Maria Carmen Vicenta Petra Zaragoza de Araneta y Rojas , also known as Carmen Zaragoza y Roxas (June 29, 1867 – June 29, 1943), was an early Filipina artist .
104-674: The Araneta family is a Filipino family that originated from Gipuzkoa , the Basque region of northern Spain . The name is derived from the Basque word aran meaning "valley", with the suffix -eta meaning "abundance of", but also a locative term denoting place. In this case, the Araneta name means "the family that comes from the valley". In 1723, during the Galleon trade , two brothers named Baltazar de Araneta and Don Jose de Araneta arrived in Manila aboard
208-568: A 19th century edict prohibited the use of the word "Filipino" to refer to indios. This reflected popular belief, although no such edict has been found. The idea that the term Filipino was not used to refer to indios until the 19th century has also been mentioned by historians such as Salah Jubair and Renato Constantino . However, in a 1994 publication the historian William Henry Scott identified instances in Spanish writing where "Filipino" did refer to "indio" natives. Instances of such usage include
312-493: A class called Maginoo (royals) and defended by the Maharlika (Lesser nobles, royal warriors and aristocrats). These Royals and Nobles are descended from native Filipinos with varying degrees of Indo-Aryan and Dravidian , which is evident in today's DNA analysis among South East Asian Royals. This tradition continued among the Spanish and Portuguese traders who also intermarried with the local populations. The first census in
416-557: A diversified company, until the company's ownership was transferred to J. Amado Araneta , with interests in real estate and agriculture sectors, particularly in the sugar plantations industry. As the family's sugar plantations in Negros Island continue to grow during the country's recovery from World War 2 , Amado purchased 4 hectares (9.9 acres) of land, located within Highway 54 (now EDSA ), Aurora Boulevard , and P. Tuazon Boulevard, from
520-512: A painting that won her a prize during the 1892 anniversary of Christopher Columbus and his discovery of America. Two years later, during the 1895 Exposición Regional de Filipinas (1895 Regional Exposition in the Philippines), Zaragoza was awarded a copper medal for creating two landscapes. Zaragoza helped to establish the late 19th-century magazine La Ilustracion Filipina del Oriente , founded by her father Jose Zaragoza y Aranquizna. Zaragoza
624-756: A period of European colonization. During the period of Spanish colonialism , the Philippines was part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain , which was governed and administered from Mexico City . Early Spanish settlers were mostly explorers, soldiers, government officials and religious missionaries born in Spain and Mexico. Most Spaniards who settled were of Basque ancestry, but there were also settlers of Andalusian , Catalan , and Moorish descent. The Peninsulares (governors born in Spain), mostly of Castilian ancestry, settled in
728-417: A proportion of the provinces widely varied; with as high as 19% of the population of Tondo province (The most populous province and former name of Manila), to Pampanga 13.7%, Cavite at 13%, Laguna 2.28%, Batangas 3%, Bulacan 10.79%, Bataan 16.72%, Ilocos 1.38%, Pangasinan 3.49%, Albay 1.16%, Cebu 2.17%, Samar 3.27%, Iloilo 1%, Capiz 1%, Bicol 20%, and Zamboanga 40%. According to
832-481: Is a slang word formed by taking the last four letters of " Filipino " and adding the diminutive suffix " -y ". Or the non-gender or gender fluid form Pinxy. In 2020, the neologism Filipinx appeared; a demonym applied only to those of Filipino heritage in the diaspora and specifically referring to and coined by Filipino Americans imitating Latinx , itself a recently coined gender-inclusive alternative to Latino or Latina . An online dictionary made an entry of
936-477: Is conflicting information drawn from translations of various documents pertaining to him. In 1823, Buenaventura Araneta, son of Mathias Araneta, became the gobernadorcillo ( alcalde naturales ) in Molo, Iloilo . He married Isabel Theresa Estrella; they had four children: Hermenegildo, Antonio, Pantaleon and Aniceta. Hermenegildo married Petrona Estanislao (Melitante) y Locsin of Iloilo; they had nine children, one of them
1040-570: Is currently based upon the principle of jus sanguinis and, therefore, descent from a parent who is a citizen of the Republic of the Philippines is the primary method of acquiring national citizenship. Birth in the Philippines to foreign parents does not in itself confer Philippine citizenship, although RA9139, the Administrative Naturalization Law of 2000, does provide a path for administrative naturalization of certain aliens born in
1144-744: The Aeta (including the Agta, Arta, Dumagat, etc.) of Luzon, the Ati of Western Visayas , the Batak of Palawan , and the Mamanwa of Mindanao . Today they comprise just 0.03% of the total Philippine population. After the Negritos, were two early Paleolithic migrations from East Asian (basal Austric , an ethnic group which includes Austroasiatics ) people, they entered the Philippines at around 15,000 and 12,000 years ago, respectively. Like
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#17328556050751248-810: The Commission on Higher Education . The Araneta Group is a private and diversified company established owned by the Araneta Family since 1954 that holds the key businesses established by J. Amado Araneta . During Amado's leadership, he expanded the family's real estate businesses, farmlands, and sugar plantations. The company is currently owned by Amado's son, Jorge L. Araneta since 1970, and presently owns, operates and invests in Real Estate Development , Investments , Leisure & Entertainment , Fast Food Restaurant franchises, and Hospitality businesses. The Araneta Group began its operations in 1908 as
1352-513: The East Indies "). Filipinos of mixed ethnic origins are still referred today as mestizos . However, in common popular parlance, mestizos usually refer to Filipinos mixed with Spanish or any other European ancestry. Filipinos mixed with any other foreign ethnicities are named depending on the non-Filipino part. Historically though, it was the Mestizo de Sangley ( Chinese Mestizo ) that numbered
1456-608: The Late Pleistocene , c. 67,000 years old. The remains were initially identified as modern human, but after the discovery of more specimens in 2019, they have been reclassified as being members of a new species – Homo luzonensis . The oldest indisputable modern human ( Homo sapiens ) remains in the Philippines are the " Tabon Man " fossils discovered in the Tabon Caves in the 1960s by Robert B. Fox , an anthropologist from
1560-480: The Malay Srivijaya , Javanese Majapahit , Brunei , Malacca , Tamil Chola , Champa and Khmer empires , although de facto had established their own independent system of rule. Trading links with Sumatra , Borneo , Java , Cambodia , Malay Peninsula , Indochina , China , Japan , India and Arabia . A thalassocracy had thus emerged based on international trade. Even scattered barangays, through
1664-518: The National Museum . These were dated to the Paleolithic , at around 26,000 to 24,000 years ago. The Tabon Cave complex also indicates that the caves were inhabited by humans continuously from at least 47,000 ± 11,000 years ago to around 9,000 years ago. The caves were also later used as a burial site by unrelated Neolithic and Metal Age cultures in the area. The Tabon Cave remains (along with
1768-568: The Negrito people , although they are highly genetically divergent from each other. Philippine Negritos show a high degree of Denisovan Admixture , similar to Papuans and Indigenous Australians , in contrast to Malaysian and Andamanese Negritos (the Orang Asli ). This indicates that Philippine Negritos, Papuans, and Indigenous Australians share a common ancestor that admixed with Denisovans at around 44,000 years ago. Negritos include ethnic groups like
1872-758: The Neolithic at around 4,500 to 3,500 years ago, when a branch of Austronesians from Taiwan (the ancestral Malayo-Polynesian -speakers) migrated to the Batanes Islands and Luzon . They spread quickly throughout the rest of the islands of the Philippines and became the dominant ethnolinguistic group. They admixed with the earlier settlers, resulting in the modern Filipinos – which though predominantly genetically Austronesian still show varying genetic admixture with Negritos (and vice versa for Negrito ethnic groups which show significant Austronesian admixture). Austronesians possessed advanced sailing technologies and colonized
1976-529: The Niah Cave remains of Borneo and the Tam Pa Ling remains of Laos ) are part of the "First Sundaland People", the earliest branch of anatomically modern humans to reach Island Southeast Asia at the time of lowered sea levels of Sundaland , with only one 3km sea crossing. They entered the Philippines from Borneo via Palawan at around 50,000 to 40,000 years ago. Their descendants are collectively known as
2080-536: The Philippine nationality law . However, the term has been rejected as an identification in some instances by minorities who did not come under Spanish control, such as the Igorot and Muslim Moros . The lack of the letter " F " in the 1940–1987 standardized Tagalog alphabet ( Abakada ) caused the letter " P " to be substituted for " F ", though the alphabets or writing scripts of some non-Tagalog ethnic groups included
2184-614: The Radio Corporation of America (RCA) in 1954, and purchased the remaining 31 hectares (77 acres) a year later. Amado merged his companies in 1954 and began his real estate developments in the area in 1956, as he sold a portion of the property to the Philippine National Bank , for the company to set up a branch within while maintaining ownership on the property's land, and later erected the first Aguinaldo Department Store beyond Manila , while relocating his company's offices to
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#17328556050752288-589: The Relación de las Islas Filipinas (1604) of Pedro Chirino , in which he wrote chapters entitled "Of the civilities, terms of courtesy, and good breeding among the Filipinos" (Chapter XVI), "Of the Letters of the Filipinos" (Chapter XVII), "Concerning the false heathen religion, idolatries, and superstitions of the Filipinos" (Chapter XXI), "Of marriages, dowries, and divorces among the Filipinos" (Chapter XXX), while also using
2392-725: The Smart Araneta Coliseum , was the world's largest indoor stadium. It still remains one of the largest in Asia . Meanwhile, Amado's son, Jorge L. Araneta , replaced him as the head of the Araneta Group and his father's businesses. In politics, Salvador Araneta, son of Gregorio Araneta become a Cabinet Secretary in the Philippine government. He was the founder of Araneta University (now De La Salle Araneta University ) and FEATI University. Later, his nephew Greggy Araneta married Irene Marcos,
2496-639: The Spanish Empire . Many Indian Sepoy troops and their British captains mutinied and were left in Manila and some parts of the Ilocos and Cagayan . The Indian Filipinos in Manila settled at Cainta, Rizal and the ones in the north settled in Isabela . Most were assimilated into the local population. Even before the British invasion, there were already also a large but unknown number of Indian Filipinos as majority of
2600-694: The Spanish Navy . There were also significant numbers of Manilamen in Northern Australia and the Torres Strait Islands in the late 1800s who were employed in the pearl hunting industries. In Mexico (especially in the Mexican states of Guerrero and Colima ), Filipino immigrants arriving to New Spain during the 16th and 17th centuries via the Manila galleons were called chino , which led to
2704-492: The 15th century, Arab and Indian missionaries and traders from Malaysia and Indonesia brought Islam to the Philippines, where it both replaced and was practiced together with indigenous religions. Before that, indigenous tribes of the Philippines practiced a mixture of Animism , Hinduism and Buddhism . Native villages, called barangays were populated by locals called Timawa (Middle Class/freemen) and Alipin (servants and slaves). They were ruled by Rajahs , Datus and Sultans ,
2808-443: The 19th century. However, they eventually spread all over the islands and became traders, landowners and moneylenders. Today, their descendants still comprise a significant part of the Philippine population especially its bourgeois , who during the late Spanish Colonial Era in the late 19th century, produced a major part of the ilustrado intelligentsia of the late Spanish Colonial Philippines , that were very influential with
2912-436: The 20th century, now later came to compose the modern Spanish Filipino community and Chinese Filipino community respectively, where families of such background contribute a significant share of the Philippine economy today, where most in the current list of the Philippines' richest each year comprise billionaires of either Chinese Filipino background or the old elite families of Spanish Filipino background. After
3016-773: The 20th century, that preserved at least some of their Chinese culture , integrated together with mainstream Filipino culture , are now in the form of the modern Chinese Filipino community, who currently play a leading role in the Philippine business sector and contribute a significant share of the Philippine economy today, where most in the current list of the Philippines' richest each year comprise Taipan billionaires of Chinese Filipino background, mostly of Hokkien descent, where most still trace their roots back to mostly Jinjiang or Nan'an within Quanzhou or sometimes Xiamen (Amoy) or Zhangzhou , all within Southern Fujian ,
3120-979: The France-based Publicis group through its Saatchi & Saatchi network of agencies). Joachim Araneta Durante, standing as the CEO of his own beach resort in Siargao Island and Hotel in Cebu City. Filipino people Filipinos ( Filipino : Mga Pilipino ) are citizens or people identified with the country of the Philippines . The majority of Filipinos today are predominantly Catholic and come from various Austronesian peoples , all typically speaking Tagalog , English , or other Philippine languages . Despite formerly being subject to Spanish colonialism , only around 2–4% of Filipinos are fluent in Spanish . Currently, there are more than 185 ethnolinguistic groups in
3224-681: The Gobernadorcillo (Alcalde Naturales) of Iloilo . In the latter part of the century, a kinsman of his on the Negros side; Juan Araneta was the architect of the Negros Revolution that defeated the Imperial Spanish forces in that island. This would lead to the establishment of the Cantonal Republic of Negros . He would serve as the secretary of war of the short-lived government, which
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3328-799: The Kingdom of Sanfotsi situated in Pangasinan , the Kingdom of Luzon now known as Pampanga which specialized in trade with most of what is now known as Southeast Asia and with China, Japan and the Kingdom of Ryukyu in Okinawa . From the 9th century onwards, a large number of Arab traders from the Middle East settled in the Malay Archipelago and intermarried with the local Malay , Bruneian, Malaysian, Indonesian and Luzon and Visayas indigenous populations. In
3432-620: The Malayan empires of Srivijaya , Majapahit and Brunei . Datu – The Tagalog maginoo , the Kapampangan ginu and the Visayan tumao were the nobility social class among various cultures of the pre-colonial Philippines. Among the Visayans, the tumao were further distinguished from the immediate royal families or a ruling class. Timawa – The timawa class were free commoners of Luzon and
3536-581: The Misericordia in Manila . He was married to Manuela de Aguirre and he died in Manila in 1750. One line of the Araneta family is descended from him. In 1725, Don Jose joined the first Spanish expedition forces to Mindanao. A passage quoted from the book Islas Filipinas: Mindanao (Vol. 11), by Benito Francia and Julian Gonzales Parrado, which was translated into the Chabacano dialect by Datu Michael Mastura, establishes two facts: First, Don Jose de Araneta served
3640-618: The Negritos, they entered the Philippines during the lowered sea levels during the last ice age , when the only water crossings required were less than 3km wide (such as the Sibutu strait ). They retain partial genetic signals among the Manobo people and the Sama-Bajau people of Mindanao . The last wave of prehistoric migrations to reach the Philippines was the Austronesian expansion which started in
3744-528: The Philippine Revolution to modern times, the term "Filipino" was expanded to include everyone born in the Philippines coming from any race, as per the Philippine nationality law . That would explain the abrupt drop of otherwise high Chinese, Spanish and mestizo, percentages across the country by the time of the first American census in 1903. By the 20th century, the remaining ethnic Spaniards and ethnic Chinese, replenished by further Chinese migrants in
3848-631: The Philippine islands were usually known in the Philippines itself by the generic terms indio ("Indian (native of the East Indies )") or indigena ' indigenous ' , while the generic term chino ("Chinese"), short for indio chino was used in Spanish America to differentiate from the Native American indios of the Spanish colonies in the Americas and the West Indies . The term Filipino
3952-746: The Philippine-born Spaniards during the 19th century began to be called españoles filipinos , logically contracted to just Filipino , to distinguish them from the Spaniards born in Spain, they themselves resented the term, preferring to identify themselves as "hijo/s del país" ("sons of the country"). In the latter half of the 19th century, ilustrados , an educated class of mestizos (both Spanish mestizos and Sangley Chinese mestizos , especially Chinese mestizos) and indios arose whose writings are credited with building Philippine nationalism . These writings are also credited with transforming
4056-475: The Philippines (Spanish Filipinos) in Spanish : " Filipino/s " (m) or " Filipina/s " (f) in relation to those born in Hispanic America called in Spanish : " Americano/s " (m) / " Americana/s " (f) or " Criollo/s " , whereas the Spaniards born in the Philippines themselves called the Spaniards from Spain as " Peninsular/es " with themselves also referred to as " Insular/es ". Meanwhile,
4160-414: The Philippines and during the Spanish period they were referred to as guachinangos and they readily intermarried and mixed with native Filipinos. Bernal, the author of the book "Mexico en Filipinas" contends, that they were middlemen, the guachinangos in contrast to the Spanish and criollos, known as Castila, that had positions in power and were isolated, the guachinangos in the meantime, had interacted with
4264-482: The Philippines each with its own language , identity, culture, tradition, and history. The name Filipino , as a demonym , was derived from the term las Islas Filipinas ' the Philippine Islands ' , the name given to the archipelago in 1543 by the Spanish explorer and Dominican priest Ruy López de Villalobos , in honor of Philip II of Spain . During the Spanish colonial period , natives of
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4368-478: The Philippines via sea-borne migration, in contrast to earlier groups. Austronesians from the Philippines also later settled Guam and the other islands of Maritime Southeast Asia , and parts of Mainland Southeast Asia . From there, they colonized the rest of Austronesia , which in modern times include Micronesia , coastal New Guinea , Island Melanesia , Polynesia , and Madagascar , in addition to Maritime Southeast Asia and Taiwan. The connections between
4472-515: The Philippines was in 1591, based on tributes collected. The tributes counted the total founding population of the Spanish Philippines as 667,612 people. 20,000 were Chinese migrant traders, at different times: around 15,600 individuals were Latino soldier-colonists who were cumulatively sent from Peru and Mexico and they were shipped to the Philippines annually, 3,000 were Japanese residents, and 600 were pure Spaniards from Europe. There
4576-452: The Philippines without distinction of origin or race. American authorities during the American colonial era also started to colloquially use the term Filipino to refer to the native inhabitants of the archipelago, but despite this, it became the official term for all citizens of the sovereign independent Republic of the Philippines , including non-native inhabitants of the country as per
4680-463: The Philippines' historical trade partner with Mainland China . In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of Japanese traders also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population. Many were assimilated throughout the centuries, especially through the tumultuous period of World War II . Today, there is a small growing Nikkei community of Japanese Filipinos in Davao with roots to
4784-511: The Philippines. However, according to the center of Amerasian Research, there might be as many as 250,000 Amerasians scattered across the cities of Clark , Angeles City , Manila , and Olongapo . In addition, numerous Filipino men enlisted in the US Navy and made careers in it, often settling with their families in the United States. Some of their second- or third-generation families returned to
4888-485: The Philippines. Since many of the above historical groups came to the Philippines before its establishment as an independent state, many have also gained citizenship before the founding of either the First Philippines Republic or Third Republic of the Philippines . For example, many Cold-War-era Chinese migrants who had relatives in the Philippines attain Filipino citizenship for their children through marriage with Chinese Filipino families that trace back to either
4992-435: The Philippinos", while Francisco Antolín argued in 1789 that "the ancient wealth of the Philippinos is much like that which the Igorots have at present". These examples prompted the historian William Henry Scott to conclude that during the Spanish colonial period: [...]the people of the Philippines were called Filipinos when they were practicing their own culture—or, to put it another way, before they became indios . While
5096-401: The Spanish Politico-Military Government of Mindanao based at Zamboanga City. Second, he served as an interpreter between the Spanish colonial government and the sultan of Maguindanao, together with Placido Alberto de Saavedra. Another passage in the document revealed that in 1746, Don Jose Araneta was executed in Sulugan, Mindanao, nowadays known as Anuling in Cotabato, Philippines. However, there
5200-409: The Spanish fleet La Sacra Familia . They came from the Basque region of Spain by way of Acapulco, Mexico. However, this was not conclusive as some members of the family disputed that the two are not brothers. Don Jose de Araneta must have been born in Gipuzkoa, but not Baltazar de Araneta; he was born in Mexico. Baltazar served as a regidor of the cabildo and secretary of the Charitable Fraternity of
5304-454: The Spanish period, especially as Manila was connected to the ports of Southern Fujian , such as Yuegang (the old port of Haicheng in Zhangzhou , Fujian ). The Spaniards recruited thousands of Chinese migrant workers from " Chinchew " ( Quanzhou ), " Chiõ Chiu " ( Zhangzhou ), " Canton " ( Guangzhou ), and Macau called sangleys (from Hokkien Chinese : 生理 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Sng-lí ; lit. 'business') to build
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#17328556050755408-420: The Visayas who could own their own land and who did not have to pay a regular tribute to a maginoo, though they would, from time to time, be obliged to work on a datu's land and help in community projects and events. They were free to change their allegiance to another datu if they married into another community or if they decided to move. Maharlika – Members of the Tagalog warrior class known as maharlika had
5512-453: The Wangdoms of Pangasinan and Ma-i as well as Ma-i's subordinates, the Barangay states of Pulilu and Sandao ; the Kingdoms of Maynila , Namayan , and Tondo ; the Kedatuans of Madja-as , Dapitan , and Cainta ; the Rajahnates of Cebu , Butuan and Sanmalan ; and the Sultanates of Buayan , Maguindanao , Lanao and Sulu ; existed alongside the highland societies of the Ifugao and Mangyan . Some of these regions were part of
5616-428: The archipelago to Spain. European criollos , mestizos and Portuguese, French and Mexican descent from the Americas, mostly from Latin America came in contact with the Filipinos. Japanese , Indian and Cambodian Christians who fled from religious persecutions and killing fields also settled in the Philippines during the 17th until the 19th centuries. The Mexicans especially were a major source of military migration to
5720-488: The area. In 1957, Amado launched one of his largest projects, the Araneta Coliseum and was completed in 1960. Since then, Amado inaugurated many buildings in the complex, such as the Araneta Enterprise Building in 1956, the New Frontier Theater in 1967, and the Coliseum Farmers Market and Shopping Center in 1969. As time grew by, Amado expanded his business until his retirement in 1970, when his son, Jorge L. Araneta took helm of his company and his businesses. Since then,
5824-402: The barangay where the Central stood was named after him. Jorge was also a close friend of the Philippine Commonwealth president Manuel Quezon . It was Jorge's son-in-law and distant relation J. Amado Araneta who made the family into a household name. He established the real estate empire of commercial Cubao. His most prominent achievement is building the Araneta City . Its landmark structure,
5928-444: The biggest private conglomerates in the country. Salvador Z. Araneta founded RFM Corporation ( PSE : RFM ), which began as a flour miller. LBC Express , founded as the Luzon Brokerage Corporation, was founded by Carlos "Linggoy" Araneta. The company's current CEO is Miguel Angel A. Camahort. Ramon Araneta ventured into advertising through Ace Advertising Agency (AAA) (now known as Ace Saatchi & Saatchi, wholly owned by
6032-428: The clan also serve in various political positions, including Senator Mar Roxas , a grandson of J. Amado Araneta, and former first gentleman Jose Miguel Arroyo , husband of Philippine former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo . He is a descendant of Jesusa Araneta Lacson de Arroyo, from the direct line of Gen. Aniceto Lacson and Rosario Araneta Lacson of the Negros branch of the family. The Araneta family, particularly
6136-453: The colonial caste system hierarchy and taxation system during the Spanish Colonial Times dictated that those of mixed descent were known as " Mestizo /s " ( m ) / " Mestiza/s " ( f ), specifically those of mixed Spanish and native Filipino descent were known as " Mestizo/s de Español " ( Spanish Mestizos ), whereas those of mixed Chinese and native Filipino descent were known as " Mestizo/s de Sangley " ( Chinese Mestizos ) and
6240-421: The colonial infrastructure in the islands. Many Chinese immigrants converted to Christianity, intermarried with the locals, and adopted Hispanized names and customs and became assimilated, although the children of unions between Filipinos and Chinese that became assimilated continued to be designated in official records as mestizos de sangley . The Chinese mestizos were largely confined to the Binondo area until
6344-406: The commencement of the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade that connected the Philippines through Manila to Acapulco in Mexico , attracted new waves of immigrants from China , as Manila was already previously connected to the Maritime Silk Road and Maritime Jade Road , as shown in the Selden Map , from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in Southern Fujian to Manila , maritime trade flourished during
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#17328556050756448-459: The company expanded its interests and investments from real estate, agriculture, investments and entertainment to fast food restaurant franchises in the 1970s, after the purchase of franchising rights of Pizza Hut , and lodging sectors, after the grand opening of the Novotel Manila Araneta City in 2015. Correspondingly, the company is regarded as one of the pioneers of the country's entertainment and leisure development sectors, and serves as one of
6552-463: The confusion of early Filipino immigrants with that of the much later Chinese immigrants to Mexico from the 1880s to the 1940s. A genetic study in 2018 has also revealed that around one-third of the population of Guerrero have 10% Filipino ancestry. The oldest archaic human remains in the Philippines are the " Callao Man " specimens discovered in 2007 in the Callao Cave in Northern Luzon . They were dated in 2010 through uranium-series dating to
6656-445: The country. Following its independence, the Philippines has seen both small and large-scale immigration into the country, mostly involving American, European, Chinese and Japanese peoples. After World War II, South Asians continued to migrate into the islands, most of which assimilated and avoided the local social stigma instilled by the early Spaniards against them by keeping a low profile or by trying to pass as Spanish mestizos. This
6760-434: The creation of Filipino nationalism and the sparking of the Philippine Revolution as part of the foundation of the First Philippine Republic and subsequent sovereign independent Philippines . Today, the bulk of the families in the list of the political families in the Philippines have such family background. Meanwhile, the colonial-era Sangley's pure ethnic Chinese descendants of which, replenished by later migrants in
6864-438: The data, in the Archdiocese of Manila which administers much of Luzon under it, about 10% of the population was Spanish-Filipino. Across the whole Philippines, as estimated, the total ratio of Spanish Filipino tributes amount to 5% of the totality. In the 1860s to 1890s, in the urban areas of the Philippines, especially at Manila, according to burial statistics, as much as 3.3% of the population were pure European Spaniards and
6968-502: The datu between 6 and 18 pesos in gold – a large sum in those days. Alipin – Commonly described as "servant" or "slave". However, this is inaccurate. The concept of the alipin relied on a complex system of obligation and repayment through labor in ancient Philippine society, rather than on the actual purchase of a person as in Western and Islamic slavery . Members of the alipin class who owned their own houses were more accurately equivalent to medieval European serfs and commoners. By
7072-412: The daughter of Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos. Other members of the clan involved with Marcos was Rafael M. Salas, the son of Ernesto Araneta Salas of Bago. He served as Marcos' Executive Secretary, due to political differences he left this position and later become Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations , head of UNFPA . He would serve in this capacity for 17 years. Many other members of
7176-434: The deaths of at least 200,000 Filipino civilians. Some estimates for total civilian dead reach up to 1,000,000. After the Philippine–American War, the United States civil governance was established in 1901, with William Howard Taft as the first American Governor-General . A number of Americans settled in the islands and thousands of interracial marriages between Americans and Filipinos have taken place since then. Owing to
7280-442: The defeat of Spain during the Spanish–American War in 1898, Filipino general, Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence on June 12 while General Wesley Merritt became the first American governor of the Philippines. On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris formally ended the war, with Spain ceding the Philippines and other colonies to the United States in exchange for $ 20 million. The Philippine–American War resulted in
7384-451: The descendants of Josefa Araneta, also of the Negros branch, produced the largest numbers of the Catholic clergy. She married Gregorio Varela , and the line of their son Antonio Araneta-Varela has produced three nuns, two priests, and Bishop Jesus Varela . Meanwhile, their daughter, Dolores Araneta Varela, who married Agaton Ramos, had a grandson named Rolando Ramos Dizon , who became a La Sallian Catholic brother before becoming Chairman of
7488-423: The development of inter-island and international trade, became more culturally homogeneous by the 4th century. Hindu - Buddhist culture and religion flourished among the noblemen in this era. In the period between the 7th to the beginning of the 15th centuries, numerous prosperous centers of trade had emerged, including the Kingdom of Namayan which flourished alongside Manila Bay , Cebu , Iloilo , Butuan ,
7592-470: The early 20th century, the term "Malay race" is still used incorrectly in the Philippines to refer to the Austronesian peoples, leading to confusion with the non-indigenous Melayu people . Since at least the 3rd century, various ethnic groups established several communities. These were formed by the assimilation of various native Philippine kingdoms. South Asian and East Asian people together with
7696-591: The family were involved in the revolution elsewhere. Pablo Soriano Araneta (1864–1943) was the commanding general of the Panay Revolutionary Forces and chief of the expeditionary forces of the Federal Republic of the Visayas (centered on Iloilo City ). The eminent Gregorio Soriano Araneta (1869–1930), legal luminary, businessman, nationalist, and patriot, served his country and people under three regimes. He
7800-433: The foreign term. Native Filipinos were also called Manilamen (or Manila men ) by English-speaking regions or Tagalas by Spanish-speakers during the colonial era. They were mostly sailors and pearl-divers and established communities in various ports around the world. One of the notable settlements of Manilamen is the community of Saint Malo, Louisiana , founded at around 1763 to 1765 by escaped slaves and deserters from
7904-482: The indigenous population. In the late 1700s to early 1800s, Joaquín Martínez de Zúñiga, an Agustinian Friar, in his Two Volume Book: "Estadismo de las islas Filipinas" compiled a census of the Spanish-Philippines based on the tribute counts (Which represented an average family of seven to ten children and two parents, per tribute) and came upon the following statistics: The Spanish-Filipino population as
8008-420: The islands to govern their territory. Most settlers married the daughters of rajahs , datus , and sultans to reinforce the colonization of the islands. The Ginoo and Maharlika castes (royals and nobles) in the Philippines prior to the arrival of the Spaniards formed the privileged Principalía (nobility) during the early Spanish period. The arrival of the Spaniards to the Philippines, especially through
8112-546: The late Spanish Colonial Era or American Colonial Era . Likewise, many other modern expatriates from various countries, such as the US , often come to the Philippines to marry with a Filipino citizen , ensuring their future children attain Filipino citizenship and their Filipino spouses ensure property ownership . During the Spanish colonial period , Spaniards from Spain and Hispanic America mainly referred to Spaniards born in
8216-408: The letter "F". Upon official adoption of the modern, 28-letter Filipino alphabet in 1987, the term Filipino was preferred over Pilipino . Locally, some still use "Filipino" to refer to the people and "Pilipino" to refer to the language, but in international use "Filipino" is the usual form for both. A number of Filipinos refer to themselves colloquially as " Pinoy " (feminine: " Pinay "), which
8320-514: The many cities and presidios of the Philippines. With the inauguration of the Suez Canal in 1867, Spain opened the Philippines for international trade. European investors of British, Dutch, German, Portuguese, Russian, Italian, and French nationality were among those who settled in the islands as business increased. More Spaniards and Chinese arrived during the next century. Many of these migrants intermarried with local mestizos and assimilated with
8424-440: The mix of all of the above or a mix of Spanish and Chinese were known as " Tornatrás ". Meanwhile, the ethnic Chinese migrants ( Chinese Filipinos ) were historically referred to as " Sangley/es " (from Hokkien Chinese : 生理 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Sng-lí ; lit. 'business'), while the natives of the Philippine islands were usually known by the generic term " Indio/s " (lit. " Indian , native of
8528-462: The most among mestizos , though the Mestizos de Español ( Spanish Mestizos ) carried more social prestige due to the colonial caste system hierarchy that usually elevated Spanish blood and Christianized natives to the peak, while most descendants of the Mestizo de Sangley ( Chinese Mestizo ), despite assuming many of the important roles in the economic, social and political life of
8632-479: The nation, would readily assimilate into the fabric of Philippine society or sometimes falsely claim Spanish descent due to this situation. Carmen Zaragoza y Roxas Zaragoza was born on June 29, 1876, in Quiapo , Manila . She came from an artistic family: her uncle Felix was an architect and her uncle Felipe a landscape painter. In 1892, she created the masterpiece known as Dos Inteligencias (Two Intellectuals),
8736-523: The natives of the Philippines, while in contrast, the exchanges between Castila and native were negligent. Following Bernal, these two groups—native Filipinos and the Castila—had been two "mutually unfamiliar castes" that had "no real contact." Between them, he clarifies however, were the Chinese traders and the guachinangos (Mexicans). In the 1600s, Spain deployed thousands of Mexican and Peruvian soldiers across
8840-686: The old Little Japan in Mintal or Calinan in Davao City during the American colonial period , where many had roots starting out in Abaca plantations or from workers of the Benguet Road ( Kennon Road ) to Baguio . British forces occupied Manila between 1762 and 1764 as a part of the Seven Years' War . However, the only part of the Philippines which the British held was the Spanish colonial capital of Manila and
8944-543: The people of the Indonesian archipelago and the Malay Peninsula, traded with Filipinos and introduced Hinduism and Buddhism to the native tribes of the Philippines. Most of these people stayed in the Philippines where they were slowly absorbed into local societies. Many of the barangay (tribal municipalities) were, to a varying extent, under the de jure jurisprudence of one of several neighboring empires, among them
9048-560: The principal naval port of Cavite , both of which are located by the Manila Bay . The war was ended by the Treaty of Paris (1763) . At the end of the war the treaty signatories were not aware that Manila had been taken by the British and was being administered as a British colony. Consequently, no specific provision was made for the Philippines. Instead they fell under the general provision that all other lands not otherwise provided for be returned to
9152-584: The prominent Spanish mestizo Zaragoza and Roxas clans of Manila, and established the Araneta name in Manila society for the first time. After the end of the revolution and the creation of the Philippine Commonwealth, members of the clan expanded their business and political interests. Juan Araneta went on to establish the Ma-ao Sugar (refinery) Central in his hometown of Bago, Negros Occidental . Industrialist Jorge Araneta would later expand it, and later
9256-407: The pure Chinese were as high as 9.9%. The Spanish Filipino and Chinese Filipino Mestizo populations also fluctuated. Eventually, many families belonging to the non-native categories from centuries ago beyond the late 19th century diminished because their descendants intermarried enough and were assimilated into and chose to self-identify as Filipinos while forgetting their ancestor's roots since during
9360-422: The same rights and responsibilities as the timawa, but in times of war they were bound to serve their datu in battle. They had to arm themselves at their own expense, but they did get to keep the loot they took. Although they were partly related to the nobility, the maharlikas were technically less free than the timawas because they could not leave a datu's service without first hosting a large public feast and paying
9464-410: The slaves imported into the archipelago were from Bengal or Southern India , adding Dravidian speaking South Indians and Indo-European speaking Bangladeshis into the ethnic mix. A total of 110 Manila-Acapulco galleons set sail between 1565 and 1815, during the Philippines trade with Mexico. Until 1593, three or more ships would set sail annually from each port bringing with them the riches of
9568-520: The strategic location of the Philippines, as many as 21 bases and 100,000 military personnel were stationed there since the United States first colonized the islands in 1898. These bases were decommissioned in 1992 after the end of the Cold War , but left behind thousands of Amerasian children. The country gained independence from the United States in 1946. The Pearl S. Buck International Foundation estimates there are 52,000 Amerasians scattered throughout
9672-671: The term Filipino to one which refers to everyone born in the Philippines, especially during the Philippine Revolution and American Colonial Era and the term shifting from a geographic designation to a national one as a citizenship nationality by law . Historian Ambeth Ocampo has suggested that the first documented use of the word Filipino to refer to Indios was the Spanish-language poem A la juventud filipina , published in 1879 by José Rizal . Writer and publisher Nick Joaquin has asserted that Luis Rodríguez Varela
9776-476: The term "Filipino" to refer unequivocally to the non-Spaniard natives of the archipelago like in the following sentence: The first and last concern of the Filipinos in cases of sickness was, as we have stated, to offer some sacrifice to their anitos or diwatas , which were their gods. In the Crónicas (1738) of Juan Francisco de San Antonio, the author devoted a chapter to "The Letters, languages and politeness of
9880-399: The term, applying it to all Filipinos within the Philippines or in the diaspora. In actual practice, however, the term is unknown among and not applied to Filipinos living in the Philippines, and Filipino itself is already treated as gender-neutral. The dictionary entry resulted in confusion, backlash and ridicule from Filipinos residing in the Philippines who never identified themselves with
9984-468: The various Austronesian peoples have also been known since the colonial era due to shared material culture and linguistic similarities of various peoples of the islands of the Indo-Pacific , leading to the designation of Austronesians as the " Malay race " (or the " Brown race ") during the age of scientific racism by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach . Due to the colonial American education system in
10088-501: The years leading up to 1000 AD, there were already several maritime societies existing in the islands but there was no unifying political state encompassing the entire Philippine archipelago. Instead, the region was dotted by numerous semi-autonomous barangays (settlements ranging in size from villages to city-states) under the sovereignty of competing thalassocracies ruled by datus , rajahs or sultans or by upland agricultural societies ruled by "petty plutocrats". Nations such as
10192-423: Was Felix who married Paz Soriano y Ditching (daughter of Don Anselmo Soriano y Flores and Maria Ditching of Binondo, Manila) and they had seventeen children, namely Leopoldo, Angel, Isabel, Pablo, Marciano, Gregorio, Anastacio, Maria, Filomena, Rosario, Lina, Jose, Concepcion, Candelaria, Encarnacion, Felicito and Remedios. Buenaventura Araneta was the first member of the family to enter political life when he became
10296-419: Was a large but unknown number of South Asian Filipinos , as the majority of the slaves imported into the archipelago were from Bengal and Southern India, adding Dravidian speaking South Indians and Indo-European speaking Bengalis into the ethnic mix. The Philippines was colonized by the Spaniards. The arrival of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan ( Portuguese : Fernão de Magalhães ) in 1521 began
10400-527: Was also true for the Arab and Chinese immigrants, many of whom are also post WWII arrivals. More recent migrations into the country by Koreans , Persians , Brazilians , and other Southeast Asians have contributed to the enrichment of the country's ethnic landscape, language and culture. Centuries of migration , diaspora , assimilation , and cultural diversity made most Filipinos accepting of interracial marriage and multiculturalism . Philippine nationality law
10504-580: Was elected a member of the National Assembly representing Iloilo . In 1898, he was appointed by General Emilio Aguinaldo as secretary-general and delegate to the Malolos Republic . Gregorio Araneta became the secretary of justice of the Philippine Republic on September 26, 1898. Gregorio also became a successful and prosperous lawyer in Manila and married Dona Carmen Zaragoza y Roxas , of
10608-669: Was later absorbed into the American-controlled military government of the Philippines . A statue of him stands in the Bago public plaza. Marciano Soriano Araneta (1866–1940) and Anastacio Soriano Araneta (1870–1898) also participated in combat against the Imperial Spanish forces in Negros and captured the Spanish garrison in Mangkas (now La Carlota City , Negros Occidental ). Other members of
10712-464: Was sometimes added by Spanish writers to distinguish the indio chino native of the Philippine archipelago from the indio of the Spanish colonies in the Americas, which were free people and legally barred from being used as slaves, unlike those from the Philippines. The term Indio Filipino appears as a term of self-identification beginning in the 18th century. In 1955, Agnes Newton Keith wrote that
10816-424: Was the first to describe himself as Filipino in print. Apolinario Mabini (1896) used the term Filipino to refer to all inhabitants of the Philippines. Father Jose Burgos earlier called all natives of the archipelago as Filipinos . In Wenceslao Retaña 's Diccionario de filipinismos , he defined Filipinos as follows, todos los nacidos en Filipinas sin distincion de origen ni de raza. All those born in
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