Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi ( Arabic : عرفجة بن هرثمة البارقي ) (also known as Arfajah al-Bariqi ) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . He was a member of the Azd branch of the Bariq clan that inhabited Southwestern Arabia.
123-625: Arfajah was one of the commanders of the eleven corps of army sent by the first caliph, Abu Bakr , to quell a rebellion after Muhammad died. Arfajah was one of the first caliphate naval commanders, as Abu Bakr dispatched him with Hudaifa bin Mihsan's corps to fight opponents of Islam in Oman . as he was entrusted to lead the Azd naval forces from Bahrayn to invade Fars Province in order to stop Sassanid coastal incursions. He later served as Governor of Mosul during
246-446: A hadith narrated by ibn Abbas of the exegesis of chapter 92 of the Qur'an by imam al-Suyuti we find the word "al-atqā" ( Arabic : الأتقى ), meaning "the most pious," "the most righteous," or "the most God-fearing," is referring to Abu Bakr as an example for the believers. And so I have warned you of a raging Fire, in which none will burn except the most wretched—who deny and turn away. But
369-498: A messenger of God . According to a report of the historian Al-Tabari , in his Tarikh al-Tabari , Abu Bakr may have converted to Islam after around fifty people, though this is disputed. Some Sunni and all the Shi'a believe that the second person to publicly accept Muhammed as the messenger of God was Ali ibn Abi Talib, the first being Muhammad's wife Khadija . Ibn Kathir , in his Al Bidaya Wal Nihayah , disregards this. He stated that
492-399: A Muslim. All his children accepted Islam except Abd al-Rahman , from whom Abu Bakr disassociated himself. His conversion also brought many people to Islam. He persuaded his intimate friends to convert, and presented Islam to other friends in such a way that many of them also accepted the faith. Those who converted to Islam at the dawah of Abu Bakr were: Abu Bakr's acceptance proved to be
615-517: A fondness for camels. He played with the camel calves and goats, earning this nickname "Abu Bakr," meaning "father of the young camel." A "bakr" in Arabic is a young but already fully grown camel. One of his early titles, preceding his conversion to Islam, was Ateeq , meaning "saved one". In a weak narration in Tirmidhi, Muhammad later restated this title when he said that Abu Bakr is the "Ateeq of Allah from
738-572: A friend of his named Ad-Dughna (chief of the Qarah tribe) outside Mecca, who invited Abu Bakr to seek his protection against the Quraysh. Abu Bakr went back to Mecca, it was a relief for him, but soon due to the pressure of Quraysh, Ad-Dughna was forced to renounce his protection. Once again the Quraysh were free to persecute Abu Bakr. In 620, Muhammad's uncle and protector, Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib , and Muhammad's wife Khadija died. Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha
861-592: A future famous anti- Kharijites general, to Medina. In the year 12 AH , Arfajah led the first Arab-Islamic naval invasions in history, and conquered a large number of islands in the Gulf of Oman . Ahmed Jawdat Pasha , who narrated from the text of Al-Waqidi , pointed that Arfajah did not have trouble to raise an army and ships which needed to mount this naval invasion without the support of central caliphate, due to his notably wealthiness and powerful influence of followers from within his clan. Ahmed Jawdat further narrated that
984-547: A milestone in Muhammad's mission. Slavery was common in Mecca, and many slaves accepted Islam. When an ordinary free man accepted Islam, despite opposition, he would enjoy the protection of his tribe. For slaves, however, there was no such protection and they commonly experienced persecution. Abu Bakr felt compassion for slaves, so he purchased eight (four men and four women) and then freed them, paying 40,000 dinar for their freedom. He
1107-530: A naval operation towards Fars without permission from the caliph. However, the three forces sent by al Ala were beaten badly by the Sassanids and stranded overseas as their ships and boats were burned by the Sassanids. Some of the ships managed to arrive into mainlands of Arabia and informed al Ala, who in turn asking for assistance from the caliph. 'Umar responded in the month of Shaban of 17 AH, Umar wrote to Utbah to mobilize army forces to assist Al-Ala Al-Hadrami to
1230-579: A number of uprisings, collectively known as the Ridda wars , as a result of which he was able to consolidate and expand the rule of the Muslim state over the entire Arabian Peninsula . He also commanded the initial incursions into the neighbouring Sasanian and Byzantine empires , which in the years following his death, would eventually result in the Muslim conquests of Persia and the Levant . Apart from politics, Abu Bakr
1353-474: A reconcilliary explanation that Arfajah were indeed the first conqueror of Mosul, while Mosul rebelled sometimes later, which then recaptured for the second time now by Iyad ibn Ghanm. However, Baladhuri admit that his version were narrated through unreliable chains. Due to instruction from caliph Umar, Arfaja Al-Bariqi set up a garrison ( Amsar ) in Mosul , and was appointed Wali (governor) there, particularly managing
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#17328515420881476-410: A testudo formation, in which a group of soldiers shielded by a cover of cowhide advanced to set fire to the gate. However, the enemy threw red hot scraps of iron on the testudo, rendering it ineffective. The siege dragged on for two weeks, and still there was no sign of weakness in the fort. Muhammad held a council of war. Abu Bakr advised that the siege might be raised and that God make arrangements for
1599-650: A village named al-Haruri. Mahmoud Sheet Khattab, an Iraqi minister, military commander, historian and writer (1919 - 1998), noted that Arfajah was fine example of the rare Arab courage, that even after the devastating defeat in the Battle of Bridge, caliph Umar continue to trust him. Mahmoud also praised Arfajah as one of the best warriors under Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas during the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and after Siege of Ctesiphon , as Mahmoud remarked his strong will and mentality that keep his work ethic, despite suffered setback once in
1722-430: Is July with an average temperature of 33.8 °C (92.8 °F). The coldest month is January, with an average temperature of 19.2 °C (66.6 °F). In June 2007, Dibba was affected by Cyclone Gonu , which caused damage to buildings and homes. There is evidence of extensive ancient settlement and Dibba was an international market on the coast of Oman frequented by merchants from India and China sailing through
1845-770: Is also credited for the compilation of the Quran , of which he had a personal caliphal codex. Prior to dying in August 634, Abu Bakr nominated Umar ( r. 634–644 ) as his successor. Along with Muhammad, Abu Bakr is buried in the Green Dome at the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Medina , the second holiest site in Islam . He died of illness after a reign of 2 years, 2 months and 14 days, the only Rashidun caliph to die of natural causes. Though Abu Bakr's reign
1968-680: Is now Oman. According to Ibn Habib, "merchants from Sindh , India, China, people of the East and West came to it." Soon after the death of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad a rebellion broke out at Dibba and a faction of the Azd, led by Laqit bin Malik Dhu at-Taj , rejected Islam. According to one tradition Laqit was killed by an envoy of the caliph Abu Bakr in what may have been a relatively small struggle, while other sources including al-Tabari say that at least 10,000 rebels were killed in one of
2091-554: Is one of the two faults that run through the UAE. The fault crosses into Oman from the north and runs southward to the center of the Arabian Peninsula . Gulf News reported that people in Dibba have felt at least 150 tremors during 2003 and 2004 which indicates that there is a major earthquake waiting to happen in the area. Dibba also felt the 2005 Qeshm earthquake . The Mesozoic and
2214-451: Is referenced in the Qur'an in surah at-Tawba as thaniya ithnayn (second of the two) and al-sahib (companion). Some scholars believe al-atqa (the most pious) in surah al-Layl refers to Abu Bakr as well. In Arabic , the name Abd Allah means "servant of Allah ". This is his birth name. This nickname ( kunya ) was given to him as a child when he grew up among a bedouin tribe and developed
2337-609: Is referred to with the honorific title al-Ṣiddīq ( الصِّدِّيق , lit. the Veracious) by Sunni Muslims . Born to Abu Quhafa and Umm al-Khayr of the Banu Taym , Abu Bakr was amongst the earliest converts to Islam and propagated dawah to the Mushrikites . He was considered the first Muslim missionary as several companions of Muhammad converted through Abu Bakr. He accompanied Muhammad on his migration to Medina and became one of
2460-506: Is said that Hurqus ibn Zuhayr as-Sa'di , more famously known as Dhu al-Khuwaysirah at-Tamimi, a Tamim tribe chieftain, first generation Kharijites and veteran of the Battle of Hunayn participated among the Arab settler hosts brought by Arfajah during Conquest of Khuzestan , Hurqus participation recorded particularly when he was sent by Rashidun army superiors to defeat Hormuzan in 638 at Ahvaz (known as Hormizd-Ardashir in modern era), and forced
2583-479: Is still standing. This place also has a valley with a lot of date trees under which there are water wells, where one can get fresh water. At the Northern side of Dabba there is a small freshwater river where the fishermen live.". The 1900s witnessed land disputes over Dibba. The Dibba Fault is an active fault , which means that it had a displacement or seismic activity during the geologically recent period, and
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#17328515420882706-420: The Battle of Badr , but did not fight, instead acting as one of the guards of Muhammad's tent. In relation to this, Ali later asked his associates as to who they thought was the bravest among men. Everyone stated that Ali was the bravest of all men. Ali then replied: No. Abu Bakr is the bravest of men. In the Battle of Badr we had prepared a pavillion for the prophet, but when we were asked to offer ourselves for
2829-453: The Battle of Khaybar . Khaybar had eight fortresses, the strongest and most well-guarded of which was called Al-Qamus. Muhammad sent Abu Bakr with a group of warriors to attempt to take it, but they were unable to do so. Muhammad also sent Umar with a group of warriors, but Umar could not conquer Al-Qamus either. Some other Muslims also attempted to capture the fort, but they were unsuccessful as well. Finally, Muhammad sent Ali, who defeated
2952-450: The Battle of Nahrawan . Despite being suppressed by Ali, remnants of Hurqus hosts of Kharijites survived and would later influenced the splinter sects of Azariqa , Sufriyyah , and the Najdat radical sects that will plagued the entire history of Rashidun Caliphate, Umayyad , and Abbasid with endemic rebellions. Another troublesome Kharijite embryos that also came to Iraq under Arfajah were
3075-597: The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah under Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas . Arfajah marched from Basra to Join Sa'd before the battle, while also brought 400 to 700 Azd cavalry under him, which he brought earlier in the conquest of Ubulla. Arfajah then placed under the banner of al Mughira ibn Shu'bah , whose company in total were about 1,500-1,800 soldiers. As the Muslims has emerged victorious from the hard battle in Qadisiyah, they immediately marched towards
3198-1560: The Byzantines during the conquest of Mosul and Tikrit . Arfajah is remembered as a gifted administrator, with building and urbanization expertise. He played a major part in the founding of the cities of Basra and Haditha . His architectural achievements include building of the Mosul Grand Mosque , (later known as the Umayyad Mosque). Arfajah was the first of the Rashidun caliphate who implemented Amsar , an Islamic permanent garrison fortress with Caravanserai . According to Ibn Hazm , His full Nisba line-age were Arfaja b. Harthama b. Abd-al-Uzza b. Zuhayr b. Thailbh b. Amr b. Sa`d b. Thailbh b. Kinanah al-Bariqi , which then claimed that Bariq were descendant of Hud (prophet) ( Eber )), with full Nisba: Ibn Uday Ibn Haritha Ibn Amr Mazikiee Ibn Aamr bin Haritha Algtarif bin Imru al-Qais Thailb bin Mazen Ibn Al-Azd Ibn Al-Ghoth Ibn Nabit Ibn Malik bin Zaid Ibn Kahlan Ibn Saba'a ( Sheba ) Ibn Yashjub Ibn Yarab Ibn Qahtan Ibn Hud (Eber)). According to Ahmad Jawdat Pasha who quoted Waqidi, Arfajah grew up in wealthy family, and
3321-938: The Cenozoic accretionary wedge is truncated on the western side by the right lateral fault, the Zendan Fault – Oman Line. West of the transform are the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran, the Musandam peninsula and the Oman Mountains, and the Arabian platform and the Dibba Fault. The Dibba Fault separates the ophiolites in the Oman Mountains from the Mesozoic carbonates in the Musandam Peninsula. On 31 March 2009, Gulfnews reported that
3444-659: The Dibba Marine Protected Zone were destroyed and the fish population dwindled to a minimum. Rita Bento, a marine biologist working with the Emirates Diving Association (EDA) , said she saw only three fish during an hour-long dive in an area where previously hundreds were seen. Dibba is located in the Tropical and Subtropical Desert Climate according to the Köppen climate classification . The warmest month
3567-561: The Hajj according to the new Islamic way and appointed Abu Bakr as the leader of the delegation. The day after Abu Bakr and his party had left for the Hajj, Muhammad received a new revelation: Surah Tawbah, the ninth chapter of the Quran. It is related that when this revelation came, someone suggested to Muhammad that he should send news of it to Abu Bakr. Muhammad said that only a man of his house could proclaim
3690-721: The Italian traveler Pietro Della Valle , while staying with the Sultan of Bandar Abbas , met the son of the ruler of Dibba. From this he learned that Dibba had formerly been subject to the Kingdom of Hormuz , but was at that time loyal to the Safavids . In 1623, Safavids sent troops to Dibba, Khor Fakkan and other ports on the south-east coast of Arabia in order to prepare for a Portuguese counter-attack, following their expulsion from Hormuz (Jarun). The Portuguese, under Rui Freire , were so successful that
3813-642: The Musandam peninsula between Khasab , on the Persian Gulf side, and Dibba on the east coast. Claes Speelman, the captain of the Zeemeeuw , made drawings in his logbook, including what is certainly the earliest depiction of Dibba in a European source. Within a year or two the Portuguese were forced out of Dibba and held only Khasab and Muscat, which they finally lost in 1650. Eleven years later, Jacob Vogel's description of
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3936-682: The Abbasid governor of Iraq and Bahrain , Muhammad ibn Nur . Thereafter references to Dibba in historical literature are scarce until we come to the Portuguese who built a fortress there. Dibba (Debe) appears in the list of southeast Arabian placenames preserved by the Venetian jeweler Gasparo Balbi in CE 1580 and depictions of its Portuguese fort can be found in several sources, such as Armando Cortesão 's Portugaliae Monumenta Cartographica . Around 1620–1625
4059-587: The Arab tribes, their stories and their politics. A story is preserved that once when he was a child, his father took him to the Kaaba , and asked him to pray before the idols . His father went away to attend to some other business, and Abu Bakr was left alone. Addressing an idol, Abu Bakr said "O my God, I am in need of beautiful clothes; bestow them on me". The idol remained indifferent. Then he addressed another idol, saying, "O God, give me some delicious food. See that I am so hungry". The idol remained cold. That exhausted
4182-657: The Battle of the Bridge, while also praising his innovation of naval warfare among Muslim Arabs. Caliph Umar praise Arfajah as military strategy expert at one time and urged Utbah ibn Ghazwan , the first governor of Basra, to rely on his counsel. and indeed, Utbah known to depends heavily on Arfajah skill for the matters of both military and administration during his tenure in Iraq. 20th century Syrian jurist, Ali Al-Tantawi , in his book praised Arfajah for his decisiveness in crucial moments. While Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani in his biography remarks
4305-658: The Muslim armies marches to the vicinity of the area, to subdue several places including Kashkar , to cut off supply route and reinforcements for the Sassanids in Ahvaz. Arfajah managed to defeat the Hormuzan in this battle and the latter sued for peace. In 18 AH, Arfajah began to the conquest of Khuzestan , as they then marching towards Ramhormoz . Arfajah marched on with Al-Bara' ibn Malik , Majza' bin Thawr, and reinforcements from Kufah led by Abu Sabrah ibn Abi Rahm, until they rendezvous with
4428-478: The Muslim army was ambushed by archers from the local tribes as it passed through the valley of Hunayn, some eleven miles northeast of Mecca. Taken unaware, the advance guard of the Muslim army fled in panic. There was considerable confusion, and the camels, horses and men ran into one another in an attempt to seek cover. Muhammad, however, stood firm. Only nine companions remained around him, including Abu Bakr. Under Muhammad's instruction, his uncle Abbas shouted at
4551-453: The Muslims had taken out, and famously slept in the bed of Muhammad when the Quraysh, led by Ikrima, attempted to murder Muhammad as he slept. Meanwhile, Abu Bakr accompanied Muhammad to Medina. Due to the danger posed by the Quraysh, they did not take the road, but moved in the opposite direction, taking refuge in a cave in Jabal Thawr , some five miles south of Mecca. Abd Allah ibn Abi Bakr ,
4674-667: The Oman peninsula who travelled to Medina in 632 to swear fealty to the Caliph Abu Bakr , who received him with pleasure. The leader of the apostates of Oman was Laqit bin Malik Al-Azdi , known as 'the one with the crown', or Dhu'l Taj . A natural rival to the Julanda kings, he forced them into retreat before the army from Medina completed its arduous journey through the Rub Al Khali to reach
4797-680: The Oman peninsula. Meeting up with the Madinan army, the forces of the Julanda were bolstered by tribes from the region who deserted Laqit. Then the Omanite and Azd allied army in turn attacked the Sasanian governor Maskan and defeated Maskan's forces at Damsetjerd in Sohar , killing Maskan. Leaving behind all their silver and gold, the Sasanians evacuated the country. The allied forces of Arfajah and Julandi sibling fought
4920-511: The Quraysh, came forward and threw down a challenge for a duel. Abu Bakr accepted the challenge but was stopped by Muhammad. In the second phase of the battle, Khalid ibn al-Walid 's cavalry attacked the Muslims from behind, changing a Muslim victory to defeat. In 627 he participated in the Battle of the Trench and also in the Invasion of Banu Qurayza . In the Battle of the Trench, Muhammad divided
5043-541: The Roman Empire - two intaglios found in the town were engraved with figures of Perseus and Medusa (similar to one found in southern Thailand), further suggesting an extensive pre-Islamic trade network stretching far to the East. Under the Sasanians , and their clients, the Julanda and Azd , an important market existed at Dibba. The Julanda, reported to the Persian marzban (military governor), based at Al- Rustaq in what
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5166-502: The Sassanid capital, which are nicknamed by the Arabs as Al-Mada'in . Sa'd lead the Muslim army to cross the river and engaged in the besiege the capital , until Yazdegerd III fled and the capital fallen to the Muslims. Sa'd and his army, including Arfajah stay for while in the conquered capital of Sassanid and manage to establish base there. Later, at the month of Safar in the year 16 A.H.,
5289-487: The Sassanid general, Mihran. which also called by Tabari and Ali ibn al-Athir as "day of tenth" (Yawm al-Ashir), due to the intensity of the battle where each one of Muslim soldiers managed to kill ten of Sassanid soldier . After the battle, Arfajah march to Hirah, and recapture the city, which has been fallen to the Sassanid before after the Battle of the Bridge. Later, in the year 12 AH, Bahrain were suffered from constant naval raids by Persians. Arfajah, who just conquered
5412-471: The UAE's National Centre of Metrology and Seismology (NCMS) recorded two earth tremors, measuring magnitudes of 2.9 and 3.5 on the Richter scale, which shook the Gulf of Aden and the north of Dibba at 6.21 am and 9.35 am. The tremors were lightly felt in some areas of the northern emirates. In 2008 an algal bloom affected the sea around Dibba and reached the tourist hot-spots of 'Aqqah and Al-Faqeet, which contain several high-end resorts. 95% of corals in
5535-608: The annexation of Kharg, in month of Safar, 14 AH. I have provided you with Arfajah ibn Harthamah, and he is a Mujahid and brillant strategist, so if he comes to you, ask his consultation and keep him near (to you)". However, this time caliph 'Umar disliked Arfajah unnecessarily dragged sea adventures, as the naval forces of Arfajah were originally dispatched to support Utbah ibn Ghazwan to conquer Ubulla. Shortly, 'Umar instructed to dismiss Arfajah from his command and reassign al-Ala ibn Hadrami as his replacement. although, Donnes said in his version that al-Ala died before he could assume
5658-403: The army under al-Muthanna ibn Haritha , who are now being in charge of Rashidun forces in Iraq, and served under him in the victorious Battle of Namaraq and the Battle of Kaskar . However the Muthanna and Arfaja experienced major drawback in the Battle of the Bridge , where they suffered heavy losses. responded to this calamity, caliph Umar reacted to send the contingent of Bajila tribe under
5781-579: The background of Arfajah naval expedition from Al-Waqidi 's book that Arfajah were filled by impetuous Jihad spirit And he disregarded the advice of Al-Faruq , boarded the ships and marched for the conquest in the Sea of Oman. However, Jawdat mistook as he though this campaign occurred during Umar caliphate, while in reality it is occurred during caliphate of Abu Bakr. Tabari narrated that as caliph Abu Bakar learned Arfajah acted without his consent, he immediately dismissed Arfajah. As Khalid ibn al-Walid transferred to Levant , Arfajah marched to rendezvous with
5904-408: The biggest battles of the Ridda wars , the Battle of Dibba . The plain behind Dibba still contains a large cemetery which according to local tradition represents the fallen apostates of Dibba. Thereafter, the region of southeast Arabia became nearly entirely Muslim. During the time of the Abbasid caliph Al-Mu'tadid (CE 870–892), a great battle was fought at Dibba during the conquest of Oman by
6027-445: The birth of Islam, Muslims kept their faith private. In 613, according to Islamic tradition, Muhammad was commanded by God to call people to Islam openly. The first public address inviting people to offer allegiance to Muhammad was delivered by Abu Bakr. In a fit of fury, the young men of the Quraysh tribe rushed at Abu Bakr and beat him until he lost consciousness. Following this incident, Abu Bakr's mother converted to Islam. Abu Bakr
6150-483: The borders of the caliphate territory. In year 25 AH, Arfajah choose a small village near Nineveh in the eastern bank of Tigris to build a new garrison city, which later known as city of Haditha Mosul(new Mosul), that in the future will be simply known as city of Haditha . These garrison cities under Arfajah became main headquarters and supply route for the army that were sent to Muslim conquest of Armenia and Muslim conquest of Azerbaijan . Later, in year 26 AH, as
6273-417: The caliphate under Uthman ibn al-Affan annexed the city Erbil , Arfajah handled the affair with Kurds inhabitants in the city, by facilitating dialogues with them, started to build a Mosque and tasking the Quran to be promoted in the city. While also setting up armed forces in this area to control security and Kharaj revenue. In the year 29 AH the next wave of Arab Muslim settlers arrived in Iraq under
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#17328515420886396-412: The camel calves and goats, and his love for camels earned him the nickname ( kunya ) " Abu Bakr ", the father of the camel's calf. Like other children of the rich Meccan merchant families, Abu Bakr was literate and developed a fondness for poetry . He used to attend the annual fair at Ukaz , and participate in poetical symposia. He had a very good memory and had a good knowledge of the genealogy of
6519-456: The camps. As the buildings stands, Arfajah and other army leaders such as Mujaz'ah ibn Thawr as-Sadusi , and Arfajah fellow tribesmen, Hudhayfah ibn Muhsin , started to fill the complex with tribes of Azd, Tamim, and tribe of Sadus ibn Shayban . Arfajah then designed seven dams of adobe in Basra, two in the settlement of Al-Khuraybah, one in az-Zabuqah, two in Banu Tamim , and the last two in al-Azd tribe settlement In 17 AH, al Ala commencing
6642-519: The charismatic leadership of Arfajah as his presence can raise the morale of his soldiers. Abu Bakr Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa ( Arabic : عبد الله بن أبي قحافة , romanized : ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʾAbī Quḥāfa ; c. 573 – 23 August 634), commonly known by the kunya Abu Bakr ( Arabic : أبو بكر , romanized : ʾAbū Bakr ), was the first caliph , ruling from 632 until his death in 634. A close companion and father-in-law of Muhammad , Abu Bakr
6765-478: The city in large numbers, as the settlements within Arfajah jurisdictions was growing and extended between the borders of Euphrates Region in the north towards Kufa in the south. Thus, it became one of the fastest growing urban, administrative and economic centers in Caliphate. Arfajah ruled Mosul until his death in 34 AH/654 AD Mahmoud Sheet Khattab [ ar ] viewed that Arfajah were underrated hero who only gained small attention in history, despite
6888-426: The city of Ahvaz which bordering Basra. Before his natural death, Utbah send an army which commanded by Arfajah, Hudhaifah bin Muhsin, Mujaza bin Thawr, Husayn ibn Al Qa'qa, Ashim ibn Amr, and Salma ibn Al Qain, who lead in 700 soldiers each. These Basra contingents were further reinforced by garrison of Kufa , governed by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, before the battle against Hormuzan. Before they engage Hormuzan, Arfajah and
7011-403: The city to pay jizya (poll-tax). Hurqus were known to protested against Muhammad policy during Hunayn, and being prophesied by the latter that he will revolting against Caliphate later. During the reign of Uthman, long time after Arfajah died, Hurqus was one of the ringleaders from Basra that conspired to assassinate Uthman . During the Caliphate of Ali , Hurqus were among those who fight him in
7134-401: The climate of Mecca was dry, the climate of Medina was damp and because of this, most of the migrants fell sick on arrival. Abu Bakr contracted a fever for several days, during which time he was attended to by Khaarijah and his family. In Mecca, Abu Bakr was a wholesale trader in cloth and he started the same business in Medina. He opened his new store at Sunh, and from there cloth was supplied to
7257-680: The coast of Persian Gulf secured the water ways for Muslims army and paving the way for the later Muslim conquest of Pars . Ibn Balkhi wrote that Arfajah write his progress to al Ala, who in turn inform to 'Umar. This satisfy 'Umar, who in turn instructed al Ala to further resupply Arfajah who still continued fighting off coast, which Arfajah responds continued the naval campaigns the mainland of Fars. The coastal incursions commenced by Arfajah spans from Jazireh-ye Shif to an Island, which identified by Ahmad ibn Mājid as Lavan Island Then continued to until they reached Kharg Island . Poursharianti recorded this second Arfajah naval adventure were ended with
7380-423: The command of Umar , constructed a fort, few churches, a mosque and a locality for the Jewish population. Until this moment, Ibn Khaldun has remarked the rivalry between Arfajah with Jarir ibn Abdullah al-Bajali over leadership of the Bajila tribe army. After a short tenure of his governance, Arfajah instructed by caliph Umar to march with his 700 Azd soldiers to march towards the location which will be known in
7503-405: The confrontation at Autas the tribes could not withstand the Muslim onslaught. Believing continued resistance useless, the tribes broke camp and retired to Ta'if. Abu Bakr was commissioned by Muhammad to lead the attack against Ta'if . The tribes shut themselves in the fort and refused to come out in the open. The Muslims employed catapults, but without tangible result. The Muslims attempted to use
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#17328515420887626-400: The conquest of Ubulla by Arfajah and Utbah were bloodless, as the Sassanid garrison somehow terrified by the besiegers so they gave up fighting and leave Ubulla undefended, allowing Utbah and Arfajah to capture it. Then after they take Ubulla and used it as headquarters, Utbah and Arfajah commence operation in south-eastern Iraq, and capturing Maysan Governorate . Later, Arfajah also witnessed
7749-480: The conquest of Ubulla, and relinquish the leadership of Bajalis to Jarir ibn Abdullah al-Bajali [ ar ; id ] in the instruction of Caliph Umar, who then further instructed the Bajalis to move toward Kufa. From this tribe, Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi has rise in the era of Ali, to form the Ibāḍiyya Wahb sect, that even survived up to 20th century modern era in Oman. The Kharijites sects, believed by most scholars of Islam started by Hurqus, were one of
7872-435: The conquest, Arfajah host these soldiers his jurisdiction cities of Mosul and Haditha, while sent them to commence routine raids against remaining Sassanid elements, while maintain Ribat military patrols on the borders. For the rest of Arfajah tenure in Mosul, Mosul became one of the most important city in Iraq that were immediately filled by immigrant Arab soldiers, and non-Arab Arameans and Persians , who also poured into
7995-406: The danger of being isolated in the Persian soil succeeded. Then as Utbah marched his army to return to Basra, he himself died while performing Hajj in 17 AH during the month of Dhu al-Hijjah . Arfajah now acted as the administrator of Basra as Utbah had died. After the Muslims landed in Basra in Dhul-Hijjah in the year 16 AH, the Islamic army was subjected to Persian raids led by Hormuzan from
8118-402: The disbelievers drove him out ˹of Mecca˺ and he was only one of two. While they both were in the cave, he reassured his companion , “Do not worry; Allah is certainly with us.” So Allah sent down His serenity upon the Prophet, supported him with forces you ˹believers˺ did not see, and made the word of the disbelievers lowest, while the Word of Allah is supreme. And Allah is Almighty, All-Wise. In
8241-417: The ditch into a number of sectors and a contingent was posted to guard each sector. One of these contingents was under the command of Abu Bakr. The enemy made frequent assaults in an attempt to cross the ditch, all of which were repulsed. To commemorate this event a mosque, later known as 'Masjid-i-Siddiq', was constructed at the site where Abu Bakr had repulsed the charges of the enemy. Abu Bakr took part in
8364-409: The east coast of the Oman peninsula, prepared for the Dutch East India Company in 1666, contained the following: "Dabba (which we were unable to visit because of calm and counter currents) is a place (according to the interpreter assigned to us) with about 300 small houses constructed from branches of date trees. During the days of the Portuguese, there were here four fortresses of which the biggest one
8487-432: The enemy leader, Marhab . In 629 Muhammad sent 'Amr ibn al-'As to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, followed by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah in response to a call for reinforcements. Abu Bakr and Umar commanded an army under al-Jarrah, and they attacked and defeated the enemy. In 630, when the Muslims conquered Mecca , Abu Bakr was part of the army. Before the conquest of Mecca his father Abu Quhafa converted to Islam. In 630,
8610-480: The entrance to the cave, but was unable to see them. Abu Bakr was referenced in the Qur'an in verse 40 of sura at-Tawba : "If ye help him not, still God helped him when those who disbelieve drove him forth, the thaniya ithnayn (second of the two i.e. Abu Bakr); when they two were in the cave, when he said unto his sahib (companion i.e. Abu Bakr). Aisha , Abu Saʽid al-Khudri and Abd Allah ibn Abbas in interpreting this verse said that Abu Bakr
8733-451: The era of Umayyad Caliphate. In modern era, Nineveh Governorate municipality announced on 18 February 2019 that reconstruction of the mosque was resumed, albeit damages caused by ISIS , with a 50 million dollar grant from the United Arab Emirates . Completion date was not set. Moreover, Mahmud Abdul Qadir al-Bamatraf [ ar ] , a Yemeni historian, consider Arfajah as pioneer of Arabization and Islamization in Mosul. It
8856-531: The event of hijra , where with Muhammad he hid in the cave in Jabal Thawr from the Meccan party that was sent after them. He was honorifically called "al-sahib" (the companion) in the Qur'an describing his role as a companion of Muhammad when hiding from the Quraysh in the Jabal Thawr cave during the Hijra to Medina : ˹It does not matter˺ if you ˹believers˺ do not support him, for Allah did in fact support him when
8979-511: The fact he was the first Muslim Arab leader who lead the battle on the sea. however, his contribution for Islamic naval history were doubtless, as Mahmoud further remarked that naval warfare before Arfajah were still uncommon concept for majority of Arabs. Mahmoud also spots another underrated attention toward Arfajah for his part for the overall conquest of Persia, where he gained small attention, despite Arfajah, by any means, has marked huge contributions for it. Ibn al-Kalbi said that Arfajah were
9102-532: The fall of the fort. The advice was accepted, and in December 630, the siege of Ta'if was raised and the Muslim army returned to Mecca . A few days later Malik bin Auf , the commander, came to Mecca and became a Muslim. In 630–631 (AH 9), Muhammad assigned Abu Bakr as the amir al-hajj to lead around 300 pilgrims from Medina to Mecca. In 631 AD, Muhammad sent from Medina a delegation of three hundred Muslims to perform
9225-411: The fire" meaning "saved" or "secure" and the association with Allah showing how close to and protected he is by Allah. He was called Al-Siddiq (the truthful) by Muhammad after he believed him in the event of Isra and Mi'raj when other people did not, and Ali confirmed that title several times. He was also reportedly referred to in the Quran as the "second of the two in the cave" in reference to
9348-406: The first who built Amsar , or Islamic fortess garrison with Caravanserai feature, that accommodated the settlements of Muslim soldiers in the annexed territories permanently and also setting up the public facilities and Mosques in said Amsar. Arfajah also known being the first architect of the great Umayyad mosque of Mosul , which later further expanded and rebuilt by Marwan ibn Muhammad during
9471-404: The first woman to embrace Islam was Khadijah. Zayd ibn Harithah was the first freed slave to embrace Islam. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first child to embrace Islam, for he has not even reached the age of puberty at that time, while Abu Bakr was the first free man to embrace Islam. His wife Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza did not accept Islam and he divorced her. His other wife, Um Ruman , became
9594-602: The forces from Kufa led by Al-Nu'man ibn Muqrin and merged their forces to face Hormuzan. Then they later defeated Hormuzan, who led the Sassanid resistance before in Ahvaz. Hormuzan then flee from Ramhormoz and escape towards Shushtar , which then chased by the Muslim armies that ended in the lengthy Siege of Shushtar , which is where Hormuzan finally taken captive. After the Siege of Shushtar , Arfajah continued to press deeper of Khuzestan with Abu Musa al-Ash'ari and Al-Nu'man ibn Muqrin capturing Shush , until Arfajah arrived in
9717-702: The formation in manner that he appoint Rabi'i bin Al-Afkal as vanguard, Al-Harith ibn Hassan on the right wing, Furat ibn Hayyan on the left wing, while Hani ibn Qais, and Arfajah bin Harthama on the cavalry. The Rashidun cavalry which led by Arfajah were the first to arrive in Tikrit, where they facing the Byzantine army allied with Iyad and Taghlib ibn Wa'il tribe. After they finished with Tikrit, Ibn al-Mu'ta'm sent Rabi'i ibn al-Afkal and Arfajah to subdue Nineveh and Mosul, before
9840-540: The future as Basra , while delegate the governance of Mosul to al Harith ibn Hassan. Arfajah and Utbah then founded the Amsar (garrison city) which named as Basra, where the military encampment in the location gradually supported with further permanent structures and growing into large settlement, as Arfajah instructed his soldiers to construct seven tribal complexes which can fit the 700 garrison troops. Then Arfajah instructed to build houses of mud bricks, plaster and mud to replace
9963-486: The great Battle of Nahavand , which result sealed the fate of Sassanid forever as more than 100,000 Sassanid soldiers killed in this battle alone, Arfajah showing his energy after he was appointed for the second time as governor of Mosul, as he built four new districts of Arab Muslim soldiers and their families in both in Mosul, In addition, Arfajah arranged fortifications in frontiers delegated soldiers and men to them to protect
10086-418: The greatest individual after the prophets and messengers . Shia tradition considers Abu Bakr an usurper of the caliphate and an enemy of the ahl al-bayt . Abu Bakr's full name was Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa ibn Amir ibn Amr ibn Ka'b ibn Sa'd ibn Taym ibn Murrah ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr. His lineage meets the lineage of Muhammad at the sixth generation up with Murrah ibn Ka'b . Abu Bakr
10209-485: The importance of the town as a site of entrepot trade throughout the Iron Age and into the late pre-Islamic era. A collective tomb, discovered by accident in 2004, led to a number of excavations in the area of the present town which have yielded evidence of a large settlement with layers of occupation and significant finds of trade goods, bitumen, ceramics and glass as well as coins. Three copper alloy tetradrachms were found at
10332-505: The island of Darin (Qatif) [ ar ] to exterminate the feeling apostate rebels who flee from mainland of Arabian peninsula toward that island. the Muslim armies began attacking the capital of Darin and killing the rebels there, pacified the eastern Arab coasts. Then, on their own initiative, Arfajah, under instruction from al Ala, started to send ships towards Sassanid coast in Tarout Island . This continued until Arfajah reached
10455-431: The latter's bodyguards . Abu Bakr participated in all of Muhammad's campaigns and served as the first amir al-hajj in 631. In the absence of Muhammad, Abu Bakr led the prayers. Following Muhammad's death in 632, Abu Bakr succeeded the leadership of the Muslim community as the first caliph, being elected at Saqifa . His election was contested by a number of rebellious tribal leaders. During his reign, he overcame
10578-452: The leadership of Abdallah ibn Amir , the governor of Basra at that time. This forces were instructed by caliph Uthman to initiate the Muslim conquest of Sistan and Muslim conquest of Khorasan . Thus to assist their conquest, Arfajah sent out settler contingents numbered 4,000 soldiers came from the tribe of Azd , Kindah , Tayy , and Abdul Qays . Then, as those soldiers returned to Mosul after
10701-503: The leadership of Jarir ibn Abdullah al-Bajali [ ar ; id ] for reinforcement. although there is some minor quarrel between Jarir and Arfajah, in the end they are agree to joint their forces under Muthanna to fight the Persians. then Arfajah and Muthanna, have been replenished by Bajila host of Jarir, marched toward Buwaib, where they fought the Sassanid again, in the victorious Battle of Buwaib , where they even succeeded slaying
10824-404: The market at Medina. Soon his business flourished. Early in 623, Abu Bakr's daughter Aisha, who was already married to Muhammad, was sent on to Muhammad's house after a simple marriage ceremony, further strengthening relations between Abu Bakr and Muhammad. Others In terms of Ihsan : In 624, Abu Bakr was involved in the first battle between the Muslims and the Quraysh of Mecca, known as
10947-410: The matter to him, losing his two incisors during the process. In these stories subsequently Abu Bakr, along with other companions, led Muhammad to a place of safety. In 625, he participated in the Battle of Uhud , in which the majority of the Muslims were routed and he himself was wounded. Before the battle had begun, his son Abd al-Rahman , at that time still non-Muslim and fighting on the side of
11070-439: The most radical splinter sect in Islam that does not have qualm to slaughter and seize the wealth of other Muslims whom they view were not adherent enough to Islamic teaching, while accusing the incumbent authority with most extreme form of takfir (excommunication from Islam). The Kharijites were collectively called as Haruriyya/Haruri, as their first open rebellion against the authority in history occurred during their gathering in
11193-457: The news about Byzantine under Antiqa defeat in Tikrit spreading wide. then both Arfajah and Ibn al Mu'ta'm succeeded to force surrender from both city and subject both to Jizya tribute. However, regarding Mosul there is conflicting reports that Khalifah ibn Khayyat recorded the one who subdue Mosul was instead Iyad ibn Ghanm , governor of Jazira , as Jazira were adjacent to Mosul. The alternative explanation were offered by Baladhuri who giving
11316-607: The ones that hail from Bajila tribe, Arfajah had many problems in his rule with this tribe, that according to Sayf ibn Umar , Arfajah even need to place his Azd tribesmens among the Bajalis settlement to keep them in check, as the Bajalis often quarrelled and inciting problems. It is appeared that the Bajilas at first has followed Arfajah from Omani at certain point during the early phase of the Conquest of Persia, Before Arfajah abandon them after
11439-482: The orders of Abu Bakr, then sent Ikrimah to march and join Arfajah, As Arfaja had not yet arrived, Ikrimah, instead of waiting for him, tackled the local rebels on his own. At Jairut, Ikrimah met two rebel armies preparing for battle. Here, he persuaded the weaker to embrace Islam and then joined up with them to defeat their opponents, Then the event following was Arfajah and the caliphate armies continued their march to fight
11562-495: The patience of young Abu Bakr. He lifted a stone, and, addressing an idol, said, "Here I am aiming a stone; if you are a god protect yourself". Abu Bakr hurled the stone at the idol and left the Kaaba . Regardless, it recorded that prior to converting to Islam, Abu Bakr practiced as a hanif and never worshipped idols. On his return from a business trip in Yemen , friends informed him that in his absence, Muhammad had declared himself
11685-451: The people of Dibba turned on their Safavid overlords putting them all to death, whereupon a Portuguese garrison of 50 men was installed at Dibba. More Portuguese forces had to be sent to Dibba in 1627 as a result of an Arab revolt. Two years later the Portuguese proposed moving part of the Mandaean population of southern Iraq to Dibba under pressure from neighboring Arab tribes. Although Dibba
11808-400: The port of Borazjan , where according to Ibn Sa'd Arfajah sunk many Persian navy ships in a battle, Shuaib Al Arna'ut and al-Arqsoussi recorded the words of Al-Dhahabi regarding Arfaja naval campaign during this occasion: "...Arfaja sent to the coast of Persia, destroying many(enemy) ships, and conquered the island and build mosque" . It is said by historians this Arfajah operations in
11931-461: The position. Nevertheless, the caliph then later instructed Arfajah to bring 700 soldiers from Bahrain to immediately reinforce Utbah who is marching towards Al-Ubulla . Arfajah manage to rendezvous with Utbah later in the location that will become a Basra city, and together they besiege Ubulla until they managed to capture the port city. Abu Mikhnaf reported in Ali Ibn Athir book, al Kamal, that
12054-451: The province of Persia and set sail by sea. In response, Utbah sent an army of 12,000 fighters, which led by Asim ibn Amr al-Tamimi , Arfajah bin Harthama, Ahnaf ibn Qais , and Abu Sabrah bin Abi Rahm. In this rescue operation, Arfajah advising Utbah a strategy to send the forces of Abu Sabrah alone to the coastal area, in order to bait the Sassanid forces while hiding their main forces beyond
12177-457: The rebellion of Laqit were put down, Hudhayfah ibn Muhsin stayed in the area to consolidate the place, while Ikrimah commence mop up operations against remnants of rebels left in Mahra, while Arfajah tasked to escort the spoils of war brought to Caliphate citadel, Medina. It is said by Yaqut al-Hamawi , in the aftermath of this conflict Arfajah found and brought a boy named Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra ,
12300-566: The rebels under Laqit in the final engagement of Battle of Dibba , where the rebel leader placing his men's families behind their lines in order to encourage them to fight harder. However, the Medinan army prevailed following the arrival of reinforcements, the Beni Abdul Kais and Beni Najia tribes who had formed part of the Caliph's army but who had been delayed during the long journey from Medina. After
12423-456: The region and other already populated areas were greatly expanded. At Mosul , Harthama, at the command of Umar, constructed a fort, few churches, a mosque and a locality for the Jewish population. He used it as his headquarters for the northern military operations. Utba consolidated his position in Tikrit and later advanced to Bajurmi and Shahrazour where his troops settled there. At Mosul Arfaja at
12546-442: The reign of Caliph Umar . An energetic military general, Arfajah contributed to the Muslim conquest of Persia , as he participated in the major battles against the Sassanids such as Naval conquest of Pars , Battle of the Bridge , Battle of Buwaib , Battle of al-Qadisiyyah , Siege of Ctesiphon (637) , Battle of Nahavand , until Muslim conquest of Khuzestan , where he captured the city of Ahvaz . He also engaged briefly against
12669-522: The remnants of Mahranite rebels in violent battles against the Mahranite rebels until they pacified the entire Mahra region. Having re-established Islam in Mahra, Ikrimah moved his corps to Abyan , where he rested his men and awaited further developments. Until further instruction arrived for Arfaja and his Azd army to assist the Al Azdi Ruler, Abd Al-Juland and his brother Jayfar, who ruled the interior of
12792-430: The revelation. Muhammad summoned Ali, and asked him to proclaim a portion of Surah Tawbah to the people on the day of sacrifice when they assembled at Mina . Ali went forth on Muhammad's slit-eared camel, and overtook Abu Bakr. When Ali joined the party, Abu Bakr wanted to know whether he had come to give orders or to convey them. Ali said that he had not come to replace Abu Bakr as Amir-ul-Hajj, and that his only mission
12915-412: The revenue. The area of Mosul was very sparsely populated when it was conquered by the Muslims. During the reign of Umar , the Muslim army found it a suitable place to construct a base. Later, when the area was settled and a mosque was erected, Umar ordered the resettlement of the 4000 settlers to Mosul . The new buildings were constructed from mud bricks, instead of reeds, a material that was popular in
13038-516: The righteous will be spared from it—who donate ˹some of˺ their wealth only to purify themselves, not in return for someone’s favours, but seeking the pleasure of their Lord, the Most High. They will certainly be pleased. "Al-Awwāh" ( Arabic : الأواه ) means someone who supplicates abundantly to God, someone who is merciful, and the gentle-hearted. Ibrahim al-Nakha'i said that Abu Bakr has also been called al-awwāh for his merciful character. Abu Bakr
13161-498: The sight of the enemy and even the isolated Muslim forces that they intend to rescue. Then as Sassanid army saw Abu Sabrah came with only few soldiers, they immediately gave chase as they though it is the whole Muslim reinforcement soldiers. At this certain moment, Utbah commence Arfajah final plan to commit his main forces to flank the unexpected Sassanid force, causing heavy casualties on them and routing them, thus this operation of relieving al Ala Hadrami mariners which had been posed to
13284-506: The site which, as well as pottery finds, link it to the Hellenistic period at the major pre-Islamic cities of Mleiha and Ed-Dur , while Roman amphorae, ceramics and glass attest to a continuity of not only occupation but a lively regional trade. Finds at the site attest to trade links with Bahrain, north-eastern Arabia, Iran, Mesopotamia and India, while amphorae, terra sigillata , glass and intaglios demonstrate connections between Dibba and
13407-541: The site. Abu Bakr was paired with Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari (who was from Medina) as a brother in faith . Abu Bakr's relationship with Khaarijah was most cordial, which was further strengthened when Abu Bakr married Habiba, a daughter of Khaarijah. Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari lived at Sunh, a suburb of Medina, and Abu Bakr also settled there. After Abu Bakr's family arrived in Medina, he bought another house near Muhammad's. While
13530-420: The son of Abu Bakr, would listen to the plans and discussions of the Quraysh, and at night he would carry the news to the fugitives in the cave. Asma bint Abi Bakr , the daughter of Abu Bakr, brought them meals every day. Aamir, a servant of Abu Bakr, would bring a flock of goats to the mouth of the cave every night, where they were milked. The Quraysh sent search parties in all directions. One party came close to
13653-480: The supreme commander of eastern theater, Sa'd ibn abi Waqqas, was informed that the people of Mosul had gathered in Tikrit with a man from the Byzantine called Al-Antiqa. Sa'd then wrote to Umar regarding the issue of the people of Mosul who had gathered in Tikrit with Al-Antiqa. The caliph ordered him to take initiative, then Sa'd appoint Abdullah ibn Al-Mu'tam as the commander of the operation. Abdullah ibn Mu'tam arranged
13776-488: The task of guarding it none came forward except Abu Bakr. With a drawn sword he took his stand by the side of Prophet of Allah and guarded him from the infidels by attacking those who dared to proceed in that direction. He was therefore the bravest of men. In Sunni accounts, during one such attack, two discs from Abu Bakr's shield penetrated into Muhammad's cheeks. Abu Bakr went forward with the intention of extracting these discs but Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah requested he leave
13899-517: The top of his voice, "O Muslims, come to the Prophet of Allah". The call was heard by the Muslim soldiers and they gathered beside Muhammad. When the Muslims had gathered in sufficient number, Muhammad ordered a charge against the enemy. In the hand-to-hand fight that followed the tribes were routed and they fled to Autas . Muhammad posted a contingent to guard the Hunayn pass and led the main army to Autas. In
14022-590: The town of Sawad immediately goes to Bahrain to reinforce his superior in Bahrain, al-Ala al Hadrami. Khuzestan Central Persia Caucasus Pars Khorasan Other geographies In the end of the year 13 AH, al Ala ibn Hadrami commanded Arfajah started sending ships and boats for further maritime expedition, as they areordered by caliph Umar to detach himself from Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha while they are in Hirah . This time, Arfajah, under al Ala, were attacking
14145-428: Was betrothed to Muhammad; however, it was decided that the actual marriage ceremony would be held later. In 620 Abu Bakr was the first person to testify to Muhammad's Isra and Mi'raj (Night Journey). In 622, on the invitation of the Muslims of Medina , Muhammad ordered Muslims to migrate to Medina. The migration began in batches. Ali was the last to remain in Mecca, entrusted with responsibility for settling any loans
14268-614: Was born in Mecca sometime in 573 CE, to a rich family in the Banu Taym tribe of the Quraysh tribal confederacy. His father was Abu Quhafa and his mother was Umm al-Khayr . He spent his early childhood like other Arab children of the time, among the Bedouins who called themselves Ahl-i-Ba'eer - the people of the camel, and developed a particular fondness for camels. In his early years he played with
14391-532: Was known as a gifted orator. Arfajah also has powerful martial prowess as he is said to be skilled in sword fighting and equestrian methods, while also possessed good social skills. Arfajah is accounted a companion of Muhammad , as he met Muhammad. Umar ibn al Khattab attested that Arfajah had met Muhammad at least once and professed Islam during the Muhammad's lifetime. Arfajah narrated a Hadith directly from Muhammad. In 633, Abu Bakr dispatched Arfaja bin Harthama and Hudhayfah al-Bariqi to Mahra following
14514-429: Was known to have freed slaves, including Bilal ibn Rabah . The men were: The women were: Most of the slaves liberated by Abu Bakr were either women or old and frail men. When the father of Abu Bakr asked him why he did not liberate strong and young slaves, who could be a source of strength for him, Abu Bakr replied that he was freeing the slaves for the sake of God , and not for his own sake. For three years after
14637-513: Was offered to the Mandaeans they were wise enough to see that the Portuguese force there would be insufficient to guarantee their security and, while a few Mandaeans tested the waters by moving to Muscat , most returned to Basra in CE 1630. In 1645 the Portuguese still held Dibba but the Dutch, searching for potential sites for new commercial activities, sent the warship Zeemeeuw ('Seagull') to explore
14760-678: Was persecuted many times by the Quraysh. Though Abu Bakr's beliefs would have been defended by his own clan, it would not be so for the entire Quraysh tribe. In 617, the Quraysh enforced a boycott against the Banu Hashim . Muhammad along with his supporters from Banu Hashim, were cut off in a pass away from Mecca . All social relations with the Banu Hashim were cut off and their state was that of imprisonment. Before it many Muslims migrated to Abyssinia (now Ethiopia ). Abu Bakr, feeling distressed, set out for Yemen and then to Abyssinia from there. He met
14883-540: Was short, it included successful invasions of the two most powerful empires of the time, the Sassanian Empire and the Byzantine Empire . He set in motion a historical trajectory that in a few decades would lead to one of the largest empires in history. His victory over the local rebel Arab forces is a significant part of Islamic history. Sunni Muslims revere Abu Bakr as the first of the rightly-guided caliphs and
15006-427: Was the companion who stayed with Muhammad in the cave. After staying at the cave for three days and three nights, Abu Bakr and Muhammad proceed to Medina , staying for some time at Quba, a suburb of Medina. In Medina, Muhammad decided to construct a mosque. A piece of land was chosen and the price of the land was paid for by Abu Bakr. The Muslims, including Abu Bakr, constructed a mosque named Al-Masjid al-Nabawi at
15129-537: Was to convey a special message to the people on behalf of Muhammad. Laqit bin Malik Al-Azdi Dibbā ( Arabic : دِبَّا ) is a coastal area at the northern tip of the eastern Arabian Peninsula on the Gulf of Oman . Dibba is politically divided into three segments: This large natural harbor on the east coast of the northern Emirates has been an important site of maritime trade and settlement for millennia, with relatively recent excavations underpinning
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