to the north. According to Livy (1st century BC – 1st century AD) Atintania formed part of Upper Macedonia in terms of Roman administration. Upper Macedonia

7884-549: The location proposed by M. Holleaux and P. Lévêque as "obvious and after all roughly correct solution", however he stated that in his proposal "Lévêque added the valley of the Drynos for no good reason". Winnifrith (2021) concludes that the location of the Atintanes or Atintani is not clear and states that it is odd to locate the Illyrian Atintanes too far south in Epirote territory, as their presumed domicile in southern Albania or

7992-508: The memory of the deeds of the world’s preeminent nation." Because Livy was mostly writing about events that had occurred hundreds of years earlier, the historical value of his work was questionable, although many Romans came to believe his account to be true. Livy was married and had at least one daughter and one son. He also produced other works, including an essay in the form of a letter to his son, and numerous dialogues, most likely modelled on similar works by Cicero . One of his sons wrote

8100-579: The only surviving representatives of any of the pre-Arab inhabitants of Palestine, had a further claim to a national home in Palestine," but even so Toynbee felt the Balfour Declaration had guaranteed that such a claim was valid "only in so far as it can be implemented without injury to the rights and to the legitimate interests of the native Arab population of Palestine." Although not the official view of Chatham House which discussed numerous opinions on

8208-424: The outbreak of nuclear war." Though Toynbee co-authoured papers with and commissioned articles from Jewish scholars, and included Jewish friends among those whom he praised in his book Acquaintances , Toynbee's views on Judaism and Middle East politics prompted allegations of antisemitism. Abba Eban 's 1955 speech The Toynbee Heresy , for example, bases the accusation of antisemitism on, among other things,

8316-511: The reader to Hammond (1989). In the context of post-Myceanaean era migration N.G.L. Hammond stated that the Atintanes were among those Doric tribes that did not followed the Dorian invaders in southern Greece but stayed in Epirus. A. J. Toynbee suggested the possibility that the Atintanes were connected with the Paeonian Tyntenoi that were pushed from the region of northern Macedonia towards

8424-574: The reign of Philip II of Macedon their region passed from Epirote to Macedonian control. In 330 B.C. the Atintanes formed the core of the Epirote state , together with the Molossians, Thesprotians, and the Cassopaeans. In epigraphy, Kleomachos the Atintanian was given ateleia in Epirus by the symmachoi (allies) of Epirotes , when king was Neoptolemus son of Alexander and Derkas, prostatas ( archon ) of

8532-562: The reign of Augustus, who came to power after a civil war with generals and consuls claiming to be defending the Roman Republic , such as Pompey . Patavium had been pro-Pompey. To clarify his status, the victor of the civil war, Octavian Caesar , had wanted to take the title Romulus (the first king of Rome) but in the end accepted the senate proposal of Augustus . Rather than abolishing the republic, he adapted it and its institutions to imperial rule. The historian Tacitus , writing about

8640-522: The result of bad feelings he harboured toward the city of Patavium from his experiences there during the civil wars. Livy probably went to Rome in the 30s BC, and it is likely that he spent a large amount of time in the city after this, although it may not have been his primary home. During his time in Rome, he was never a senator nor held a government position. His writings contain elementary mistakes on military matters, indicating that he probably never served in

8748-481: The rise and fall of 26 civilisations in the course of human history, and he concluded that they rose by responding successfully to challenges under the leadership of creative minorities composed of elite leaders. A Study of History was both a commercial and an academic success. In the US alone, more than 7,000 sets of the ten-volume edition were sold by 1955. A 1947 one-volume 1947 abridgement by David Churchill Somervell of

8856-578: The same events or different events, do not include the same material entirely, and reformat what they do include. A date may be in Ab Urbe Condita or in Olympiads or in some other form, such as age. These variations may have occurred through scribal error or scribal license. Some material has been inserted under the aegis of Eusebius . The topic of manuscript variants is a large and specialized one, on which authors of works on Livy seldom care to linger. As

8964-511: The same year. He died on 22 October 1975, age 86. In his 1915 book Nationality & the War , Toynbee argued that any eventual postwar peace settlement should be guided by the principle of nationality . In Chapter IV of his 1916 book The New Europe: Essays in Reconstruction , Toynbee argued against the competing principle of "natural borders." Toynbee encouraged the use of plebiscites for

9072-657: The slaves of those wealthy citizens to expose the whereabouts of their masters; his bribery did not work, and the citizens instead pledged their allegiance to the Senate . It is therefore likely that the Roman civil wars prevented Livy from pursuing a higher education in Rome or going on a tour of Greece , which was common for adolescent males of the nobility at the time. Many years later, Asinius Pollio derisively commented on Livy's "patavinity", saying that Livy's Latin showed certain "provincialisms" frowned on at Rome. Pollio's dig may have been

9180-485: The south of Apollonia, inland from the coast, and that he mentioned no tribe in the immediate proximity of the apoikia . According to her there is no evidence about Cabanes' view that Atintanes controlled the Myzeqe plain and Apollonia. Stocker also questions the claim about their inclusion in a southern Illyrian koinon; commenting on the suggestion concerning a koinon that included three proposed Illyrian tribes (the Atintanes,

9288-576: The start of the First World War , Toynbee was found, because of a bout of dysentery after his return from Greece, to be unfit for military service. In 1915, he began working for the intelligence department of the British Foreign Office . He worked under Viscount Bryce to investigate the Ottoman atrocities against the Armenians and wrote a number of pro- Allied propaganda leaflets. He served as

9396-550: The territory of the Atintanes to seek for available reinforcements. Atintania was possibly ceded to Teuta by the League of the Epirotes at 230 B.C. probably as part of an agreement with her. When in 229 BC the First Illyrian War broke out between Rome and Illyrian queen Teuta, as well as Parthinians, the Atintanians took advantage of this situation and put themselves under Roman protection. After this conflict, in 229-228 BC Rome set

9504-578: The then evolving situation, Toynbee came to be known, by his own admission, as "the Western spokesman for the Arab cause." The views Toynbee expressed in the 1950s continued to oppose the formation of a Jewish state, partly out of his concern that it would increase the risk of Middle East conflict with the Jews and Arabs and could lead to a nuclear confrontation.Toynbee in his article "Jewish Rights in Palestine", challenged

9612-687: The tribal ethnikon Tyntenoi attested in coinage and inscriptions, while N.G.L Hammond has argued that it is linked to the Illyrian Atintani as according to him Tyntenoi is an Ionic form of Atintani. The ending -anes in Doric Greek (-enes in Ionic) is a typical feature in the name of various Doric tribes that participated in the migrations of the Greek Dark Ages (1100-800 B.C.) with many of them originating from Epirus. According to Filos (2017), there

9720-544: The twentieth century, Toynbee was perhaps the world's most read, translated, and discussed living scholar. His output was enormous, hundreds of books, pamphlets, and articles. Of these, scores were translated into thirty different languages....the critical reaction to Toynbee constitutes a veritable intellectual history of the midcentury: we find a long list of the period's most important historians, Beard , Braudel , Collingwood , and so on. In his best-known work, A Study of History , published 1934–1961, Toynbee examined

9828-548: The upper and middle valley of the Aoos, stretching up to the confluence of this river with the Drino. George Mallios (2011) agrees with Hammond that the Atintanians were Epirotes and not connected to the Illyrians. P. J. Burton (2011) considered the Atintani as an Illyrian people, specifying that for the identification of the tribe involved with Rome as the Illyrian Atintani, as opposed to the Epirote Atintanes, he referred

9936-685: The views of the editor of the Jewish Quarterly Review , historian and talmudic scholar Solomon Zeitlin , who published his rebuke, "Jewish Rights in Eretz Israel (Palestine)" in the same issue. However, as a result of Toynbee's debate in January 1961 with Yaakov Herzog , the Israeli ambassador to Canada, Toynbee softened his view and called on Israel, by then established, to fulfil its special "mission to make contributions to worldwide efforts to prevent

10044-476: The war he accused Greece's military government in occupied Turkish territory of atrocities and massacres. This earned him the enmity of the wealthy Greeks who had endowed the chair, and in 1924 he was forced to resign the position. His stance during World War I reflected less sympathy for the Arab cause and took a pro-Zionist outlook. Toynbee investigated Zionism in 1915 at the Information Department of

10152-586: Was a Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled Ab Urbe Condita , ''From the Founding of the City'', covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome before the traditional founding in 753 BC through the reign of Augustus in Livy's own lifetime. He was on good terms with members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty and was a friend of Augustus , whose young grandnephew,

10260-636: Was a summary of world history in ancient Greek , termed the Chronikon , dating from the early 4th century AD. This work was lost except for fragments (mainly excerpts), but not before it had been translated in whole and in part by various authors such as St. Jerome . The entire work survives in two separate manuscripts, Armenian and Greek (Christesen and Martirosova-Torlone 2006). St. Jerome wrote in Latin. Fragments in Syriac exist. Eusebius ' work consists of two books:

10368-460: Was an English historian, a philosopher of history , an author of numerous books and a research professor of international history at the London School of Economics and King's College London . From 1918 to 1950, Toynbee was considered a leading specialist on international affairs ; from 1929 to 1956 he was the Director of Studies at Chatham House , in which position he also produced 34 volumes of

10476-580: Was co-editor with his research assistant, Veronica M. Boulter, of the RIIA's annual Survey of International Affairs, from 1922-1956. It became the "bible" for international specialists in Britain. At the outbreak of the Second World War the institute was decentralised for security reasons, with many of the staff moving to Balliol College, Oxford from Chatham House's main buildings in St James's Square . There,

10584-406: Was elected a fellow of his alma mater Balliol College, Oxford, and appointed a tutor in ancient history. Unusually for a British classical scholar of that time, his interests crossed Greek and Roman civilisation, and ranged from Bronze Age Greece to the Byzantine Empire . He also combined traditional classical literary scholarship with the emerging discipline of classical archaeology . At

10692-571: Was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1941 and an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1949. His first marriage was to Rosalind Murray (1890–1967), daughter of Gilbert Murray , in 1913; they had three sons, of whom Philip Toynbee was the second. They divorced in 1946; Toynbee then married his research assistant, Veronica M. Boulter (1893-1980), in

10800-541: Was invited to a private interview with Adolf Hitler at Hitler's request. During the interview, which was held a day before Toynbee delivered his lecture, Hitler emphasized his limited expansionist aim of building a greater German nation, and his desire for British understanding and co-operation with Nazi Germany. Hitler also suggested Germany could be an ally to Britain in the Asia-Pacific region if Germany's Pacific colonial empire were restored. Toynbee believed that Hitler

10908-512: Was located next to Illyria and Epirus, however part of Atinania was certainly found inside Epirus. Appian (2nd century AD) is the only ancient author that specifically refers to the tribe of the Atintani (not Atintanes) using the ethnonym "Illyrian". Hatzopoulos states that this appears in reference to their political situation due to their annexation by Illyrian rulers as already explained by P. Cabanes (1986). Šašel Kos (2005) has argued that Appian may be in agreement with Pseudo-Scylax, who included

11016-575: Was not free from corruption". Thus, many scholars, like Karl Otfried Müller, utilized this statement as evidence that the Etruscans or the Tyrrhenians migrated from the north and were descendants of an Alpine tribe known as the Raeti. Livy's History of Rome was in high demand from the time it was published and remained so during the early years of the empire. Pliny the Younger reported that Livy's celebrity

11124-688: Was sincere and endorsed Hitler's message in a confidential memorandum for the British prime minister and foreign secretary. Toynbee presented his lecture in English, but copies of it were circulated in German by Nazi officials, and it was warmly received by his Berlin audience who appreciated its conciliatory tone. Tracy Philipps , a British 'diplomat' stationed in Berlin at the time, later informed Toynbee that it 'was an eager topic of discussion everywhere'. Back home, some of Toynbee's colleagues were dismayed by his attempts at managing Anglo-German relations. Toynbee

11232-503: Was so widespread, a man from Cádiz travelled to Rome and back for the sole purpose of meeting him. Livy's work was a source for the later works of Aurelius Victor , Cassiodorus , Eutropius , Festus , Florus , Granius Licinianus and Orosius . Julius Obsequens used Livy, or a source with access to Livy, to compose his De Prodigiis , an account of supernatural events in Rome from the consulship of Scipio and Laelius to that of Paulus Fabius and Quintus Aelius. Livy wrote during

11340-467: Was taken up by some scholars, such as Ernst Robert Curtius , as a sort of paradigm in the post-war period. In the opening pages of his own study of medieval Latin literature,. Curtius wrote: After 1960, Toynbee's ideas faded in both academia and in popular culture. His work is seldom cited today. In general, historians pointed to his preference for myths, allegories, and religion over factual data. His critics argued that his conclusions are more those of

11448-511: Was tedious to copy, expensive, and required a lot of storage space. It must have been during this period, if not before, that manuscripts began to be lost without replacement. The Renaissance was a time of intense revival; the population discovered that Livy's work was being lost and large amounts of money changed hands in the rush to collect Livian manuscripts. The poet Beccadelli sold a country home for funding to purchase one manuscript copied by Poggio . Petrarch and Pope Nicholas V launched

11556-631: Was troubled by the Russian Revolution since he saw Russia as a non-Western society and the revolution as a threat to Western society. However, in 1952, he argued that the Soviet Union had been a victim of Western aggression. He portrayed the Cold War as a religious competition that pitted a Marxist materialist heresy against the West's spiritual Christian heritage, which had already been foolishly rejected by

11664-637: Was visiting London in 1922. His subsequent writings reveal his changing outlook on the subject, and by the late 1940s he had moved away from the Zionist concept taking into account the Palestine Arabs' tenure. Toynbee maintained that the Jewish people had neither historic nor legal claims to Palestine, stating that the Arab "population's human rights to their homes and property over-ride all other rights in cases where claims conflict." Toynbee did concede that Jews, "being

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