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116-471: Museum exhibits, events, and programs focus on the evolution of Arizona from Territory to State. The Arizona Takes Shape exhibit provides school-age visitors curriculum-related information for Arizona State History and government studies. The museum has over 20 exhibits featuring contemporary, historical and artifacts from the Arizona state-owned collections. Permanent exhibits include the sinking of USS Arizona ,

232-703: A Confederate Territory of Arizona (CSA) would take control, but in March 1862, Union troops from California captured the Confederate Territory of Arizona and returned it to the New Mexico Territory. The Battle of Picacho Pass , April 15, 1862, was a battle of the Civil War fought in the CSA and one of many battles to occur in Arizona during the war among three sides— Apaches , Confederates and Union forces. In 1863,

348-458: A Chinatown with laundries for the general population and a rich mix of restaurants, groceries, and services for the residents. Chinese and Mexican merchants and farmers transcended racial differences to form 'guanxi,' which were relations of friendship and trust. Chinese leased land from Mexicans, operated grocery stores, and aided compatriots attempting to enter the United States from Mexico after

464-416: A cattle boom in 1873–91, as the herds were expanded from 40,000 to 1.5 million head. However, the drought of 1891–93 killed off over half the cattle and produced severe overgrazing . Efforts to restore the rangeland between 1905 and 1934 had limited success, but ranching continued on a smaller scale. Arizona's last major drought occurred during Dust Bowl years of 1933–34. This time Washington stepped in as

580-494: A coalition to develop the state's water resources, a lifelong interest. A liberal Democrat his entire career, Hayden was elected to Congress in 1912 and moved to the Senate in 1926. Reelection followed every six years as he advanced toward the chairmanship of the powerful Appropriations Committee, which he reached in 1955. His only difficult campaign came in 1962, at age 85, when he defeated a young conservative. He retired in 1968 after

696-479: A congregational space that was used chiefly for ceremonial purposes, was an integral part of this ancient people's community structure. Some of their most impressive structures were built in what is now Arizona. Hohokam ( / h oʊ h oʊ ˈ k ɑː m / ) was a Pre-Columbian culture in the North American Southwest in what is now part of Arizona , United States, and Sonora , Mexico. Hohokam practiced

812-517: A demonstration at Dam Square in Amsterdam. Two people were arrested. A demonstration was also held in Battersea , London. Women's March, along with Planned Parenthood and other abortion-rights groups, organized large-scale marches across the United States on May 14. Women's March supported the national demonstration. Multiple politicians made comments about the protests and those protesting after

928-522: A dozen or so anti-abortion activists. Stephanie Chang spoke at the rally. The rally outside Midland 's County Courthouse was organized by the Women of Michigan Action Network and attended by approximately 150 people. On May 10, several speakers including abortion providers and president of the Detroit City Council were scheduled to speak at Spirit Plaza. Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel left

1044-576: A dramatically decreased population. However, family-based groups took shelter in south facing caves and rock overhangs within canyon walls. Occasionally, these people lived in small semisedentary hamlets in open areas. Evidence of significant occupation has been found in the northern part of Arizona. Archaic cultural traditions include: In the Post-Archaic period, the Ancestral Puebloan , the Hohokam ,

1160-450: A first draft of a majority opinion written by Justice Samuel Alito , the authenticity of which Politico said it had verified. The draft opinion would overturn Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey if held by the majority and thereby finalized in that form. Alito's draft decision called the Roe decision "egregiously wrong from the start" on the grounds that abortion is not listed in

1276-699: A group of anti-abortion activists, met and marched in Union Park and Beverly in Chicago. On May 20, a majority of students at Lake Forest High School in Lake Forest walked out in protest of the leaked draft Supreme Court decision. More than a dozen people gathered at Four Freedoms Monument in Evansville, Indiana . In Indianapolis , pro-abortion rights and anti-abortion protesters gathered outside downtown's federal courthouse. Approximately 30 protesters assembled outside

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1392-615: A head injury. A tactical alert was issued for all LAPD personnel in Los Angeles. By 11 pm, it was downgraded to only cover downtown . On May 7, approximately 100 people rallied in West Hollywood . Approximately 100 students also gathered at Pomona College in Claremont . People assembled at Meyerhoff Park outside Kerckhoff Hall on the UCLA campus. On May 14, a Bans Off Our Bodies protest

1508-721: A highly important function in the United States and must be able to do their jobs without concern for personal safety. The U.S. Capitol Police and the National Fusion Center Association alerted to potential violence in Washington, D.C., against the nine justices and their staffs as well as nationwide against abortion-related advocacy groups and First Amendment -protected events. In May, senators Chris Coons (D-DE) and John Cornyn (R-TX) introduced legislation to allow Supreme Court Police to provide all nine justices and their families 24-hour protection. The bill passed

1624-656: A large area in central Arizona from the Little Colorado River , near Flagstaff , to the Verde River , near Sedona , including the Verde Valley , area around San Francisco Mountain , and significant portions of the Mogollon Rim country, between approximately 500 CE and 1425 CE. Besides ceremonial kivas , their pueblos had large "community rooms" and some featured ballcourts and walled courtyards, similar to those of

1740-572: A museum dedicated to Arizona's history. The original opening of the Arizona Capitol Museum was announced by Governor Bruce Babbitt at his inauguration in 1978 and hosted over 40,000 schoolchildren in that first year in 1979. After a restoration, the building was re-opened as a museum in 1981. In the 1990s, more than $ 3 million was spent to renovate the Capitol and rooms were restored to their original design. Again, due to budget deficits, construction

1856-515: A protest was organized by students on the campus of the University of Washington . California saw protests in Chico , Long Beach , Monterey , Oakland , Orange County , Sacramento , San Francisco, San Luis Obispo , Santa Barbara , Santa Clarita , and Stockton . In Berkeley , students gathered at Sproul Plaza on the University of California campus. On May 14, thousands marched across

1972-693: A rally organized by state representative Michele Rayner and the Pinellas Democratic Progressive Caucus; separately, the Party for Socialism and Liberation in Tampa Bay held an abortion-rights rally that was attended by an estimated 150 to 250 people according to organizers. Approximately 100 people participated in the demonstration outside the Supreme Court of Florida in Tallahassee; the event

2088-720: A record 56 years in Congress. His great achievement was his 41-year battle to enact the Central Arizona Project that would provide water for future growth. The Great Depression of 1929–39 hit Arizona hard. At first local, state and private relief efforts focused on charity, especially by the Community Chest and Organized Charities programs. Federal money started arriving with the Federal Emergency Relief Committee in 1930. Different agencies promoted aid to

2204-419: A result of intense hunting and rapid environmental changes, Late Paleoindian groups would come to rely more on other facets of their subsistence pattern, including increased hunting of bison , mule deer and antelope . Nets and the atlatl to hunt water fowl, ducks , small animals and antelope. Hunting was especially important in winter and spring months when plant foods were scarce. The Archaic time frame

2320-492: A specific culture, sometimes referred to as Hohokam culture , which has been distinguished by archeologists. People who practiced the culture can be called Hohokam as well, but more often, they are distinguished as Hohokam people to avoid confusion. Most archaeologists agree that the Hohokam culture existed between c. 300 and c. 1450 CE, but cultural precursors may have been in the area as early as 300 BC. Whether Hohokam culture

2436-1045: A thousand protesters rallied around the Pittsburgh City-County Building and about 150 rallied in Bethlehem for the Bans Off Our Bodies event. On May 3, protesters gathered at the New York State Capitol in Albany . Kathy Hochul spoke at the event. In Ithaca , approximately 100 people gathered at the Ithaca Commons Bernie Milton Pavilion, including students from Cornell University and Ithaca College . In New York City, more than 1,000 people gathered at Foley Square in Lower Manhattan . Letitia James and students from Trinity School were in attendance. Demonstrators also met at

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2552-475: A wide variety of smaller game animals , fish, and a wide variety of plants. These people were likely characterized by highly mobile bands of approximately 20 or 50 members of an extended family, moving from place to place as resources were depleted and additional supplies needed. Paleoindian groups were efficient hunters and created and carried a variety of tools, some highly specialized, for hunting, butchering and hide processing. These paleolithic people utilized

2668-590: Is Oasisamerica , while the southern span of the Mogollon culture is known as Aridoamerica . The Mogollon culture was one of the major prehistoric Southwestern cultural divisions of the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico . The culture flourished from c.  200 CE , to c. 1450 CE or 1540 CE, when the Spanish arrived . The Sinagua culture was a Pre-Columbian culture that occupied

2784-551: Is defined culturally as a transition from a hunting/gathering lifestyle to one involving agriculture and permanent, if only seasonally occupied, settlements. In the Southwest, the Archaic is generally dated from 8000 years ago to approximately 1800 to 2000 years ago. During this time the people of the southwest developed a variety of subsistence strategies, all using their own specific techniques. The nutritive value of weed and grass seeds

2900-523: Is now Arizona. A few thousand years ago, the Ancestral Puebloan , the Hohokam , the Mogollon and the Sinagua cultures inhabited the state. However, all of these civilizations mysteriously disappeared from the region in the 15th and 16th centuries. Today, countless ancient ruins can be found in Arizona. Arizona was part of the state of Sonora, Mexico from 1822, but the settled population was small. In 1848, under

3016-574: Is typically very careful about any information being leaked, this added to the shock that many people felt when it was released. On June 24, 2022, in a 5–4 decision, the Supreme Court officially overturned Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey . The decision was divisive among the American public, with 55 to 60% "split between those who think that it (abortion) should be mostly legal with some exceptions and mostly illegal but with exceptions" and

3132-524: The Agricultural Adjustment Administration spent $ 100 million to buy up the starving cattle. The Taylor Grazing Act placed federal and state agencies in control of livestock numbers on public lands. Most of the land in Arizona is owned by the federal government which leased grazing land to ranchers at low cost. Ranchers invested heavily in blooded stock and equipment. James Wilson states that after 1950, higher fees and restrictions in

3248-834: The Ann Arbor event was held outside the federal building. Dozens of people attended the rally outside the Theodore Levin United States Courthouse in Detroit, including Cynthia A. Johnson and Rashida Tlaib . Approximately 250 people rallied outside the Kent County Courthouse in Grand Rapids . Approximately 300 people participated in the demonstration at the Michigan State Capitol in Lansing , including

3364-575: The Arizona Territory . The remoteness of the region was eased by the arrival of railroads in 1880. Arizona became a state in 1912 but was primarily rural with an economy based on cattle, cotton, citrus, and copper. Dramatic growth came after 1945, as retirees and young families who appreciated the warm weather and low costs emigrated from the Northeast and Midwest. In the Mexican–American War ,

3480-841: The Barclays Center in Brooklyn , and in New Springville, Staten Island . In Orange County , demonstrators gathered outside of Assemblyman Colin Schmitt's office. In Syracuse , hundreds of people assembled at downtown's federal building. The rally was organized by Women's March Syracuse. On May 7 in Long Island , hundreds protested in Mineola and Central Islip . Speakers included Senator Chuck Schumer , Attorney General Letitia James , Assemblymember Gina Sillitti and State Senator Anna Kaplan at

3596-1009: The Hamilton County Courthouse in Chattanooga . Approximately 100 people gathered at Founders Park in Johnson City . Approximately 100 people gathered outside Knoxville 's Howard H. Baker Jr. Courthouse for the "Knoxville Rally to Defend Roe. Wade", which was organized by the Women's March Coalition and the Knoxville Center for Reproductive Health. Hundreds gathered outside the federal courthouse in Nashville . On May 14, dozens protested in Bristol, Tennessee . Texas saw demonstrations in Amarillo , Austin , Bryan , Dallas , El Paso , Houston , and San Antonio . Dozens gathered outside

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3712-1655: The Kent State University campus in Kent . More than a thousand protesters showed up in Cleveland's Willard Park for the Bans Off Our Bodies march on May 14. On June 12, dozens of abortion rights protestors gathered in Toledo. In Wisconsin, demonstrations were held in La Crosse , Madison , and Milwaukee . On May 22, protesters rallying for abortion rights gathered in Green Bay . On June 12, dozens of abortion rights protestors marched in Greenfield. Connecticut saw protests in Bridgeport , New Haven , and Norwalk . Students and faculty also protested at Quinnipiac University 's Mount Carmel campus in Hamden . In Maine, there were protests in Bangor and Portland . Additionally, students held demonstrations at Bates College in Lewiston and Edward Little High School in Auburn . In Portland, Maine , dozens of abortion rights activists debated and shouted with 5 to 10 anti-abortion protesters at Monument Square on May 13. In Massachusetts, approximately 1,000 people participated in

3828-580: The Merci Train sent by France to the United States following World War II. The French wanted to thank America for sending the Friendship Train : 250 railroad cars full of fuel, oil, and food in 1948 during a time that the European countries were devastated by World War II. Tens of thousands of French citizens donated objects to be sent to the United States and it was decided that because the outpouring of goods

3944-407: The Mexican Revolution in 1910. Chinese merchants helped supply General John Pershing 's army in its expedition against Pancho Villa. Successful Chinese in Tucson led a viable community based on social integration, friendship, and kinship. In February 1903, U.S. Senator Hamilton Kean spoke against Arizona's statehood. He said Mormons who fled from Idaho to Mexico would return to the U.S. and mix in

4060-403: The Mogollon and Sinagua cultures inhabited what is now Arizona. These cultures built structures made out of stone. Some of the structures that these cultures built are called pueblos . Pueblos are monumental structures that housed dozens to thousands of people. In some Ancestral Puebloan towns and villages, Hohokam towns and villages, Mogollon towns and villages, and Sinagua towns and villages,

4176-464: The Nassau County Courthouse . On June 7, topless activists with messages like "Hell no!" and "My Body, My Choice" written on their bodies disrupted a WNBA game between the New York Liberty and the Minnesota Lynx at Barclays Center in Brooklyn. Demonstrations were held in Birmingham, Alabama , Fayetteville, Arkansas , and Wilmington, Delaware . In Maryland, there was a protest in Baltimore , and approximately 100 people gathered outside

4292-492: The Oshara tradition , who developed from the Picosa culture . They lived in a range of structures that included small family pit houses , larger structures to house clans , grand pueblos , and cliff-sited dwellings for defense. The Ancestral Puebloans possessed a complex network that stretched across the Colorado Plateau linking hundreds of communities and population centers. They held a distinct knowledge of celestial sciences that found form in their architecture. The kiva ,

4408-618: The Princeton University campus in Princeton . On May 13, a group of seniors organized a rally attended by former New Jersey State Senator Loretta Weinberg at the Arbor Terrace senior housing center in Teaneck . On May 14, hundreds rallied at Mindowaskin Park in Westfield . On May 16, an abortion-rights rally at Hunterdon Central Regional High School lead to some pushing and shoving between students. Pennsylvania saw protests in Allentown , Lancaster , Philadelphia , and Pittsburgh . Protests were also held in Providence, Rhode Island , and Essex Junction, Vermont . On May 14, nearly

4524-465: The San Francisco Bay Area , being engaged by small numbers of anti-abortion activists. On June 13, an abortion rights protestor was injected with a sedative without consent by the San Francisco police and fire departments, and later filed a lawsuit against the city. Protests in Los Angeles, near Pershing Square , turned violent as demonstrators clashed with the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), resulting in several arrests and an officer receiving

4640-520: The Southern Emigrant Trail pioneered by Cooke, to reach the gold fields in 1849. The Pima Villages often sold fresh food and provided relief to distressed travelers among this throng and to others in subsequent years. Paleo-Indians settled what is now Arizona around 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. According to most archaeologists , the Paleo-Indians initially followed herds of big game— megafauna such as mammoths , mastodons , and bison —into North America. The traveling groups also collected and utilized

4756-659: The Tarrant County Courthouse in Fort Worth . Beto O'Rourke organized an abortion-rights rally that saw thousands gather at Discovery Green in downtown Houston , including some anti-abortion activists. On May 14, a Bans Off Our Bodies rally was held in Austin that featured speakers state Representative Donna Howard and U.S. Representative Lloyd Doggett . On June 5, three activists organized by Rise 4 Abortion Rights stripped down to their underwear during services at megachurch pastor Joel Osteen 's Lakewood Church in Houston. In Virginia , protests were held in Norfolk , Richmond , and Roanoke . Protests were planned by

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4872-437: The Tippecanoe County Courthouse in Lafayette , including state representative Chris Campbell . On May 22, protesters returned to the Four Freedoms Monument in Evansville. In Iowa, there were demonstrations in Cedar Rapids and Des Moines . Additionally, approximately 100 students held a protest at Northview Middle School in Ankeny . Americans for Democratic Action Iowa organized a rally in Waterloo . In Michigan ,

4988-445: The United States Constitution as a protected right, and instead would allow states to decide on abortion restrictions or guarantees under the Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution . Justice Samuel Alito stated the original decision was, "an abuse of judicial authority." The opposing Justices Stephen Breyer , Sonia Sotomayor , and Elena Kagan shared their stance with this statement, "With sorrow — for this Court, but more, for

5104-437: The University of Virginia , Virginia Commonwealth University , and Virginia Tech . Illinois saw protests in Bloomington , Chicago, Peoria , Rockford , and Springfield . On May 7, more than 1,000 abortion-rights protesters met and marched in downtown Chicago. Governor J. B. Pritzker and Lieutenant Governor Juliana Stratton spoke to the crowd in Federal Plaza. On May 14, thousands of abortion rights protesters, and

5220-409: The copper dome. The design is optimized for the desert climate of Arizona, with thick masonry walls that insulate the interior, skylights, and round "bullseye" clerestory windows to let heat out of the legislative chambers. The building is topped with a weather vane similar to the Winged Victory of Samothrace , visible through a skylight from within the rotunda . As Arizona's population has grown,

5336-423: The 1880s made mining even more profitable, and national corporations bought control of the mines and invested in new equipment. Mining operations flourished in numerous boom towns, such as Bisbee, Jerome, Douglas, Ajo and Miami. Arizona's "wild west" reputation was well deserved. Tombstone was a notorious mining town that flourished longer than most, from 1877 to 1929. Silver was discovered in 1877, and by 1881

5452-523: The Californian portion of Arizona became part of Alta California under the Spanish and Mexican governments. Starting in 1853, the entirety of present-day Arizona was part of the New Mexico Territory . In 1849, the California Gold Rush led as many as 50,000 miners to travel across the region, leading to a boom in Arizona's population. In 1850, Arizona and New Mexico formed the New Mexico Territory . In 1853, President Franklin Pierce sent James Gadsden to Mexico City to negotiate with Santa Anna , and

5568-407: The Capitol complex itself has become increasingly crowded. The Senate and House buildings, opened in 1960, have been deteriorating. The Senate, in particular, is prone to constant plumbing problems, and occasionally a broken pipe floods the entire building. The Capitol itself is now used exclusively as a museum, and serves over 70,000 visitors each year, including more than 50,000 school children. In

5684-521: The Capitol included the House and Senate buildings undergo either a drastic rebuilding and expansion or a complete demolition and construction of new facilities for the House and Senate. A past Arizona State University study planned a comprehensive redesign for the entire Capitol mall and complex. History of Arizona The history of Arizona encompasses the Paleo-Indian, Archaic, Post-Archaic, Spanish, Mexican, and American periods. About 10,000 to 12,000 years ago, Paleo-Indians settled in what

5800-473: The Capitol site, to a grander site, as well as a site that will serve the needs of the government more adequately. To date, keeping the integrity of the 1901 building in original condition, including the "cramped" spaces occupied by some of the Senate and the House staff have been the main focus for the Capitol Museum administrator and staff. The building's original usage is part of the state history. Proposals for relocating some office and meeting space back into

5916-453: The Gun (1967), Frank Perry's Doc (1971), George Cosmatos's Tombstone (1993), and Lawrence Kasdan's Wyatt Earp (1994). They solidified Earp's modern reputation as the Old West's deadliest gunman. Jennie Bauters (1862–1905) operated brothels in the Territory from 1896 to 1905. She was an astute businesswoman with an eye for real estate appreciation, and a way with the town fathers of Jerome regarding taxes and restrictive ordinances. She

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6032-422: The Hohokam culture. Since fully developed Sinagua sites emerged in central Arizona around 500 CE, it is believed they migrated from east-central Arizona, possibly emerging from the Mogollon culture. The history of Arizona as recorded by Europeans began in 1539 with the first documented exploration of the area by Marcos de Niza , early work expanded the following year when Francisco Vásquez de Coronado entered

6148-467: The Michigan House in Lansing. On June 12, abortion rights protesters disrupted a Catholic Mass in Eastpointe . In Minnesota, there were demonstrations in Minneapolis and Saint Paul . In Missouri, there were protests in Kansas City , Springfield , Joplin , and St. Louis . A demonstration was held in Omaha, Nebraska . Ohio saw protests in Cincinnati , Columbus , Dayton , Toledo , and Youngstown . Additionally, students gathered at

6264-561: The Navajo and Apache Wars. However, in June 1891, the army had to bring in troops to stop Oraibi from preventing a school from being built on their mesa. After the Civil War, Texans brought large-scale ranching to southern Arizona. They introduced their proven range methods to the new grass country. Texas rustlers also came, and brought lawlessness. Inexperienced ranchers brought poor management, resulting in overstocking, and introduced destructive diseases. Local cattleman organizations were formed to handle these problems. The Territory experienced

6380-404: The O.K. Corral , the most famous gunfight of the Old West. In the aftermath, Virgil Earp was maimed in an ambush and Morgan Earp was assassinated while playing billiards. Walter Noble Burns's novel Tombstone (1927) made Earp famous. Hollywood celebrated Earp's Tombstone days with John Ford's My Darling Clementine (1946), John Sturges's Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957) and Hour of

6496-415: The Santa Fe Railroad reached Grand Canyon's South Rim. With railroad, restaurant and hotel entrepreneur Fred Harvey leading the way, large-scale tourism began that has never abated. The Grand Canyon has become an iconic symbol of the West and the nation as a whole. The Chinese came to Arizona with the construction of the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1880. Tucson was the main railroad center and soon had

6612-401: The U.S. split up New Mexico along a north–south line to create the Arizona Territory . The first government officials to arrive established the territory capital in Prescott in 1864. The capital was later moved to Tucson, back to Prescott, and then to its final location in Phoenix in a series of controversial moves as different regions of the territory gained and lost political influence with

6728-449: The United States does not confer any reproductive rights , thus overturning Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey . On June 24, 2022, the Supreme Court officially overturned Roe and Casey in Dobbs , resulting in further protests outside of the U.S. Supreme Court building and across the country, eventually to major cities across the world both in favor of and against the decision. On May 2, 2022, Politico released

6844-441: The United States bought the remaining southern strip area of Arizona and New Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase . A treaty was signed in Mexico in December 1853, and then, with modifications, approved by the US Senate in June 1854, setting the southern boundary of Arizona and of New Mexico. Before 1846 the Apache raiders expelled most Mexican ranchers. One result was that large herds of wild cattle roamed southeastern Arizona. By 1850,

6960-552: The Virginia League of Planned Parenthood, the groups Shutdown DC and Ruth Sent Us promoted vigils, walk-by and demonstrations outside of Justice Samuel Alito and conservative justices homes in Maryland and Virginia. In Florida, demonstrations were held in Bradenton , Fort Lauderdale , Gainesville , Jacksonville , Miami, Orlando , St. Augustine , St. Petersburg , Tallahassee , Tampa , and West Palm Beach . Approximately 100 people gathered in Stuart . More than 100 people gathered outside St. Petersburg's courthouse for

7076-464: The activities of the Anglo community. Mexican-American women organized to assist their servicemen and the war effort. An underlying goal of the Spanish-American Mothers and Wives Association was the reinforcement of the woman's role in Spanish-Mexican culture. The organization raised thousands of dollars, wrote letters, and joined in numerous celebrations of their culture and their support for Mexican-American servicemen. Membership reached over 300 during

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7192-414: The area as well. The Spanish established a few missions in southern Arizona in the 1680s by Father Eusebio Francisco Kino along the Santa Cruz River , in what was then the Pimería Alta region of Sonora . The Spanish also established presidios in Tubac and Tucson in 1752 and 1775. The area north of the Gila River was governed by the Province of Las California under the Spanish until 1804, when

7308-549: The border with Nevada. It was constructed by the Federal Bureau of Reclamation between 1931 and 1936. It operationalized a schedule of water use set by the Colorado River Compact of 1922 that gave Arizona 19% of the river's water, with 25% to Nevada and the rest to California. Construction of military bases in Arizona was a national priority because of the state's excellent flying weather and clear skies, large amounts of unoccupied land, good railroads, cheap labor, low taxes, and its proximity to California's aviation industry. Arizona

7424-457: The constitution that was rejected by Congress. A new constitution was offered with the problematic provisions removed. Congress then voted to approve statehood, and President Taft signed the statehood bill on February 14, 1912. State residents promptly put the provisions back in. Hispanics had little voice or power. Only one of the 53 delegates at the constitutional convention was Hispanic, and he refused to sign. In 1912 women gained suffrage in

7540-499: The district seat, responded by referencing an ongoing federal investigation into allegations that Gaetz had traveled out of state to have sex with a teenage girl. After protests outside of the homes of Justices John Roberts and Brett Kavanaugh in early May 2022, White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki tweeted that while President Joe Biden was a strong believer in the constitutional right to protest, it should never include violence, threats, or vandalism. Psaki added that Judges were

7656-499: The environment that they lived in near water sources, including rivers, swamps and marshes, which had an abundance of fish, and drew birds and game animals. Big game, including bison , mammoths and ground sloths , also were attracted to these water sources. At the latest by 9500 BCE, bands of hunters wandered as far south as Arizona, where they found a desert grassland and hunted mule deer , antelope and other small mammals. As populations of larger game began to diminish, possibly as

7772-404: The event before being introduced after several of the speakers were interrupted by protesters. On May 14, about 2.000 protesters at the University of Michigan campus in Ann Arbor and 500 protested in downtown Detroit. Hundreds of anti-abortion and abortion-rights protesters marched in front of Grand Rapids City Hall. On June 8, dozens of abortion rights activists protested in the gallery of

7888-410: The event in Worcester , as did members of Pathways for Change. Students from Clark University marched from campus to the Worcester Courthouse. New Hampshire saw protests at the New Hampshire State House in Concord . In New Jersey, hundreds protested in Montclair and at the Somerset County Courthouse in Somerville . Additionally, approximately 100 people gathered outside Nassau Hall on

8004-557: The event showed an expected attendance of 17,000 people and included a march and speakers. On June 6, a man chained himself to a fence in front of the Supreme Court building in support of abortion rights. Alaska saw protests in Anchorage , Fairbanks , and Haines . In Arizona, hundreds protested in Phoenix and Tucson . Additionally, two women organized a demonstration in San Luis, Arizona . In Colorado, there were demonstrations in Aspen , Colorado Springs , Denver , Fort Collins , and Grand Junction . A demonstration

8120-418: The first military post in what is now Arizona . He left Major Electus Backus in charge. Small skirmishes were common between raiding Navajo and counter raiding citizens. In April 1860 one thousand Navajo warriors under Manuelito attacked the fort and were beaten off. The fort was abandoned at the start of the Civil War but was reoccupied in 1863 by Colonel Kit Carson and the 1st New Mexico Infantry. Carson

8236-412: The formal silver service from USS Arizona , a timeline of events pivotal in making Arizona a state, the Governor and Secretary of State's original offices, the historical senate, and house. Visitors can enter the Historic House Chamber where the people can sit at the desks. There is also a room dedicated to the 140 changes in the Arizona Constitution over 100 years of statehood. The Governor's office on

8352-744: The garrison commander avoided conflict with Lieutenant Colonel Cooke and the Mormon Battalion , withdrawing while the Americans marched through the town on their way to California. In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848), Mexico ceded to the U.S. the northern 70% of modern-day Arizona above the Sonora border along the Gila River. During the California Gold Rush , an upwards of 50,000 people traveled through on

8468-574: The growth and development of the territory. In the late 19th century the Army built a series of forts to encourage the Natives to stay in their territory and to act as a buffer from the settlers. The first was Fort Defiance . It was established on September 18, 1851, by Col. Edwin V. Sumner to create a military presence in Diné bikéyah (Navajo territory). Sumner broke up the fort at Santa Fe for this purpose, creating

8584-633: The herds were gone, killed by Apaches, American sportsmen, contract hunting for the towns of Fronteras and Santa Cruz, and roundups to sell to hungry Mexican War soldiers, and forty-niners en route to California. During the Civil War , on March 16, 1861, citizens in southern New Mexico Territory around Mesilla (now in New Mexico) and Tucson invited take-over by the Confederacy . They especially wanted restoration of mail service. These secessionists hoped that

8700-782: The homes of Justices Brett Kavanaugh and John Roberts in Chevy Chase on May 7. In Georgia, there were protests in Athens , Atlanta , and Savannah . Kentucky saw demonstrations in Lexington and Louisville . There was a protest in New Orleans , Louisiana. On May 21, a protest occurred in Augusta . In Mississippi, protests increased in Jackson outside the Jackson Women's Health Organization ,

8816-751: The issue gathered in front of the Federal Courthouse in Eugene. On May 15, about 400 protesters gathered in front of the Oregon State Capitol in Salem for the second annual "Defend Roe" rally, organized by "Pro Choice with Heart." In Utah, protests were held in Salt Lake City and St. George . On May 14, about 4,000 protesters rallied at the Utah State Capitol for a Bans Off Our Bodies protest. In

8932-414: The leaked opinion, with some causing debates and past comments or actions brought into the discussion. Representative Matt Gaetz (R-FL) used Twitter to claim any women participating in the protests were "over-educated, under-loved millennials who sadly return from protests to a lonely microwave dinner with their cats, and no Bumble matches". Rebekah Jones and Margaret Schiller , both Democrats seeking

9048-505: The legislature on each side of the current building. Funding deficits meant the project had to be reduced, so the legislative wings were discarded from the plan and a small lead-alloy top substituted for Gordon's decorative dome. Construction of the Capitol began in 1899 when it broke ground, and it began operation in 1901. The Capitol was built by the Scottish-born Texan contractor Tom Lovell. In 1918 and 1938, expansions were added on

9164-421: The many millions of American women who have today lost a fundamental constitutional protection — we dissent." Shortly after the release of the document, multiple protests occurred in cities throughout the country and outside the U.S. Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C., along with multiple individuals such as lawyers, politicians, and activist groups speaking out about the leaked draft. The Supreme Court

9280-427: The name of land conservation caused a sizable reduction in available grazing land. The ranchers had installed three-fifths of the fences, dikes, diversion dams, cattleguards, and other improvements, but the new rules reduced the value of that investment. In the end, Wilson believes, sportsmen and environmentalists maintained a political advantage by denouncing the ranchers as political corrupted land-grabbers who exploited

9396-478: The night of June 24, 2022, and into the morning of June 25, police and pro-choice activists clashed outside the building in protest of the Supreme Court ruling in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization . The protesters numbered over 5,000 persons. The Arizona Department of Public Safety deployed tear gas and flash bang grenades against the protesters, forcing them to disperse. Arizona Senate Republicans accused

9512-548: The noted Arizona artist Lon Megargee . The train car can be found at the McCormick-Stillman Railroad Park in Scottsdale . The building was created as part of an effort to demonstrate that the Arizona Territory was ready for statehood . A design contest was won by James Riely Gordon , whose original plan called for the Capitol to be much larger, with a more prominent rotunda and large wings for both houses of

9628-445: The past complaints had been made that the site was not pleasing aesthetically, and compare the Senate and House buildings as oversized "bunkers" which eclipse the beauty of the Capitol. A task force appointed by the state legislature in 2007 reported that the complex is "barely" adequate to suit the state's current needs and "wholly" inadequate to suit the state's future needs. As a result, proposals were made in 2008 to renovate or rebuild

9744-547: The politics of Arizona. In 1912, Arizona almost entered the Union as part of New Mexico in a Republican plan to keep control of the U.S. Senate . The plan, while accepted by most in New Mexico, was rejected by most Arizonans. Progressives in Arizona favored inclusion in the state constitution of the initiative, referendum, recall, direct election of senators, woman suffrage, and other reforms. Most of these proposals were included in

9860-562: The protest in Washington, D.C., which attracted both pro-abortion and anti-abortion protesters to the Supreme Court Building. A planned group protest was held on May 14, and organized by Woman's March, Planned Parenthood Federation of America, the Service Employees International Union , and other pro-abortion rights organizations, to coincide with more than 370 events across the United States. The permit for

9976-452: The protestors of attempting to storm the building, with GOP State Senator Kelly Townsend tweeting that the legislators were "being held hostage" and comparing the protest to the 2021 United States Capitol attack . She also called for a "J24 Committee" in reference to the January 6 committee . The building is made largely from materials indigenous to Arizona, including malapai , granite , and

10092-498: The publicly owned natural resources. On February 23, 1883, United Verde Copper Company was incorporated under New York law. The small mining camp next to the mine was given a proper name, 'Jerome.' The town was named after the family which had invested a large amount of capital. In 1885 Lewis Williams opened a copper smelter in Bisbee and the copper boom began, as the nation turned to copper wires for electricity. The arrival of railroads in

10208-564: The pueblo housed the entire town. Surrounding the pueblos were often farms where farmers would plant and harvest crops to feed the community. Sometimes, pueblos and other buildings were built in caves in cliffs. The Ancestral Puebloans were an ancient Pre-Columbian Native American civilization that spanned the present-day Four Corners region of the United States, comprising southeastern Utah , northeastern Arizona , northwestern New Mexico , and southwestern Colorado . The Ancestral Puebloans are believed to have developed, at least in part, from

10324-617: The rally at Boston Common . Pro-abortion and anti-abortion students held rallies at the Harvard University campus in Cambridge . A demonstration was held in Longmeadow on Mother's Day . On Nantucket , people assembled at Brant Point Light . Approximately 30 people gathered outside City Hall in North Adams . The Northampton rally was held at City Hall. Mayor Joseph Petty attended

10440-423: The region from central Mexico, was planted near camps with permanent water access. Distinct types of corn have been identified in the more well-watered highlands and the desert areas, which may imply local mutation or successive introduction of differing species. Emerging domesticated crops also included beans and squash . About 3,500 years ago, climate change led to changing patterns in water sources, leading to

10556-489: The second floor includes artifacts from several of Arizona's governors as well as a flag used by Teddy Roosevelt's Rough Riders. One impressive display shows the enormous silver and copper punchbowl service from USS  Arizona , as well as a bronze sculpture that was ensconced outside the Admiral's stateroom and used as a centerpiece at state dinners wherever USS Arizona was docked. Both of these historical artifacts survived

10672-423: The sinking of Arizona because they had been removed from the ship for cleaning prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor . The punchbowl service is the only one of its kind and is composed of etched copper panels depicting desert scenes set into a silver bowl ornamented with mermaids, dolphins, waves, and other nautical themes. Of particular interest is the display of a collection of gifts received by Arizona as part of

10788-741: The state of Washington, there were demonstrations in Bellingham , Olympia , Richland , Spokane , Tacoma , Vancouver , and Walla Walla . Additionally, approximately 60 people gathered at the Clallam County Courthouse in Port Angeles , and dozens gathered outside the courthouse in Port Townsend . A demonstration was also held in Jackson Hole , Wyoming. In Seattle , protests were held at Westlake Park downtown on May 3 and on May 5,

10904-726: The state's last abortion clinic which is the plaintiff in the case which overturned Roe v. Wade . On May 3, the director announced that they would move their office to New Mexico if the Supreme Court rules against them. In North Carolina, there were demonstrations in Asheville and Raleigh . There were also protests in Norman and Oklahoma City , Oklahoma, and in Charleston, South Carolina . North Carolina saw hundreds protesting Greensboro , Winston-Salem , Raleigh and Asheville on May 14. In Tennessee, protesters marched from Miller Park to

11020-428: The state, eight years before the country as a whole. Arizona's first Congressman was Carl Hayden (1877–1972). He was the son of a Yankee merchant who had moved to Tempe because he needed dry heat for his bad lungs. Carl attended Stanford University and moved up the political ladder as town councilman, county treasurer, and Maricopa County sheriff, where he nabbed Arizona's last train robbers. He also started building

11136-732: The terms of the Mexican Cession the United States took possession of Arizona above the Gila River after the Mexican War , and became part of the Territory of New Mexico . By means of the Gadsden Purchase , the United States secured the northern part of the state of Sonora, which is now Arizona south of the Gila River in 1854. In 1863, Arizona was split off from the Territory of New Mexico to form

11252-555: The town had a population of over 10,000. Western story tellers and Hollywood film makers made as much money in Tombstone as anyone, thanks to the arrival of Wyatt Earp and his brothers in 1879. They bought shares in the Vizina mine, water rights, and gambling concessions, but Virgil, Morgan and Wyatt were soon appointed as federal and local marshals. They killed three outlaws in the Gunfight at

11368-583: The unemployed, tuberculosis patients, transients, and illegal immigrants. The money ran out by 1931 or 1932, and conditions were bad until New Deal relief operations began on a large scale in 1933. Construction programs were important, especially the Hoover Dam (originally called Boulder Dam), begun by President Herbert Hoover . It is a concrete arch-gravity dam in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River, on

11484-460: The war and eventually ended its existence in 1976. 2022 Arizona Capitol protests A series of ongoing protests supporting abortion rights and anti-abortion counter-protests began in the United States on May 2, 2022, following the leak of a draft majority opinion for the U.S. Supreme Court case Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization , which stated that the Constitution of

11600-494: The war effort materially and to provide moral support for the American servicemen fighting the war, especially the Mexican-American servicemen from local communities. Some of the community projects were cooperative ventures in which members of both the Mexican-American and Anglo communities participated. Most efforts made in the Mexican-American community represented localized American home front activities that were separate from

11716-504: The west side of the building, which had the same architecture and increased the total square footage from the original 40,000 to a final 123,000. It was home to the Legislature until 1960, when the current house and senate buildings were constructed, and the Governor's Office until 1974, when the executive tower was built. The state at that time had a plan of converting the original Capitol into

11832-670: Was also held in Las Vegas , Nevada. In New Mexico, there were demonstrations in Albuquerque , Las Cruces , and Santa Fe . On May 14, Albuquerque saw more than 200 protesters gather at Tiguex Park and march around Old Town. In Oregon, approximately 200 people gathered outside the Deschutes County Courthouse in Bend. The "Rally for Womb Rights: We Will Never Go Back" event in Eugene

11948-475: Was attractive to both the military and private firms and they stayed after the war. Fort Huachuca became one of the largest nearly-all-black Army forts, with quarters for 1,300 officers and 24,000 enlisted soldiers. The 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions , composed of African-American troops, trained there. During the war, Mexican-American community organizations were very active in patriotic efforts to support American troops abroad, and made efforts to support

12064-489: Was discovered and flat rocks were used to grind flour to produce gruels and breads. This use of grinding slabs in about 7500 BCE marks the beginning of the Archaic tradition. Small bands of people traveled throughout the area, gathering plants such as cactus fruits, mesquite beans, acorns , and pine nuts and annually establishing camps at collection points. Late in the Archaic Period, corn , probably introduced into

12180-450: Was founded in 1877 as the base for operations against Apaches and raiders from Mexico. From 1913 to 1933 the fort was the base for the " Buffalo Soldiers " of the 10th Cavalry Regiment. During World War II, the fort expanded to 25,000 soldiers, mostly in segregated all-black units. Today the fort remains in operation and houses the U.S. Army Intelligence Center and the U.S. Army Network. The Pueblos in Arizona were relatively peaceful through

12296-471: Was generally condemned by international observers and foreign leaders, resulting in further protests. According to The Hill , the Reproductive Freedom Protest (RFP) planned walkouts at more than 20 U.S. universities, including Brown University , Florida International University , Georgetown University , Hamilton College , Purdue University , the University of California, Berkeley ,

12412-538: Was held at Jastro Park in Bakersfied . In San Diego , hundreds of protesters marched downtown on May 4. Dozens of students protested outside Geisel Library on the University of California, San Diego campus on May 6. On Mother's Day May 7, CBS 8 counted over 100 people marching through Balboa Park . On May 21, around 50 high school students organized an abortion-rights protest in Sebastopol . Hundreds attended

12528-686: Was held in Boise, Idaho . On November 10, two abortion rights protesters who were present at the Boise, Idaho protests filed tort claims against the city, alleging that they were falsely arrested and imprisoned in violation of constitutional rights to peacefully assemble. Hawaii faced protests outside the District of Hawaii courthouse in Honolulu as well as other places like Waimea . Montana saw protests in Billings , Bozeman , Helena , and Missoula . A protest

12644-607: Was held outside the Wayne Lyman Morse United States Courthouse . Several hundred people participated in the rally at Lownsdale Square in downtown Portland . There was some damage by "splinter groups", which was condemned by mayor Ted Wheeler , and one person was arrested. On May 3, hundreds marched from Riverfront Park to the Oregon State Capitol in Salem . On May 14, protesters on both sides of

12760-420: Was not always sitting pretty; her brothels were burned in a series of major fires that swept the business district; her girls were often drug addicts. As respectability closed in on her, in 1903 she relocated to the mining camp of Acme. In 1905, she was murdered by a man who had posed as her husband. By 1869 Americans were reading John Wesley Powell 's reports of his explorations of the Colorado River. In 1901,

12876-478: Was so great, one boxcar would be sent to each state with one being shared between the District of Columbia and the Territory of Hawaii. All of the items were to be loaded in "Forty and Eight"-type boxcars, named after the sign painted on them which stated that 40 men or 8 horses could be loaded inside. Each car was to be adorned with the coats of arms of all of the provinces of France. The capitol building displays work by

12992-552: Was stopped on a few rooms on the third floor and they remain incomplete. The Capitol is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . On January 14, 2010, the Arizona State Department of Administration reported that it had sold the surrounding state buildings to private investors: the tower, the two flanking legislative buildings, and other state structures. The old Capitol was not part of this transaction. On

13108-476: Was supported by the activist group Tallahassee Community Action Committee. Approximately 75 people attended the rally at Tampa's Joe Chillura Courthouse Square, including U.S. Representative Kathy Castor . On June 10, a synagogue in Boynton Beach filed a lawsuit against the state of Florida regarding their 15-week abortion ban, stating that the ban violated religious freedom of Jews. There were no arrests at

13224-655: Was tasked by Brigadier-General James H. Carleton , Commander of the Federal District of New Mexico, to kill Navajo men, destroy crops, wells, houses and livestock. These tactics forced 9000 Navajos to take the Long Walk to a reservation at Bosque Redondo , New Mexico. The Bosque was a complete failure. In 1868 the Navajo signed another treaty and were allowed to go back to part of their former territory. The returning Navajo were restocked with sheep and other livestock. Fort Defiance

13340-580: Was the agency for the new Navajo reservation until 1936; today it provides medical services to the region. Fort Apache was built on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation by soldiers from the 1st Cavalry and 21st Infantry in 1870. Only one small battle took place , in September 1881, with three soldiers wounded. When the reservation Indians were granted U.S. citizenship in 1924, the fort was permanently closed down. Fort Huachuca , east of Tucson,

13456-468: Was unified politically remains under controversy. Hohokam culture may have just given unrelated neighboring communities common ground to help them to work together to survive their harsh desert environment. The Mogollon culture ( / ˌ m oʊ ɡ ə ˈ j oʊ n / ) was an ancient Pre-Columbian culture of Native American peoples from Southern New Mexico and Arizona , Northern Sonora and Chihuahua , and Western Texas . The northern part of this region

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