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79-561: Arfajah ibn Harthamah , an Arab general during Rashidun Caliphate era, are recorded as the first architect of the great Umayyad mosque of Mosul, which later further expanded and rebuilt by Marwan ibn Muhammad during the era of Umayyad Caliphate. It is the largest mosque in Mosul and was previously called Saddam Mosque in honour of the Iraqi president, Saddam Hussein . Nineveh Governorate municipality announced on 18 February 2019 that construction

158-583: A Hadith directly from Muhammad. In 633, Abu Bakr dispatched Arfaja bin Harthama and Hudhayfah al-Bariqi to Mahra following the orders of Abu Bakr, then sent Ikrimah to march and join Arfajah, As Arfaja had not yet arrived, Ikrimah, instead of waiting for him, tackled the local rebels on his own. At Jairut, Ikrimah met two rebel armies preparing for battle. Here, he persuaded the weaker to embrace Islam and then joined up with them to defeat their opponents, Then

237-602: A Muslim . The Sunni scholar ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 852 H) said, The most correct of what I have come across is that a Sahâbî (Companion) is one who met the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, whilst believing in him, and died as a Muslim. So, that includes the one who remained with him for a long or a short time, and those who narrated from him and those who did not, and those who saw him but did not sit with him and those who could not see him due to blindness. Anyone who died after rejecting Islam and becoming an apostate

316-533: A naval operation towards Fars without permission from the caliph. However, the three forces sent by al Ala were beaten badly by the Sassanids and stranded overseas as their ships and boats were burned by the Sassanids. Some of the ships managed to arrive into mainlands of Arabia and informed al Ala, who in turn asking for assistance from the caliph. 'Umar responded in the month of Shaban of 17 AH, Umar wrote to Utbah to mobilize army forces to assist Al-Ala Al-Hadrami to

395-479: A reconcilliary explanation that Arfajah were indeed the first conqueror of Mosul, while Mosul rebelled sometimes later, which then recaptured for the second time now by Iyad ibn Ghanm. However, Baladhuri admit that his version were narrated through unreliable chains. Due to instruction from caliph Umar, Arfaja Al-Bariqi set up a garrison ( Amsar ) in Mosul , and was appointed Wali (governor) there, particularly managing

474-652: A village named al-Haruri. Mahmoud Sheet Khattab, an Iraqi minister, military commander, historian and writer (1919 - 1998), noted that Arfajah was fine example of the rare Arab courage, that even after the devastating defeat in the Battle of Bridge, caliph Umar continue to trust him. Mahmoud also praised Arfajah as one of the best warriors under Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas during the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and after Siege of Ctesiphon , as Mahmoud remarked his strong will and mentality that keep his work ethic, despite suffered setback once in

553-502: Is a Mujahid and brillant strategist, so if he comes to you, ask his consultation and keep him near (to you)". However, this time caliph 'Umar disliked Arfajah unnecessarily dragged sea adventures, as the naval forces of Arfajah were originally dispatched to support Utbah ibn Ghazwan to conquer Ubulla. Shortly, 'Umar instructed to dismiss Arfajah from his command and reassign al-Ala ibn Hadrami as his replacement. although, Donnes said in his version that al-Ala died before he could assume

632-742: Is not considered as a companion. Those who saw him but held off believing in him until after his death are not considered ṣahābah, only tābiʻūn (if they saw the companions). According to Sunni scholars, Muslims of the past should be considered companions if they had any contact with Muhammad, and they were not liars or opposed to him and his teachings. If they saw him, heard him, or were in his presence even briefly, they are companions. All companions are assumed to be just ( ʻudul ) unless they are proven otherwise; that is, Sunni scholars do not believe that companions would lie or fabricate hadith unless they are proven liars, untrustworthy or opposed to Islam. Some Quranic references are important to Sunni Muslim views of

711-457: Is occurred during caliphate of Abu Bakr. Tabari narrated that as caliph Abu Bakar learned Arfajah acted without his consent, he immediately dismissed Arfajah. As Khalid ibn al-Walid transferred to Levant , Arfajah marched to rendezvous with the army under al-Muthanna ibn Haritha , who are now being in charge of Rashidun forces in Iraq, and served under him in the victorious Battle of Namaraq and

790-507: Is said that Hurqus ibn Zuhayr as-Sa'di , more famously known as Dhu al-Khuwaysirah at-Tamimi, a Tamim tribe chieftain, first generation Kharijites and veteran of the Battle of Hunayn participated among the Arab settler hosts brought by Arfajah during Conquest of Khuzestan , Hurqus participation recorded particularly when he was sent by Rashidun army superiors to defeat Hormuzan in 638 at Ahvaz (known as Hormizd-Ardashir in modern era), and forced

869-493: The Banu Umayyah , selected Umar as the second caliph after the death of Abu Bakr and the other Anṣār and Muhajirun accepted him. Sunni Muslim scholars classified companions into many categories, based on a number of criteria. The hadith quoted above shows ranks of ṣaḥābah, tābi'īn, and tābi' at-tābi'īn. Al-Suyuti recognized eleven levels of companionship. The general involvement in military campaign with Muhammad by

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948-507: The Battle of Kaskar . However the Muthanna and Arfaja experienced major drawback in the Battle of the Bridge , where they suffered heavy losses. responded to this calamity, caliph Umar reacted to send the contingent of Bajila tribe under the leadership of Jarir ibn Abdullah al-Bajali  [ ar ; id ] for reinforcement. although there is some minor quarrel between Jarir and Arfajah, in

1027-450: The Battle of Nahrawan . Despite being suppressed by Ali, remnants of Hurqus hosts of Kharijites survived and would later influenced the splinter sects of Azariqa , Sufriyyah , and the Najdat radical sects that will plagued the entire history of Rashidun Caliphate, Umayyad , and Abbasid with endemic rebellions. Another troublesome Kharijite embryos that also came to Iraq under Arfajah were

1106-599: The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah under Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas . Arfajah marched from Basra to Join Sa'd before the battle, while also brought 400 to 700 Azd cavalry under him, which he brought earlier in the conquest of Ubulla. Arfajah then placed under the banner of al Mughira ibn Shu'bah , whose company in total were about 1,500-1,800 soldiers. As the Muslims has emerged victorious from the hard battle in Qadisiyah, they immediately marched towards

1185-726: The Kitáb-i-Íqán , the primary theological work of the Baháʼí religion. According to the History of the Prophets and Kings , after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Abu Bakr , Umar and Abu Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah and the Anṣār of Medina held consultations and selected Abu Bakr as the first caliph. Then Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf and Uthman , companion and son-in-law of Muhammad and also essential chief of

1264-834: The Muhajirun who accompanied Muhammad from Mecca to Medina , the Ansar who lived in Medina, and the Badriyyun who fought at the Battle of Badr . Two important groups among the companions are the Muhajirun "migrants", those who had faith in Muhammad when he began to preach in Mecca and who departed with him when he was persecuted there, and the Ansar , the people of Medina who welcomed Muhammad and his companions and stood as their protectors. Lists of prominent companions usually include 50 or 60 names of

1343-578: The Sasanians evacuated the country. The allied forces of Arfajah and Julandi sibling fought the rebels under Laqit in the final engagement of Battle of Dibba , where the rebel leader placing his men's families behind their lines in order to encourage them to fight harder. However, the Medinan army prevailed following the arrival of reinforcements, the Beni Abdul Kais and Beni Najia tribes who had formed part of

1422-535: The Tābi'ūn , who knew at least one Tābi , are called tābi' al-tābi'īn . The three generations make up the salaf of Islam. The term sahaba means "companions" and derives from the verb صَحِبَ meaning "accompany", "keep company with", "associate with". "Al-ṣaḥāba" is definite plural; the indefinite singular is masculine صَحَابِيٌّ ( ṣaḥābiyy ), feminine صَحَابِيَّةٌ ( ṣaḥābiyyah ). In Islam, companions of Muhammad are classified into categories including

1501-533: The consultation of companions about the successor of Muhammad, Shi'i scholars, therefore, deprecate hadith believed to have been transmitted from alleged unjust companions and place much more reliance on hadith believed to have been related by Muhammad's family members, the Ahl al-Bayt , and by the companions who supported Ali . The Shia claim that Muhammad announced his successor during his lifetime at Da'wat Dhu al-Ashira, then many times during his prophethood and finally at

1580-482: The event of Ghadir Khumm . Shias consider that any hadith where Muhammad is claimed to have absolved all ṣaḥābah from sin is a false report by those who opposed the Ahl al-Bayt. Once a male or female Muslim has seen Muhammad only for a short time, no matter whether he/she is a child or an adult, he/she is called a Sahaba with the proviso of dying with as a believer; the same rule applies to blind Muslims who have talked with

1659-666: The Al Azdi Ruler, Abd Al-Juland and his brother Jayfar, who ruled the interior of the Oman peninsula who travelled to Medina in 632 to swear fealty to the Caliph Abu Bakr , who received him with pleasure. The leader of the apostates of Oman was Laqit bin Malik Al-Azdi , known as 'the one with the crown', or Dhu'l Taj . A natural rival to the Julanda kings, he forced them into retreat before

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1738-565: The Battle of the Bridge, while also praising his innovation of naval warfare among Muslim Arabs. Caliph Umar praise Arfajah as military strategy expert at one time and urged Utbah ibn Ghazwan , the first governor of Basra, to rely on his counsel. and indeed, Utbah known to depends heavily on Arfajah skill for the matters of both military and administration during his tenure in Iraq. 20th century Syrian jurist, Ali Al-Tantawi , in his book praised Arfajah for his decisiveness in crucial moments. While Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani in his biography remarks

1817-451: The Bridge , Battle of Buwaib , Battle of al-Qadisiyyah , Siege of Ctesiphon (637) , Battle of Nahavand , until Muslim conquest of Khuzestan , where he captured the city of Ahvaz . He also engaged briefly against the Byzantines during the conquest of Mosul and Tikrit . Arfajah is remembered as a gifted administrator, with building and urbanization expertise. He played a major part in

1896-496: The Caliph's army but who had been delayed during the long journey from Medina. After the rebellion of Laqit were put down, Hudhayfah ibn Muhsin stayed in the area to consolidate the place, while Ikrimah commence mop up operations against remnants of rebels left in Mahra, while Arfajah tasked to escort the spoils of war brought to Caliphate citadel, Medina. It is said by Yaqut al-Hamawi , in

1975-697: The Conquest of Persia, Before Arfajah abandon them after the conquest of Ubulla, and relinquish the leadership of Bajalis to Jarir ibn Abdullah al-Bajali  [ ar ; id ] in the instruction of Caliph Umar, who then further instructed the Bajalis to move toward Kufa. From this tribe, Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi has rise in the era of Ali, to form the Ibāḍiyya Wahb sect, that even survived up to 20th century modern era in Oman. The Kharijites sects, believed by most scholars of Islam started by Hurqus, were one of

2054-701: The Mu'tazilites preferring to restrict it. The Shia as well as some Sunni scholars like Javed Ahmad Ghamidi and Amin Ahsan Islahi follow a stricter definition, believing that not every Muslim who met Muhammad should be considered a companion. In their view, the Qurʻan requires companions to demonstrate a high level of faith; thus, only those individuals who had substantial contact with Muhammad should be considered, e.g., those that lived with him, took part in military campaigns, or proselytized. This stricter definition means that

2133-550: The Muslim armies began attacking the capital of Darin and killing the rebels there, pacified the eastern Arab coasts. Then, on their own initiative, Arfajah, under instruction from al Ala, started to send ships towards Sassanid coast in Tarout Island . This continued until Arfajah reached the port of Borazjan , where according to Ibn Sa'd Arfajah sunk many Persian navy ships in a battle, Shuaib Al Arna'ut and al-Arqsoussi recorded

2212-662: The Muslim armies marches to the vicinity of the area, to subdue several places including Kashkar , to cut off supply route and reinforcements for the Sassanids in Ahvaz. Arfajah managed to defeat the Hormuzan in this battle and the latter sued for peace. In 18 AH, Arfajah began to the conquest of Khuzestan , as they then marching towards Ramhormoz . Arfajah marched on with Al-Bara' ibn Malik , Majza' bin Thawr, and reinforcements from Kufah led by Abu Sabrah ibn Abi Rahm, until they rendezvous with

2291-461: The Qurʻan and the hadith of the Cloak . Shia Muslims believe that some of the companions are accountable for the loss of the caliphate by Ali 's family. As verses 30-33 from Al-Aḥzāb , Shias believe their argument that one must discriminate between the virtues of the companions by verses relating to Muhammad's wives. The Baháʼí Faith recognizes the companions of Muhammad. They are mentioned in

2370-505: The Sassanid capital, which are nicknamed by the Arabs as Al-Mada'in . Sa'd lead the Muslim army to cross the river and engaged in the besiege the capital , until Yazdegerd III fled and the capital fallen to the Muslims. Sa'd and his army, including Arfajah stay for while in the conquered capital of Sassanid and manage to establish base there. Later, at the month of Safar in the year 16 A.H.,

2449-561: The Shia consider each ṣaḥābiyy differently, depending on what they accomplished. They do not accept that the testimony of nearly all ṣaḥābah are an authentic part of the chain of narrators for a hadith. The Shia further argue that the righteousness of ṣaḥābah can be assessed by their loyalty towards Muhammad's family after his death, and they accept hadith from the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt , believing them to be cleansed from sin through their interpretation of

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2528-534: The aftermath of this conflict Arfajah found and brought a boy named Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra , a future famous anti- Kharijites general, to Medina. In the year 12 AH , Arfajah led the first Arab-Islamic naval invasions in history, and conquered a large number of islands in the Gulf of Oman . Ahmed Jawdat Pasha , who narrated from the text of Al-Waqidi , pointed that Arfajah did not have trouble to raise an army and ships which needed to mount this naval invasion without

2607-678: The army from Medina completed its arduous journey through the Rub Al Khali to reach the Oman peninsula. Meeting up with the Madinan army, the forces of the Julanda were bolstered by tribes from the region who deserted Laqit. Then the Omanite and Azd allied army in turn attacked the Sasanian governor Maskan and defeated Maskan's forces at Damsetjerd in Sohar , killing Maskan. Leaving behind all their silver and gold,

2686-487: The borders of the caliphate territory. In year 25 AH, Arfajah choose a small village near Nineveh in the eastern bank of Tigris to build a new garrison city, which later known as city of Haditha Mosul(new Mosul), that in the future will be simply known as city of Haditha . These garrison cities under Arfajah became main headquarters and supply route for the army that were sent to Muslim conquest of Armenia and Muslim conquest of Azerbaijan . Later, in year 26 AH, as

2765-466: The caliphate under Uthman ibn al-Affan annexed the city Erbil , Arfajah handled the affair with Kurds inhabitants in the city, by facilitating dialogues with them, started to build a Mosque and tasking the Quran to be promoted in the city. While also setting up armed forces in this area to control security and Kharaj revenue. In the year 29 AH the next wave of Arab Muslim settlers arrived in Iraq under

2844-559: The camps. As the buildings stands, Arfajah and other army leaders such as Mujaz'ah ibn Thawr as-Sadusi , and Arfajah fellow tribesmen, Hudhayfah ibn Muhsin , started to fill the complex with tribes of Azd, Tamim, and tribe of Sadus ibn Shayban . Arfajah then designed seven dams of adobe in Basra, two in the settlement of Al-Khuraybah, one in az-Zabuqah, two in Banu Tamim , and the last two in al-Azd tribe settlement In 17 AH, al Ala commencing

2923-583: The charismatic leadership of Arfajah as his presence can raise the morale of his soldiers. Companions of the Prophet The Companions of the Prophet ( Arabic : اَلصَّحَابَةُ , romanized :  aṣ-ṣaḥāba , lit.   'the companions') were the disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or met him during his lifetime, while being a Muslim and were physically in his presence. Later Islamic scholars accepted their testimony of

3002-533: The city in large numbers, as the settlements within Arfajah jurisdictions was growing and extended between the borders of Euphrates Region in the north towards Kufa in the south. Thus, it became one of the fastest growing urban, administrative and economic centers in Caliphate. Arfajah ruled Mosul until his death in 34 AH/654 AD Mahmoud Sheet Khattab  [ ar ] viewed that Arfajah were underrated hero who only gained small attention in history, despite

3081-478: The city of Ahvaz which bordering Basra. Before his natural death, Utbah send an army which commanded by Arfajah, Hudhaifah bin Muhsin, Mujaza bin Thawr, Husayn ibn Al Qa'qa, Ashim ibn Amr, and Salma ibn Al Qain, who lead in 700 soldiers each. These Basra contingents were further reinforced by garrison of Kufa , governed by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, before the battle against Hormuzan. Before they engage Hormuzan, Arfajah and

3160-405: The city to pay jizya (poll-tax). Hurqus were known to protested against Muhammad policy during Hunayn, and being prophesied by the latter that he will revolting against Caliphate later. During the reign of Uthman, long time after Arfajah died, Hurqus was one of the ringleaders from Basra that conspired to assassinate Uthman . During the Caliphate of Ali , Hurqus were among those who fight him in

3239-579: The code of conduct ( sharia ) it requires, and Islamic jurisprudence ( fiqh ). The two largest Islamic denominations , the Sunni and Shia , take different approaches to weighing the value of the companions' testimonies, have different hadith collections and, as a result, have different views about the ṣaḥābah. The second generation of Muslims after the ṣaḥāba, born after the death of Muhammad, who knew at least one ṣaḥāba, are called Tābi'ūn (also "the successors"). The third generation of Muslims after

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3318-522: The command of Umar , constructed a fort, few churches, a mosque and a locality for the Jewish population. Until this moment, Ibn Khaldun has remarked the rivalry between Arfajah with Jarir ibn Abdullah al-Bajali over leadership of the Bajila tribe army. After a short tenure of his governance, Arfajah instructed by caliph Umar to march with his 700 Azd soldiers to march towards the location which will be known in

3397-400: The conquest of Ubulla by Arfajah and Utbah were bloodless, as the Sassanid garrison somehow terrified by the besiegers so they gave up fighting and leave Ubulla undefended, allowing Utbah and Arfajah to capture it. Then after they take Ubulla and used it as headquarters, Utbah and Arfajah commence operation in south-eastern Iraq, and capturing Maysan Governorate . Later, Arfajah also witnessed

3476-483: The conquest, Arfajah host these soldiers his jurisdiction cities of Mosul and Haditha, while sent them to commence routine raids against remaining Sassanid elements, while maintain Ribat military patrols on the borders. For the rest of Arfajah tenure in Mosul, Mosul became one of the most important city in Iraq that were immediately filled by immigrant Arab soldiers, and non-Arab Arameans and Persians , who also poured into

3555-564: The danger of being isolated in the Persian soil succeeded. Then as Utbah marched his army to return to Basra, he himself died while performing Hajj in 17 AH during the month of Dhu al-Hijjah . Arfajah now acted as the administrator of Basra as Utbah had died. After the Muslims landed in Basra in Dhul-Hijjah in the year 16 AH, the Islamic army was subjected to Persian raids led by Hormuzan from

3634-495: The end of the year 13 AH, al Ala ibn Hadrami commanded Arfajah started sending ships and boats for further maritime expedition, as they areordered by caliph Umar to detach himself from Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha while they are in Hirah . This time, Arfajah, under al Ala, were attacking the island of Darin (Qatif)  [ ar ] to exterminate the feeling apostate rebels who flee from mainland of Arabian peninsula toward that island.

3713-465: The end they are agree to joint their forces under Muthanna to fight the Persians. then Arfajah and Muthanna, have been replenished by Bajila host of Jarir, marched toward Buwaib, where they fought the Sassanid again, in the victorious Battle of Buwaib , where they even succeeded slaying the Sassanid general, Mihran. which also called by Tabari and Ali ibn al-Athir as "day of tenth" (Yawm al-Ashir), due to

3792-517: The era of Umayyad Caliphate. In modern era, Nineveh Governorate municipality announced on 18 February 2019 that reconstruction of the mosque was resumed, albeit damages caused by ISIS , with a 50 million dollar grant from the United Arab Emirates . Completion date was not set. Moreover, Mahmud Abdul Qadir al-Bamatraf  [ ar ] , a Yemeni historian, consider Arfajah as pioneer of Arabization and Islamization in Mosul. It

3871-473: The event following was Arfajah and the caliphate armies continued their march to fight the remnants of Mahranite rebels in violent battles against the Mahranite rebels until they pacified the entire Mahra region. Having re-established Islam in Mahra, Ikrimah moved his corps to Abyan , where he rested his men and awaited further developments. Until further instruction arrived for Arfaja and his Azd army to assist

3950-514: The fact he was the first Muslim Arab leader who lead the battle on the sea. however, his contribution for Islamic naval history were doubtless, as Mahmoud further remarked that naval warfare before Arfajah were still uncommon concept for majority of Arabs. Mahmoud also spots another underrated attention toward Arfajah for his part for the overall conquest of Persia, where he gained small attention, despite Arfajah, by any means, has marked huge contributions for it. Ibn al-Kalbi said that Arfajah were

4029-407: The first who built Amsar , or Islamic fortess garrison with Caravanserai feature, that accommodated the settlements of Muslim soldiers in the annexed territories permanently and also setting up the public facilities and Mosques in said Amsar. Arfajah also known being the first architect of the great Umayyad mosque of Mosul , which later further expanded and rebuilt by Marwan ibn Muhammad during

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4108-605: The forces from Kufa led by Al-Nu'man ibn Muqrin and merged their forces to face Hormuzan. Then they later defeated Hormuzan, who led the Sassanid resistance before in Ahvaz. Hormuzan then flee from Ramhormoz and escape towards Shushtar , which then chased by the Muslim armies that ended in the lengthy Siege of Shushtar , which is where Hormuzan finally taken captive. After the Siege of Shushtar , Arfajah continued to press deeper of Khuzestan with Abu Musa al-Ash'ari and Al-Nu'man ibn Muqrin capturing Shush , until Arfajah arrived in

4187-653: The formation in manner that he appoint Rabi'i bin Al-Afkal as vanguard, Al-Harith ibn Hassan on the right wing, Furat ibn Hayyan on the left wing, while Hani ibn Qais, and Arfajah bin Harthama on the cavalry. The Rashidun cavalry which led by Arfajah were the first to arrive in Tikrit, where they facing the Byzantine army allied with Iyad and Taghlib ibn Wa'il tribe. After they finished with Tikrit, Ibn al-Mu'ta'm sent Rabi'i ibn al-Afkal and Arfajah to subdue Nineveh and Mosul, before

4266-1335: The founding of the cities of Basra and Haditha . His architectural achievements include building of the Mosul Grand Mosque , (later known as the Umayyad Mosque). Arfajah was the first of the Rashidun caliphate who implemented Amsar , an Islamic permanent garrison fortress with Caravanserai . According to Ibn Hazm , His full Nisba line-age were Arfaja b. Harthama b. Abd-al-Uzza b. Zuhayr b. Thailbh b. Amr b. Sa`d b. Thailbh b. Kinanah al-Bariqi , which then claimed that Bariq were descendant of Hud (prophet) ( Eber )), with full Nisba: Ibn Uday Ibn Haritha Ibn Amr Mazikiee Ibn Aamr bin Haritha Algtarif bin Imru al-Qais Thailb bin Mazen Ibn Al-Azd Ibn Al-Ghoth Ibn Nabit Ibn Malik bin Zaid Ibn Kahlan Ibn Saba'a ( Sheba ) Ibn Yashjub Ibn Yarab Ibn Qahtan Ibn Hud (Eber)). According to Ahmad Jawdat Pasha who quoted Waqidi, Arfajah grew up in wealthy family, and

4345-543: The future as Basra , while delegate the governance of Mosul to al Harith ibn Hassan. Arfajah and Utbah then founded the Amsar (garrison city) which named as Basra, where the military encampment in the location gradually supported with further permanent structures and growing into large settlement, as Arfajah instructed his soldiers to construct seven tribal complexes which can fit the 700 garrison troops. Then Arfajah instructed to build houses of mud bricks, plaster and mud to replace

4424-441: The great Battle of Nahavand , which result sealed the fate of Sassanid forever as more than 100,000 Sassanid soldiers killed in this battle alone, Arfajah showing his energy after he was appointed for the second time as governor of Mosul, as he built four new districts of Arab Muslim soldiers and their families in both in Mosul, In addition, Arfajah arranged fortifications in frontiers delegated soldiers and men to them to protect

4503-625: The intensity of the battle where each one of Muslim soldiers managed to kill ten of Sassanid soldier . After the battle, Arfajah march to Hirah, and recapture the city, which has been fallen to the Sassanid before after the Battle of the Bridge. Later, in the year 12 AH, Bahrain were suffered from constant naval raids by Persians. Arfajah, who just conquered the town of Sawad immediately goes to Bahrain to reinforce his superior in Bahrain, al-Ala al Hadrami. Khuzestan Central Persia Caucasus Pars Khorasan Other geographies In

4582-455: The leadership of Abdallah ibn Amir , the governor of Basra at that time. This forces were instructed by caliph Uthman to initiate the Muslim conquest of Sistan and Muslim conquest of Khorasan . Thus to assist their conquest, Arfajah sent out settler contingents numbered 4,000 soldiers came from the tribe of Azd , Kindah , Tayy , and Abdul Qays . Then, as those soldiers returned to Mosul after

4661-488: The most radical splinter sect in Islam that does not have qualm to slaughter and seize the wealth of other Muslims whom they view were not adherent enough to Islamic teaching, while accusing the incumbent authority with most extreme form of takfir (excommunication from Islam). The Kharijites were collectively called as Haruriyya/Haruri, as their first open rebellion against the authority in history occurred during their gathering in

4740-424: The naval campaigns the mainland of Fars. The coastal incursions commenced by Arfajah spans from Jazireh-ye Shif to an Island, which identified by Ahmad ibn Mājid as Lavan Island Then continued to until they reached Kharg Island . Poursharianti recorded this second Arfajah naval adventure were ended with the annexation of Kharg, in month of Safar, 14 AH. I have provided you with Arfajah ibn Harthamah, and he

4819-460: The news about Byzantine under Antiqa defeat in Tikrit spreading wide. then both Arfajah and Ibn al Mu'ta'm succeeded to force surrender from both city and subject both to Jizya tribute. However, regarding Mosul there is conflicting reports that Khalifah ibn Khayyat recorded the one who subdue Mosul was instead Iyad ibn Ghanm , governor of Jazira , as Jazira were adjacent to Mosul. The alternative explanation were offered by Baladhuri who giving

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4898-451: The ones that hail from Bajila tribe, Arfajah had many problems in his rule with this tribe, that according to Sayf ibn Umar , Arfajah even need to place his Azd tribesmens among the Bajalis settlement to keep them in check, as the Bajalis often quarrelled and inciting problems. It is appeared that the Bajilas at first has followed Arfajah from Omani at certain point during the early phase of

4977-557: The people thought to be most closely associated with Muhammad. However, there were clearly many others who had some contact with Muhammad, and many of those names and biographies were recorded in religious reference texts such as ibn Sa'd 's early Book of the Major Classes . Al-Qurtubi 's Istīʻāb fī maʻrifat al-Aṣhāb (d. 1071 CE) consists of 2770 biographies of male and 381 biographies of female ṣaḥābah. According to an observation in al-Qastallani 's Al-Muwahib al-Ladunniyyah , an untold number of persons had already converted to Islam by

5056-408: The position. Nevertheless, the caliph then later instructed Arfajah to bring 700 soldiers from Bahrain to immediately reinforce Utbah who is marching towards Al-Ubulla . Arfajah manage to rendezvous with Utbah later in the location that will become a Basra city, and together they besiege Ubulla until they managed to capture the port city. Abu Mikhnaf reported in Ali Ibn Athir book, al Kamal, that

5135-403: The province of Persia and set sail by sea. In response, Utbah sent an army of 12,000 fighters, which led by Asim ibn Amr al-Tamimi , Arfajah bin Harthama, Ahnaf ibn Qais , and Abu Sabrah bin Abi Rahm. In this rescue operation, Arfajah advising Utbah a strategy to send the forces of Abu Sabrah alone to the coastal area, in order to bait the Sassanid forces while hiding their main forces beyond

5214-407: The region and other already populated areas were greatly expanded. At Mosul , Harthama, at the command of Umar, constructed a fort, few churches, a mosque and a locality for the Jewish population. He used it as his headquarters for the northern military operations. Utba consolidated his position in Tikrit and later advanced to Bajurmi and Shahrazour where his troops settled there. At Mosul Arfaja at

5293-413: The revenue. The area of Mosul was very sparsely populated when it was conquered by the Muslims. During the reign of Umar , the Muslim army found it a suitable place to construct a base. Later, when the area was settled and a mosque was erected, Umar ordered the resettlement of the 4000 settlers to Mosul . The new buildings were constructed from mud bricks, instead of reeds, a material that was popular in

5372-424: The reverence due to all companions; It sometimes admonishes them, as when Aisha , wife of Muhammad and daughter of the first Sunni caliph Abu Bakr , was accused of infidelity. Differing views on the definition of a companion were also influenced by the debate between the Traditionalists and the Muʿtazila with the traditionalists preferring to extend the definition to as many people as possible and

5451-498: The sight of the enemy and even the isolated Muslim forces that they intend to rescue. Then as Sassanid army saw Abu Sabrah came with only few soldiers, they immediately gave chase as they though it is the whole Muslim reinforcement soldiers. At this certain moment, Utbah commence Arfajah final plan to commit his main forces to flank the unexpected Sassanid force, causing heavy casualties on them and routing them, thus this operation of relieving al Ala Hadrami mariners which had been posed to

5530-491: The support of central caliphate, due to his notably wealthiness and powerful influence of followers from within his clan. Ahmed Jawdat further narrated that the background of Arfajah naval expedition from Al-Waqidi 's book that Arfajah were filled by impetuous Jihad spirit And he disregarded the advice of Al-Faruq , boarded the ships and marched for the conquest in the Sea of Oman. However, Jawdat mistook as he though this campaign occurred during Umar caliphate, while in reality it

5609-433: The supreme commander of eastern theater, Sa'd ibn abi Waqqas, was informed that the people of Mosul had gathered in Tikrit with a man from the Byzantine called Al-Antiqa. Sa'd then wrote to Umar regarding the issue of the people of Mosul who had gathered in Tikrit with Al-Antiqa. The caliph ordered him to take initiative, then Sa'd appoint Abdullah ibn Al-Mu'tam as the commander of the operation. Abdullah ibn Mu'tam arranged

5688-601: The time Muhammad died. There were 10,000 by the time of the Conquest of Mecca and 70,000 during the Expedition of Tabuk in 630. Some Muslims assert that they were more than 200,000 in number: it is believed that 124,000 pilgrims witnessed the Farewell Sermon Muhammad delivered after making Farewell Pilgrimage to Mecca. The most widespread definition of a companion is someone who met Muhammad, believed in him, and died

5767-424: The words and deeds of Muhammad, the occasions on which the Quran was revealed and other important matters in Islamic history and practice. The testimony of the companions, as it was passed down through trusted chains of narrators ( asānīd ), was the basis of the developing Islamic tradition . From the traditions ( hadith ) of the life of Muhammad and his companions are drawn the Muslim way of life ( sunnah ),

5846-619: The words of Al-Dhahabi regarding Arfaja naval campaign during this occasion: "...Arfaja sent to the coast of Persia, destroying many(enemy) ships, and conquered the island and build mosque" . It is said by historians this Arfajah operations in the coast of Persian Gulf secured the water ways for Muslims army and paving the way for the later Muslim conquest of Pars . Ibn Balkhi wrote that Arfajah write his progress to al Ala, who in turn inform to 'Umar. This satisfy 'Umar, who in turn instructed al Ala to further resupply Arfajah who still continued fighting off coast, which Arfajah responds continued

5925-464: The ṣaḥāba was highlighted by the third generation scholar named Ibn al-Mubarak , who was once asked to choose between Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan , who was a companion, and Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz , who was famous for his piety. Ibn al-Mubarak simply responded: " ...dust particles in Mu'awiya's nose (while fighting in Hunayn under Muhammad) were better than six hundred Umar (ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz)..." Following

6004-644: Was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . He was a member of the Azd branch of the Bariq clan that inhabited Southwestern Arabia. Arfajah was one of the commanders of the eleven corps of army sent by the first caliph, Abu Bakr , to quell a rebellion after Muhammad died. Arfajah was one of the first caliphate naval commanders, as Abu Bakr dispatched him with Hudaifa bin Mihsan's corps to fight opponents of Islam in Oman . as he

6083-450: Was entrusted to lead the Azd naval forces from Bahrayn to invade Fars Province in order to stop Sassanid coastal incursions. He later served as Governor of Mosul during the reign of Caliph Umar . An energetic military general, Arfajah contributed to the Muslim conquest of Persia , as he participated in the major battles against the Sassanids such as Naval conquest of Pars , Battle of

6162-399: Was known as a gifted orator. Arfajah also has powerful martial prowess as he is said to be skilled in sword fighting and equestrian methods, while also possessed good social skills. Arfajah is accounted a companion of Muhammad , as he met Muhammad. Umar ibn al Khattab attested that Arfajah had met Muhammad at least once and professed Islam during the Muhammad's lifetime. Arfajah narrated

6241-459: Was resumed, albeit damages caused by ISIS , with a 50 million dollar grant from the United Arab Emirates . Completion date was not set. This article about a mosque or other Islamic place of worship in Iraq is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Arfaja al-Bariqi Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi ( Arabic : عرفجة بن هرثمة البارقي ) (also known as Arfajah al-Bariqi )

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