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74-614: The Wayne Lyman Morse United States Courthouse is a federal courthouse located in Eugene , Oregon . Completed in 2006, it serves the District of Oregon as part of the Ninth Judicial Circuit . The courthouse is named in honor of former U.S. Senator Wayne Morse who represented Oregon for 24 years in the Senate and was a Eugene area resident. Located in downtown Eugene, the building overlooks

148-532: A United States post office as well as court facilities for the District of New Jersey . Some branches of U.S. federal government courts are housed in rented office space in buildings housing commercial tenants; for instance, the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware is located in an office building in Wilmington, Delaware , across the street from the main courthouse of

222-489: A $ 70 million project. The site on East Eighth Avenue and Ferry Street formerly housed an Agripac cannery and is situated along the Willamette River . Local developers and officials hoped the courthouse and a potential new hospital in that area of town would spur further development and revitalize the area. In July 2004, construction began with site preparation including digging out a hole for underground parking. At that time

296-671: A better bond with the concrete and reduce the risk of slippage. The most common type of rebar is carbon steel , typically consisting of hot-rolled round bars with deformation patterns embossed into its surface. Steel and concrete have similar coefficients of thermal expansion , so a concrete structural member reinforced with steel will experience minimal differential stress as the temperature changes. Other readily available types of rebar are manufactured of stainless steel , and composite bars made of glass fiber , carbon fiber , or basalt fiber . The carbon steel reinforcing bars may also be coated in zinc or an epoxy resin designed to resist

370-549: A completely different continent. These characteristics include the materiality in terms of large stone construction, the repetitive rhythmic use of windows containing various sized arches and barrel vaults directing attention towards them, decorated spandrels (wall section connecting arches) and the inclusion of gabled walls (pointed sections). Old City Hall has been designated a National Historical Site since 1989. Rebar Rebar (short for reinforcing bar ), known when massed as reinforcing steel or steel reinforcement ,

444-422: A curving structure standing five stories tall with 266,742 square feet (24,781.1 m) of space. The bottom two floors are covered in glass and house offices, while the top three floors are covered in ribbons of steel and primarily house courtrooms. Three pavilions rise from the main structure to create these upper floors where the six courtrooms are located. Each of the top three floors have two courtrooms; two for

518-532: A device to reinforce arches, vaults , and cupolas . 2,500 meters of rebar was used in the 14th-century Château de Vincennes . During the 18th century, rebar was used to form the carcass of the Leaning Tower of Nevyansk in Russia, built on the orders of the industrialist Akinfiy Demidov . The cast iron used for the rebar was of high quality, and there is no corrosion on the bars to this day. The carcass of

592-589: A federal building, the architect and judge Michael Robert Hogan sought to have an open feel to the structure. Hogan, the chief judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon , was the primary government official tasked with working with the architect to design the courthouse. J. E. Dunn Construction Group served as the general contractor on the project, with the DLR Group serving as

666-584: A federally owned building that houses courtrooms, chambers and clerk's offices. Many federal judicial districts are further split into divisions, which may also have their own courthouses. However, sometimes divisional court facilities are located in buildings that also house other agencies or offices of the United States government; for instance, the Mitchell H. Cohen United States Courthouse in Camden, New Jersey houses

740-462: A goal of earning Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification for sustainability, with large amounts of natural lighting designed to help secure that distinction. On the outside many security measures were incorporated into the design. The building was to include six courtrooms, administrative offices, and space for the offices of the U.S. Marshals Service. Despite security concerns as

814-499: A limited ability to carry tensile loads. When rebar is added they are known as "reinforced masonry". A similar approach (of embedding rebar vertically in designed voids in engineered blocks) is also used in dry-laid landscape walls, at least pinning the lowest course in place into the earth, also employed securing the lowest course and/or deadmen in walls made of engineered concrete or wooden landscape ties. In unusual cases, steel reinforcement may be embedded and partially exposed, as in

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888-487: A more efficient HVAC system that is located under the floors, and a location near public transit . Landscaping includes using drought resistant native species to reduce the need for irrigation. The floor-based HVAC system is more energy efficient and helps keep the temperature of the entire building more even and uses radiant heating and cooling. Additionally, the construction used environmentally friendly sealants , carpets, paints, and adhesives as well as preventing 90% of

962-504: A more traditional courthouse , similar in style to the United States Supreme Court building , while architect Mayne pushed for a modern glass and steel structure. Though opposed at first to each other's design thoughts, the two worked together to incorporate elements of each person's ideas. After years of working on the design process, including 25 revisions, the two compromised on elements with Hogan responsible for pushing for

1036-501: A set of steps leading to the main floor on the second level as well as the feel of the courtrooms. While Mayne had a reputation as an architect of confrontation and dislocation, this was one of three GSA Design in Excellence programs he had worked on with the artistically conservative federal government. Regarding them, he said: "Obviously, those are buildings that require negotiation. I couldn't be too bad." The completed design resulted in

1110-418: Is a tension device added to concrete to form reinforced concrete and reinforced masonry structures to strengthen and aid the concrete under tension. Concrete is strong under compression , but has low tensile strength . Rebar usually consists of steel bars which significantly increase the tensile strength of the structure. Rebar surfaces feature a continuous series of ribs, lugs or indentations to promote

1184-444: Is a piece with two lightboxes on the interior that display different images as one moves along the display that uses lenticular glass . Images represent themes of the river and of legal history. Energy efficient and sustainability features designed into the project led to a LEED Gold certification from the U.S. Green Building Council . Elements that led to this include landscaping that reduces runoff from rainwater, much natural light,

1258-424: Is also used in high-corrosion environments. It is available in many forms, such as spirals for reinforcing columns, common rods, and meshes. Most commercially available rebar is made from unidirectional fibers set in a thermoset polymer resin and is often referred to as FRP. Some special construction such as research and manufacturing facilities with very sensitive electronics may require the use of reinforcement that

1332-424: Is approximated as (bar size/9)² square inches. For example, the area of #8 bar is (8/9)² = 0.79 square inches. Bar sizes larger than #8 follow the 1 ⁄ 8 -inch rule imperfectly and skip sizes #12–13, and #15–17 due to historical convention. In early concrete construction bars of one inch and larger were only available in square sections, and when large format deformed round bars became available around 1957,

1406-525: Is cast into it to carry the tensile loads . Most steel reinforcement is divided into primary and secondary reinforcement: Secondary applications include rebar embedded in masonry walls, which includes both bars placed horizontally in a mortar joint (every fourth or fifth course of block) or vertically (in the horizontal voids of cement blocks and cored bricks, which is then fixed in place with grout . Masonry structures held together with grout have similar properties to concrete – high compressive resistance but

1480-685: Is equivalent to the city hall as the symbol of the municipium in European free cities . Courthouses are often shown in American cinema (i.e. " Peyton Place ", " Back to the Future ", and " My Cousin Vinny "). They range from small-town rural buildings with a few rooms to huge metropolitan courthouses that occupy large plots of land. The style of American architecture used varies, with common styles including federal , Greek Revival , neoclassicist , and modern . Due to

1554-522: Is non-conductive to electricity, and medical imaging equipment rooms may require non-magnetic properties to avoid interference. FRP rebar, notably glass fibre types have low electrical conductivity and are non-magnetic which is commonly used for such needs. Stainless steel rebar with low magnetic permeability is available and is sometimes used to avoid magnetic interference issues. Reinforcing steel can also be displaced by impacts such as earthquakes , resulting in structural failure. The prime example of this

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1628-759: Is subject to the requirements of Australian Standards AS3600 (Concrete Structures) and AS/NZS4671 (Steel Reinforcing for Concrete). There are other standards that apply to testing, welding and galvanizing. The designation of reinforcement is defined in AS/NZS4671 using the following formats: Shape/ Section D- deformed ribbed bar, R- round / plain bar, I- deformed indented bar Ductility Class L- low ductility, N- normal ductility, E- seismic (Earthquake) ductility Standard grades (MPa) 250N, 300E, 500L, 500N, 500E Bars are typically abbreviated to simply 'N' (hot-rolled deformed bar), 'R' (hot-rolled round bar), 'RW' (cold-drawn ribbed wire) or 'W' (cold-drawn round wire), as

1702-703: Is the collapse of the Cypress Street Viaduct in Oakland, California as a result of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake , causing 42 fatalities. The shaking of the earthquake caused rebars to burst from the concrete and buckle . Updated building designs, including more circumferential rebar, can address this type of failure. US/Imperial bar sizes give the diameter in units of 1 ⁄ 8 inch (3.2 mm) for bar sizes #2 through #8, so that #8 = 8 ⁄ 8 inch = 1-inch (25 mm) diameter. There are no fractional bar sizes in this system. The "#" symbol indicates

1776-573: The Oklahoma City bombing , the federal government proceeded to heavily fortify all large federal buildings, including many urban courthouses. Some courthouses in areas with high levels of violent crime have redundant layers of security. For example, when the Supreme Court of California hears oral argument in San Francisco or Los Angeles, visitors must pass through one security checkpoint to enter

1850-750: The U.S. Marshals Service , and U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services . Additionally, there are offices for both of Oregon's United States Senators and an office for a single member of the United States House of Representatives . Representative Peter DeFazio of Oregon's 4th congressional district uses that office. Courthouse The term is commonly used in the English-speaking countries of North America. In most other English-speaking countries, buildings which house courts of law are simply called "courts" or "court buildings". In most of continental Europe and former non-English-speaking European colonies,

1924-617: The Willamette River . Standing six stories tall, the 266,742-square-foot (24,781.1 m) building contains six courtrooms as well offices for the courts and other federal agencies such as the United States Marshals Service . The courthouse also has offices for Oregon's two U.S. Senators and for the U.S. Representative in the district. Designed by architect Thom Mayne , the building has won several design awards and earned Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold certification for energy efficiency. The courthouse

1998-526: The construction waste from entering landfills. Also, potable water usage is reduced by 40% due to the use of low-flow sinks, showers, and toilets. The contractor also recycled 90% of the materials from the building that previously occupied the site. In addition to the LEED certification, the building also won a Progressive Architecture Award in 2004 from Architecture magazine and AIA/COTE award from Architect magazine in 2007. The Chicago Athenaeum also gave

2072-404: The number sign , and thus "#6" is read as "number six". The use of the "#" sign is customary for US sizes, but "No." is sometimes used instead. Within the trades rebar is known by a shorthand utilizing the bar diameter as descriptor, such as "four-bar" for bar that is four-eighths (or one-half) of an inch. The cross-sectional area of a bar, as given by πr ², works out to (bar size/9.027)², which

2146-703: The Los Angeles Superior Court added such checkpoints to all entrances to its main courthouse in Downtown Los Angeles after a woman was shot and killed by her ex-husband in open court in September 1995. The Supreme Court of California ruled in 2002 that Los Angeles County (which at the time was responsible for maintaining the courthouses) was not liable to her three children under the California Government Tort Claims Act. After

2220-575: The United States, made a significant contribution to the development of reinforcing bars in concrete construction. He invented twisted iron rebar, which he initially thought of while designing self-supporting sidewalks for the Masonic Hall in Stockton, California. His twisted rebar was, however, not initially appreciated and even ridiculed at the Technical Society of California, where members stated that

2294-413: The United States, who produced and tested reinforced concrete beams. Joseph Monier of France is one of the most notable figures for the invention and popularization of reinforced concrete. As a French gardener, Monier patented reinforced concrete flowerpots in 1867, before proceeding to build reinforced concrete water tanks and bridges. Ernest L. Ransome , an English engineer and architect who worked in

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2368-596: The architect of record and as the electrical engineering firm. KPFF Consulting Engineers did the structural engineer work and GLUMAC International completed the plumbing and mechanical engineering. On July 11, 2005, the 69-foot (21 m) tall building was topped out and the last steel beam put into place. Construction on the project ended in August 2006 with completion in November. During construction crews removed 73,000 square yards (61,000 m) of material during excavation at

2442-486: The bar into place, while the second makes use of the high compressive strength of concrete. Common rebar is made of unfinished tempered steel, making it susceptible to rusting . Normally the concrete cover is able to provide a pH value higher than 12 avoiding the corrosion reaction. Too little concrete cover can compromise this guard through carbonation from the surface, and salt penetration . Too much concrete cover can cause bigger crack widths which also compromises

2516-574: The bars and corrosion under the epoxy film have been reported. These epoxy-coated bars are used in over 70,000 bridge decks in the US, but this technology was slowly being phased out in favor of stainless steel rebar as of 2005 because of its poor performance. Requirements for deformations are found in US-standard product specifications for steel bar reinforcing, such as ASTM A615 and ASTM A706, and dictate lug spacing and height. Fibre-reinforced plastic rebar

2590-673: The beams at the columns. This type of failure manifested in the partial collapse of the Bixby Hotel in Long Beach, California and total collapse of the Eastman Kodak Building in Rochester, New York, both during construction in 1906. It was, however, concluded that both failures were the consequences of poor-quality labor. With the increase in demand of construction standardization, innovative reinforcing systems such as Kahn's were pushed to

2664-627: The building housing the courthouse may be named in some way or its function divided as between a judicial building and administrative office building. Philadelphia City Hall , for instance, serves as the seat of the legislative and executive functions of the consolidated city and county of Philadelphia , but most of its floor space is devoted to the Civil Division of the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas . The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania shares space with three local governments and with

2738-409: The building's architect, stated that it was "the language of the ribbon" to describe the exterior design. Artist Matthew Ritchie was commissioned to create much of the building's artwork. One piece is a metal sculpture located on the exterior in the courtyard that mimics the nearby Willamette River 's watershed, and includes metal spheres attached to the line shaped metal. The other main piece of art

2812-643: The building, and another to enter the courtroom. In Canada , each municipality constructs its own courthouse, or several in the case of large cities. In smaller communities the court is in the same building as the city hall and other municipal offices. In the past many courthouses also included the local prison. One well-known court house in Canada is the Romanesque Revival (Neo-Romanesque) Old City Hall in Toronto , Ontario . Designed by E.J. Lennox , Old City Hall

2886-404: The chance of a car bomb reaching the main entrance. Other security measures in the design include the underground parking and setting the courtrooms back from the street. The facility was designed as a Security Level IV facility by the government. Other exterior features include structural elements left exposed along with portions of the curved metal skin that extend out from the building. Mayne,

2960-406: The concrete, it can still be pulled out of the concrete under high stresses, an occurrence that often accompanies a larger-scale collapse of the structure. To prevent such a failure, rebar is either deeply embedded into adjacent structural members (40–60 times the diameter), or bent and hooked at the ends to lock it around the concrete and other rebar. This first approach increases the friction locking

3034-427: The courthouse also contains the main administrative office for the county government, or when a new courthouse is constructed, the former one will often be used for other local government offices. Either way, a typical courthouse will have one or more courtrooms and a court clerk's office with a filing window where litigants may submit documents for filing with the court. Each United States district court also has

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3108-419: The courtrooms are joined to the rest of the building via the 85-foot (26 m) tall atrium. Located on the second floor is the jury assembly room, which when not in use by the court is used as exhibit and meeting space. The courtrooms vary from as large as 3,000 square feet (280 m) to as small as 1,500 square feet (140 m) and are in a pear-shaped design. Designs for the courtrooms were partly based on

3182-514: The courtrooms of the Bordeaux Law Courts in France. The jury box is recessed and does not resemble a traditional jury box. The courtrooms feature ribbons of wood panels on the walls in rooms that narrow as they reach the bench at the front. The wood is primarily cherry with walnut accents. Natural light is let into the courtrooms from small opening in the walls. Videoconferencing is available in

3256-501: The courtrooms. In addition to the natural light from the atrium and skylights, the building is further illuminated inside by lightboxes and screens that are part of the artwork. Other interior details include steel mesh, a central courtyard, panels of stainless steel, pillars with burnished steel , and excerpts from the United States Constitution on the wall. Also, the areas leading into the elevators have clear panels in

3330-532: The design an award in 2007 as part of its American Architecture Awards. The Morse Courthouse was also the first U.S. courthouse included at the Venice Biennale of Architecture . The Oregonian newspaper called the courthouse "the most architecturally important new building in Oregon in decades". The bottom two floors of the facility house offices, including those for the federal courts, the U.S. Attorney's Office ,

3404-570: The district court. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of California has a courthouse in Yosemite to hear misdemeanors and petty crimes for Yosemite National Park . Most of the United States courts of appeals are based in the main courthouses of the federal district court in the city in which they are seated. The courthouse is part of the iconography of American life and

3478-655: The effects of corrosion, especially when used in saltwater environments. Bamboo has been shown to be a viable alternative to reinforcing steel in concrete construction. These alternative types tend to be more expensive or may have lesser mechanical properties and are thus more often used in specialty construction where their physical characteristics fulfill a specific performance requirement that carbon steel does not provide. Reinforcing bars in masonry construction have been used since antiquity , with Rome using iron or wooden rods in arch construction. Iron tie rods and anchor plates were later employed across Medieval Europe, as

3552-523: The equivalent term is a palace of justice (French: palais de justice, Italian: palazzo di giustizia, Portuguese: palácio da justiça). In the United States , most counties maintain trial courts in a county-based courthouse, which also house other county government offices. The courthouse may be a part of a wider county government building or complex. The courthouse is usually located in the county seat , although large metropolitan counties may have satellite or annex offices for their courts. In some cases,

3626-416: The floor, and the main staircase is also constructed partly of transparent materials, with the steps made of gray slate. The exterior ribbons of stainless steel also extend into the lobby of the building. The exterior features a large set of stairs that leads from the street level to the main entrance on the second floor. This 240-foot (73 m) wide grand entrance also serves a security function of reducing

3700-440: The footprint of the building. Secure entrance vestibules provide court staff the opportunity to screen visitors to the building for contraband, such as weapons and narcotics, as well as for unauthorized access. Mid size to larger courthouses often have separate entrances to the building for the public, prisoners, judges, and witnesses. These entrances may be monitored remotely from a central security station. In lower risk settings,

3774-405: The idea that Kahn's reinforcing system in concrete beams would act as a Warren truss and also noted that this system would not provide the adequate amount of shear stress reinforcement at the ends of the simply supported beams, the place where the shear stress is greatest. Furthermore, Turner warned that Kahn's system could result in a brittle failure as it did not have longitudinal reinforcement in

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3848-929: The industry manufactured them to provide the cross-sectional area equivalent of standard square bar sizes that were formerly used. The diameter of the equivalent large format round shape is rounded to the nearest 1 ⁄ 8 inch to provide the bar size. For example, #9 bar has a cross section of 1.00 square inch (6.5 cm ), and therefore a diameter of 1.128 inches (28.7 mm). #10, #11, #14, and #18 sizes correspond to 1 1 ⁄ 8 inch, 1 1 ⁄ 4 , 1 1 ⁄ 2 , and 2-inch square bars, respectively. Sizes smaller than #3 are no longer recognized as standard sizes. These are most commonly manufactured as plain round undeformed rod steel but can be made with deformations. Sizes smaller than #3 are typically referred to as "wire" products and not "bar" and specified by either their nominal diameter or wire gage number. #2 bars are often informally called "pencil rod" as they are about

3922-431: The judges of federal district court, two for magistrate judges of the court, and two for the bankruptcy court, with these courtrooms spread out amongst the pavilions; two per pavilion and all on the third floor. Chambers for the judges are located above the courtrooms and include a seventh chamber for a visiting judge. On the same level as the judge's chambers are two law libraries for the court. The three floors featuring

3996-1052: The legislative and executive branches of the state government of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia City Hall in Philadelphia, the Pennsylvania State Capitol in Harrisburg , which it shares with the Pennsylvania General Assembly and the Governor of Pennsylvania , and the Pittsburgh City-County Building in Pittsburgh , which it shares with the governments of the City of Pittsburgh and of Allegheny County . Many judges also officiate at civil marriage ceremonies in their courthouse chambers. In some places,

4070-682: The local guard. As rust takes up greater volume than the steel from which it was formed, it causes severe internal pressure on the surrounding concrete, leading to cracking, spalling , and, ultimately, structural failure . This phenomenon is known as oxide jacking . This is a particular problem where the concrete is exposed to salt water, as in bridges where salt is applied to roadways in winter, or in marine applications. Uncoated, corrosion-resistant low- carbon / chromium (microcomposite), silicon bronze , epoxy -coated, galvanized , or stainless steel rebars may be employed in these situations at greater initial expense, but significantly lower expense over

4144-465: The modalities involved in the hearing of complex cases, including civil, criminal, and family law disputes, the architecture of court buildings can present significant security challenges to enforcement officers. Architects typically use two main tools to mitigate security risks within the adjudicative space depending upon local needs, such as the proliferation of weapons: secure entrance vestibules and separation of circulation pathways and adjacencies within

4218-501: The new building began in 2001 for the 4.5-acre (1.8 ha) site. The project was included in the Design in Excellence program, GSA's project that seeks to increase the quality of architecture in federal government projects. The design of the structure received an award from the GSA in 2002. On April 7, 2004, federal officials held a groundbreaking ceremony at the site for what was estimated to be

4292-446: The nominal bar diameter in millimeters, as an "alternate size" specification. Substituting a true metric size for a US/Imperial size is called a hard conversion , and sometimes results in the use of a physically different sized bar. bar size size (soft) Metric bar designations represent the nominal bar diameter in millimeters, rounded to the nearest 5 mm. bar size (kg/m) (mm) Area (mm ) Metric bar designations represent

4366-508: The nominal bar diameter in millimetres. Preferred bar sizes in Europe are specified to comply with Table 6 of the standard EN 10080 , although various national standards still remain in force (e.g. BS 4449 in the United Kingdom). In Switzerland some sizes are different from European standard. bar size density (kg/m) diameter (mm) area (mm ) Reinforcement for use in concrete construction

4440-419: The only place the systems of circulation, including hallways, stairwells, and elevators overlap is within the monitored setting of the courtroom. This reduces the risk of unauthorized access to court materials by the public, such as court clerk record vaults, as well as the risk of in-custody defendants intimidating witnesses or jurors while being escorted through the public areas of the courthouse. For example,

4514-507: The project was $ 96 million. The Morse Courthouse was completed on budget and on time, but due to budget cuts, elements including a rooftop reflecting pool and etching of the United States Bill of Rights onto the exterior were removed from the project. When it opened it became the first new federal courthouse in the United States to earn LEED Gold certification. The finished building reflected two major influences: Judge Hogan had wanted

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4588-414: The project was expected to be completed in August 2006. Plans called for a four-story structure covered with zinc panels on the exterior with a total of 267,000 square feet (24,800 m), including a three-story-tall atrium . Plans for zinc on the exterior were later changed to stainless steel due to costs. Designed by Mayne and the DLR Group , the building was to be built using concrete and steel with

4662-510: The qualification of “tentative” was removed when the updated standard ASTM A305-49 was issued in 1949. The requirements for deformations found in current specifications for steel bar reinforcing, such as ASTM A615 and ASTM A706, among others, are the same as those specified in ASTM A305-49. Concrete is a material that is very strong in compression , but relatively weak in tension . To compensate for this imbalance in concrete's behavior, rebar

4736-491: The same size as a pencil. When US/Imperial sized rebar are used in projects with metric units, the equivalent metric size is typically specified as the nominal diameter rounded to the nearest millimeter. These are not considered standard metric sizes, and thus is often referred to as a soft conversion or the "soft metric" size. The US/Imperial bar size system recognizes the use of true metric bar sizes (No. 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 28, 32, 36, 40, 50 and 60 specifically) which indicates

4810-654: The security screening may be more perfunctory and serve as an information desk to direct visitors to the various agencies and offices housed within the court building. Once users of the court have entered the building through security screenings and access control checkpoints, the circulation systems of passageways through the building provide discrete pathways by which the public, court staff, and in-custody defendants access to courtrooms and other court services, such as attorneys, pretrial and probation services, and clerks' offices. The circulation pathways and adjacency diagrams designed for newer and larger courthouses often ensure that

4884-413: The service life of the project. Extra care is taken during the transport, fabrication, handling, installation, and concrete placement process when working with epoxy-coated rebar, because damage will reduce the long-term corrosion resistance of these bars. Even damaged epoxy-coated bars have shown better performance than uncoated reinforcing bars, though issues from debonding of the epoxy coating from

4958-519: The side in favor of the concrete reinforcing systems seen today. Requirements for deformations on steel bar reinforcement were not standardized in US construction until about 1950. Modern requirements for deformations were established in "Tentative Specifications for the Deformations of Deformed Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement", ASTM A305-47T. Subsequently, changes were made that increased rib height and reduced rib spacing for certain bar sizes, and

5032-452: The site, poured 15,000 square yards (13,000 m) of concrete with 1,640 short tons (1,490,000 kg) of rebar , used 1,100 short tons (1,000,000 kg) of structural steel , and on the exterior 48,000 square feet (4,500 m) of windows and 125 short tons (113,000 kg) of stainless steel were used. On December 1, 2006, the $ 78.8 million Wayne Lyman Morse U.S. Courthouse was dedicated and officially opened. The total cost to complete

5106-533: The steel tie bars that constrain and reinforce the masonry of Nevyansk Tower or ancient structures in Rome and the Vatican. Steel has a thermal expansion coefficient nearly equal to that of modern concrete . If this were not so, it would cause problems through additional longitudinal and perpendicular stresses at temperatures different from the temperature of the setting. Although rebar has ribs that bind it mechanically to

5180-548: The tower was connected to its cast iron tented roof , crowned with one of the first known lightning rods . However, not until the mid-19th century, with the embedding of steel bars into concrete (thus producing modern reinforced concrete ), did rebar display its greatest strengths. Several people in Europe and North America developed reinforced concrete in the 1850s. These include Joseph-Louis Lambot of France, who built reinforced concrete boats in Paris (1854) and Thaddeus Hyatt of

5254-593: The twisting would weaken the iron. In 1889, Ransome worked on the West Coast mainly designing bridges. One of these, the Alvord Lake Bridge in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, was the first reinforced concrete bridge built in the United States. He used twisted rebar in this structure. At the same time Ransome was inventing twisted steel rebar, C.A.P. Turner was designing his "mushroom system" of reinforced concrete floor slabs with smooth round rods and Julius Kahn

5328-633: Was completed in 1899 and has been functioning as a municipal building ever since. It was originally constructed to facilitate Toronto's City Council, legal and municipal offices and the city's courts however following the construction of the fourth city hall (adjacent to the third, on Queen Street) the building's purpose was limited to being solely a courthouse for the Ontario Court of Justice . The building can be described as Romanesque Revival due to multiple characteristics it shares with Romanesque architecture, despite being constructed seven centuries later in

5402-560: Was experimenting with an innovative rolled diamond-shaped rebar with flat-plate flanges angled upwards at 45° (patented in 1902). Kahn predicted concrete beams with this reinforcing system would bend like a Warren truss , and also thought of this rebar as shear reinforcement. Kahn's reinforcing system was built in concrete beams, joists, and columns. The system was both praised and criticized by Kahn's engineering contemporaries: Turner voiced strong objections to this system as it could cause catastrophic failure to concrete structures. He rejected

5476-656: Was the first new federal courthouse to earn LEED Gold certification. In 1999, the General Services Administration (GSA) held a competition to design a new courthouse for Eugene. Architect Thom Mayne of the Morphosis firm won the design competition, though at the time the location for the new courthouse was hypothetical. The new building was replacing the old Eugene Federal Building on High Street and Sixth Avenue in downtown, which did not have room for expansion and did not meet newer security requirements. Design of

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