Provinces
95-510: Quanzhou is a prefecture-level port city on the north bank of the Jin River, beside the Taiwan Strait in southern Fujian , People's Republic of China . It is Fujian's largest most populous metropolitan region, with an area of 11,245 square kilometers (4,342 sq mi) and a population of 8,782,285 as of the 2020 census . Its built-up area is home to 6,669,711 inhabitants, encompassing
190-480: A dragon , the middle values a carp , and the dollar values a wild goose . The paper used for these stamps had a watermark in the form of a yin-yang symbol. In 1898, these were superseded by similar designs produced by engraving in London , and inscribed CHINESE IMPERIAL POST on a Chinese supplied watermarked paper of varying thickness. The watermark can be difficult to detect on the thicker paper. New printings of
285-578: A Hokkien-Dutch Dictionary from Dutch Batavia (modern-day Jakarta ) of the Dutch East Indies , the name of the Quanzhou dialect of Hokkien is transcribed as the "Tsin-tsiu dialekt" . It is uncertain which term they transcribed "Tsin-tsiu" from, specifically the first syllable, unless it was simply their attempt at giving a Hokkien term to explain the origins of "Chincheo" . On that regard though, as part of Quanzhou prefecture and directly adjacent from
380-438: A Sun Yat-sen with plum blossoms issue reaching $ 50,000 that year, then surpassed in 1948 with reissues topping out with a $ 5,000,000 stamp. In 1948, a gold yuan standard was adopted, and an assortment of existing stamps were surcharged with values from 1/2c and up. This was a short-lived stopgap, and by early 1949 it became necessary to stamps and overprints with a range of values, again going up to $ 5,000,000. On 1 May 1949,
475-578: A cathedral (financed by a rich Armenian lady) and two Franciscan friaries. Andrew of Perugia served as the Roman Catholic bishop of the city from 1322. Odoric of Pordenone was responsible for relocating the relics of the four Franciscans martyred at Thane in India in 1321 to the mission in Quanzhou. English Presbyterian missionaries raised a chapel around 1862. The Qingjing Mosque dates to 1009 but
570-409: A convenient weekend or day trip. By 2015 direct high-speed service has become available to a number of cities in the country's interior, from Beijing to Chongqing and Guiyang. Long-distance bus services also run daily/nightly to Shenzhen and other major cities. Quanzhou bus station operated from 1990 to 2020. Colleges and universities with Undergraduate education : Vocational school : Quanzhou
665-475: A less detailed map, Xianning would be indicated by a point, more or less corresponding to the coordinates of its city government. Other populous areas may also be exhibited as points, such as the county of Tongshan , with no indication that Tongshan is, in fact, enclosed by Xianning. On a more detailed map, Xianning would be drawn as an area, similar to a county of the United States, and Tongshan would be drawn as
760-672: A millennium ago under the Song and Yuan dynasties. About 6 million overseas Chinese trace their ancestry to Quanzhou and Tong'an county. Most of them live in Southeast Asia, including Singapore , the Philippines , Malaysia , Indonesia , Myanmar , and Thailand . Historically Quanzhou exported black tea , camphor , sugar, indigo , tobacco, ceramics , cloth made of grass , and minerals. As of 1832 Quanzhou imported, primarily from Guangzhou , wool cloth, wine, and watches. The East India Company
855-589: A planned series of pictorial designs denominated in silver yuan. Following the loss of mainland China, Nationalist government stamps were restricted to Taiwan and surrounding islands. Since 2008, stamps are inscribed "Republic of China (Taiwan)". Japan created a puppet state called Manchukuo out of north-east China in 1932. Although the state ceased to exist after the Second World War, it managed during its lifetime to create many interesting cultural chimeras, including stamps. The designs of Manchukuo stamps show
950-435: A prefectural level city from its actual urban area (city in the strict sense), the term shìqū (市区; "urban area"), is used. The first prefectural level cities were created on 5 November 1983. Over the following two decades, prefectural level cities have come to replace the vast majority of Chinese prefectures; the process is still ongoing. Most provinces are composed entirely or nearly entirely of prefectural level cities. Of
1045-570: A set of four depicting a lantern and the Gate of Heavenly Peace , commemorating the 1st session of the Chinese People's Consultative Political Conference . This issue also inaugurated the innovative practice of numbering each type of stamp issued, usually in the lower left corner. For instance, the $ 800 value in the Dove of Peace issue of 1950 is numbered "5.3-2", indicating that it is the second stamp of three in
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#17328410016071140-541: A set showing the Temple of Heaven commemorated the new constitution. On 1 March 1928 a set depicting Marshal of the Army and Navy Zhang Zuolin marked his assumption of that role. On 18 April 1929 Chiang Kai-shek makes a first appearance, commemorating the unification of China. Finally on 30 May 1929, two days before the event, four stamps showing Sun Yat Sen's mausoleum were issued to commemorate his state funeral. New definitives of
1235-524: A six-year hiatus, six-digit postal codes were ordered to be put into use. For many years, China was not a member of the Universal Postal Union , and while using Arabic numerals for the denominations, did not include the country's name in Latin letters as required of UPU nations. The addition of "CHINA" to stamps' inscriptions began in 1992. Western collectors typically differentiate earlier stamps both by
1330-470: A smaller area within Xianning. This convention may lead to difficulty in the identification of places mentioned in older sources. For example, Guo Moruo writes that he was born in the town of Shawan, within the prefecture of Leshan, and attended primary school in the town of Jiading. A modern map is unlikely to show either town: Shawan, because it is too small, and Jiading, because it is the seat of Leshan, and
1425-534: A two-year period during which the postal and telecommunications functions had been separated and the ministry downgraded to a subministerial level. In 1984 China had 53,000 post and telecommunications offices and 5 million kilometers of postal routes, including 240,000 kilometers of railroad postal routes, 624,000 kilometers of highway postal routes, and 230,000 kilometers of airmail routes. By 1985 post offices were handling 4.7 billion first-class letters and 25 billion newspapers and periodicals. In 1987, after
1520-578: Is a county-level city with powers approaching those of prefectural level cities. There are a total of three classifications of prefecture-level cities: In Europe and North America, cities are generally represented as points, while counties are represented as areas. Thus, Bloomington, Indiana , is indicated on the map by a point, which is distinct from, and enclosed by, the area of Monroe County, Indiana . In China, however, large cities such as Xianning may, in reality, contain both urban and rural elements. Moreover, they may enclose counties or other cities. On
1615-579: Is an administrative division of the People's Republic of China (PRC), ranking below a province and above a county in China's administrative structure. During the Republican era, many of China's prefectural cities were designated as counties as the country's second level division below a province. From 1949 to 1983, the official term was a province-administrated city (Chinese: 省辖市). Prefectural level cities form
1710-586: Is derived from the avenues of tung oil -bearing tung trees ordered to be planted around the city by the city's 10th-century ruler Liu Congxiao . Variant transcriptions from the Arabic name include Caiton , Çaiton , Çayton , Zaytún , Zaitûn , Zaitún , and Zaitūn . The etymology of satin derives from "Zaitun". Quanzhou proper lies on a split of land between the estuaries of the Jin River and Luoyang River as they flow into Quanzhou Bay [ zh ] on
1805-766: Is listed as one of the 24 famous historic cultural cities first approved by the Chinese government . Notable cultural practices include: The city hosted the Sixth National Peasants' Games in 2008. Signature local dishes include rice dumplings and oyster omelettes . Notable Historical and cultural sites (the 18 views of Quanzhou as recommended by the Fujian tourism board) include the Ashab Mosque and Kaiyuan Temple mentioned above, as well as: Notable Modern cultural sites include: Relics from Quanzhou's past are preserved at
1900-497: Is now preserved as a museum. The Buddhist Kaiyuan Temple has been repeatedly rebuilt but includes two 5-story 13th-century pagodas . Among the most popular folk or Taoist memorial hall is Guan Yue Memorial Hall ( 通淮關岳廟 ) that is dedicated to Lord Yue and famous Lord Guan , who is honored for his righteousness and the spirit of brotherhood. Jinjiang also preserves the Cao'an monastery ( 草庵寺 ), originally constructed by Manicheans under
1995-904: Is now still an important Chinese port for exporting. There is a passenger ferry terminal in Shijing, Nan'an, Fujian , with regular service to the Shuitou Port in the ROC -controlled Kinmen Island. Quanzhou Jinjiang International Airport is Quanzhou's sole airport, served by passenger flights within mainland China and other regional/international destinations throughout southeast Asia, including Hong Kong, Macau, Manila, Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok etc. Major airlines operated in JJN are Xiamen Air, Shenzhen Airlines and West Air. The Zhangping–Quanzhou–Xiaocuo railway connects several cargo stations within Quanzhou Prefecture with
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#17328410016072090-528: Is served by the high-speed Fuzhou–Xiamen railway , part of the Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen high-speed railway , which runs along China's southeastern sea coast. High-speed trains on this line stop at Quanzhou railway station (in Beifeng Subdistrict of Fengze District , some 10 miles north of Quanzhou city center) and Jinjiang railway station . Trains to Xiamen take under 45 minutes, making it
2185-434: Is simultaneously a city, which is a municipal entry with subordinate districts, and a prefecture with subordinate county-level cities and counties which is an administrative division of a province. A prefectural level city is often not a "city" in the usual sense of the term (i.e., a large continuous urban settlement), but instead an administrative unit comprising, typically, a main central urban area (the core city, city as in
2280-485: Is the biggest automotive market in Fujian. It has the highest rate of private automobile possession. Quanzhou is connected by major roads from Fuzhou to the north and Xiamen to the south. Quanzhou is an important transport hub within southeastern Fujian province. Many export industries in the Fujian interior cities will transport goods to Quanzhou ports. Quanzhou Port was one of the most prosperous port in Tang dynasty and
2375-689: Is the old name of the Jiulong River (Hokkien: 九龍江 ; Kiú-liông-kang ) that surrounds the historic city of Zhangzhou . Its Arabic name Zaiton or "Zayton" ( Arabic : زيتون , lit. 'olive (fruit or tree)'), once popular in English, means "[City] of Olives " and is a calque of Quanzhou's former Chinese epithet , Hokkien Chinese : 刺桐城 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Chhì-tông Siâⁿ or Mandarin Chinese : 刺桐城 ; pinyin : Cìtóng Chéng ; lit. 'thorny tung tree city', which
2470-470: Is therefore indicated on the map by a point labelled "Leshan." A more detailed map would show Shawan as a district within Leshan, but Jiading would still be missing. Statistics of China such as population and industrial activity are generally reported along prefectural city lines. Thus, the relatively unknown city of Huangshi has 2.5 million residents, more than most European capitals, but upon closer inspection,
2565-544: The Bay of Amoy , which the term later stuck and continued due to the language barrier among Hokkien speakers and those who do not speak the language. Another by Duncan (1902) claims that it comes from a supposed previous "Tsuien-chow" Mandarin romanization (Mandarin Chinese : 泉州 ; pinyin : Quánzhōu ; IPA : /t͡ɕʰy̯ɛn³⁵ ʈ͡ʂoʊ̯⁵⁵/). In the Chineesch-Hollandsch Woordenboek van het Emoi dialekt (1882),
2660-564: The Licheng , Fengze , and Luojiang urban districts ; Jinjiang , Nan'an , and Shishi cities ; Hui'an County ; and the Quanzhou District for Taiwanese Investment. Quanzhou was China's 12th-largest extended metropolitan area in 2010. Quanzhou was China's major port for foreign traders, who knew it as Zaiton , during the 11th through 14th centuries. It was visited by both Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta ; both travelers praised it as one of
2755-483: The Ming and Qing —reduced its prosperity, with Japanese trade shifting to Ningbo and Zhapu and other foreign trade restricted to Guangzhou . Quanzhou became an opium-smuggling center in the 19th century but the siltation of its harbor hindered trade by larger ships. Because of its importance for medieval maritime commerce, unique mix of religious buildings, and extensive archeological remains, " Quanzhou: Emporium of
2850-486: The Mongolian Yuan dynasty a superintendent of foreign trade was established in the city. The superintendent Pu Shougeng was Muslim and used his contacts to restore the city's trade under its new rulers. He was broadly successful, restoring much of the port's former greatness. His office became hereditary to his descendants. Into the 1280s Quanzhou sometimes served as the provincial capital for Fujian. Its population
2945-538: The Nationalists successfully defended Kinmen in battle from a Communist takeover attempt . The prefecture-level city of Quanzhou administers four districts , three county-level cities , four counties , and two special economic districts. The People's Republic of China claims Kinmen Islands (Quemoy) (administered and also claimed by the Republic of China ) as Kinmen County under the administration of Quanzhou. As of
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3040-557: The Qing government . A policy of isolation was forcibly ended in the 19th century by the Opium War and the subsequent opening of treaty ports ; several nations opened foreign post offices from 1844 on. This expanded to involve dozens of cities, mostly on the coast, along the Yangtze River , and in the far south. Shanghai organized its own Shanghai local post in 1865. In the same year,
3135-457: The Republic of China as their special municipalities . Criteria that a prefecture must meet to become a prefectural level city: Fifteen large prefectural level cities have been granted the status of sub-provincial city , which gives them much greater autonomy. Shijiazhuang , Suzhou , and Zhengzhou are the largest prefectural level cities with populations approaching or exceeding some sub-provincial cities. A sub-prefecture-level city
3230-566: The Taiwan Strait . Its surrounding prefecture extends west halfway across the province and is hilly and mountainous. Along with Xiamen and Zhangzhou to its south and Putian to its north, it makes up Fujian Province 's Southern Coast region. In its mountainous interior, it borders Longyan to the southwest and Sanming to the northwest. The city features a humid subtropical climate . Quanzhou has four distinct seasons. Its moderate temperature ranges from 0 to 38 degrees Celsius. In summer, there are typhoons that bring rain and some damage to
3325-657: The Xuantong Emperor . The set of three (2c, 3c, 7c), all depicted the Temple of Heaven in Beijing . The revolution of 1911 resulted in overprints on the imperial stamps in 1912; at Fuzhou to indicate that the post office was effectively a neutral area available to both sides, and at Nanjing and Shanghai reading "Republic of China" (from top to bottom: simplified Chinese : 中华民国 ; traditional Chinese : 中華民國 ; pinyin : zhōnghuámínguó ). An additional set of overprints
3420-529: The city-states of the Philippines . One of its customs inspectors, Zhao Rugua , completed his compendious Description of Barbarian Nations c. 1225 , recording the people, places, and items involved in China's foreign trade in his age. Other imperial records from the time use it as the zero mile for distances between China and foreign countries. Tamil merchants carved idols of Vishnu and Shiva and constructed Hindu temples in Quanzhou . Over
3515-453: The imperial Chinese Quan (" Spring ") Prefecture . Ch'üan-chou was the Wade-Giles romanization of the same name; other forms include Chwanchow-foo , Chwan-chau fu , Chwanchew , Ts'üan-chou , Tswanchow-foo , Tswanchau , T'swan-chau fu , Ts'wan-chiu , Ts'wan-chow-fu , Thsiouan-tchéou-fou , and Thsíouan-chéou-fou . The romanizations Chuan-chiu , Choan-Chiu , and Shanju reflect
3610-455: The local Hokkien pronunciation. The Postal Map name of the city was "Chinchew", an English variant of Chincheo , which is also the historical Spanish , Portuguese (and later also Dutch and French ) name for the city. The exact etymon of the term is uncertain with multiple explanations on the matter. Historically, "Chincheo" or also "Chengchio" or "Chenchiu" was likely a name that originally referred to neighboring Zhangzhou , due to
3705-506: The postage stamps and postal history of China is complicated by the gradual decay of Imperial China and the years of civil war and Japanese occupation in the 1930s and 1940s. In modern times, postal delivery is handled by China Post . Regular government postal service is known from the Zhou dynasty in the 1st millennium BC. During the Yuan dynasty under Kublai Khan in the 12th century, China
3800-675: The "second" through "sixth" issues, each varying in minor ways, such as the layout of the clouds. The postal system found it necessary to surcharge stamps of the previous government, with issues in March and August 1950, and May 1951. In addition, leftover stamps of the Northeastern Provinces were pressed into service in July 1950, and those of East China in December 1950. In the meantime, various commemoratives marked conferences and other events of
3895-557: The 1930s. The low values featured a junk , while values from 15c to 50c showed a farmer reaping rice, while the dollar values depicted the three-part gateway to the Hall of Classics in Beijing . The series was first printed in London, then in Beijing from 1915; they can be distinguished by close examination. The designs were re-engraved in 1923, and a number of design features were changed; for instance,
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3990-483: The 1950s and 1960s. By 1952 the principal postal networks centered on the capital, Beijing , and links to all large cities had been established. Great progress was made in improving the postal service under the First Five-Year Plan . Postal service was also developed in the rural areas. Besides extending rural postal routes, the problem of delivering mail to places below the county level was solved by enlisting
4085-540: The 2010 census, Quanzhou has a population of 8,128,530. Its built-up area is home to 6,107,475 inhabitants, encompassing the Licheng , Fengze , and Luojiang urban districts ; Jinjiang , Nan'an , and Shishi cities ; Hui'an County ; and the Quanzhou District for Taiwanese Investment. Medieval Quanzhou was long one of the most cosmopolitan Chinese cities, with Chinese folk religious temples , Buddhist temples , Taoist temples and Hindu temples ; Islamic mosques ; and Christian churches , including Nestorian and
4180-522: The 22 provinces and five autonomous regions of the PRC, only nine provinces ( Yunnan , Guizhou , Qinghai , Heilongjiang , Sichuan , Gansu , Jilin , Hubei , and Hunan ) and three autonomous regions ( Xinjiang , Tibet , and Inner Mongolia ) have at least one or more second level or prefectural level divisions that are not prefectural level cities. In the case of the disputed Taiwan , it has six prefectural level cities, but these are governed separately by
4275-888: The Customs Post become the Imperial Postal Service effective 1 January 1897; the Min Hsin Chu was shut down, as well as the Shanghai local post, and postal system adopted cents and dollars as the units of currency. Through the first half of 1897, new stamps were unavailable, and so the existing stock was surcharged in cents, with several variants distinguished by philatelists. Revenue stamps were surcharged as well. The first new stamps, inscribed IMPERIAL CHINESE POST went on sale 16 August 1897. The twelve values, ranging from 1/2c to $ 5, were lithographed in Japan . The low values depicted
4370-737: The Irishman Robert Hart developed a mail service for the Imperial Maritime Customs , initially to carry consular mail to and from treaty ports. This service was opened to the public on 1 May 1878, and China's first postage stamps, the " Large Dragons " ( Chinese : 大龍郵票 ; pinyin : dà lóng yóupiào ), were issued to handle payment. The stamps were inscribed "CHINA" in both Latin and Chinese characters, and denominated in candareens . Initially, all mail to foreign destinations went through Shanghai, but by 1882 there were twelve post offices. On 20 March 1896, an edict directed that
4465-624: The Ispah garrison for five more years until his defeat by the Yuan authorities. Nawuna was killed in turn by Chen Youding . Chen began a campaign of persecution against the city's Sunni community—including massacres and grave desecration—that eventually became a three-days anti-foreign massacre. Emigrants fleeing the persecution rose to prominent positions throughout Southeast Asia, spurring the development of Islam on Java and elsewhere. The Yuan were expelled in 1368, and they turned against Pu Shougeng's family and
4560-1584: The Maritime or Overseas-Relations History Museum . It includes large exhibits on Song-era ships and Yuan-era tombstones. A particularly important exhibit is the so-called Quanzhou ship , a seagoing junk that sunk some time after 1272 and was recovered in 1973–74. The old city center preserves "balcony buildings" ( 骑楼 ; qílóu ), a style of southern Chinese architecture from the Republican Era. Prefecture-level city Autonomous regions Sub-provincial autonomous prefectures Autonomous prefectures Leagues (Aimag) (abolishing) Prefectures Provincial-controlled cities Provincial-controlled counties Autonomous counties County-level cities Districts Ethnic districts Banners (Hoxu) Autonomous banners Shennongjia Forestry District Liuzhi Special District Wolong Special Administrative Region Workers and peasants districts Ethnic townships Towns Subdistricts Subdistrict bureaux Sum Ethnic sum County-controlled districts County-controlled district bureaux (obsolete) Management committees Town-level city Areas Villages · Gaqa · Ranches Village Committees Communities Capital cities New areas Autonomous administrative divisions National Central Cities History: before 1912 , 1912–49 , 1949–present A prefecture-level city ( Chinese : 地级市(地級市) ; pinyin : Dìjíshì ) or prefectural city
4655-691: The Mongols. In the mid-1320s Friar Odoric noted the town's two Franciscan friaries, but admitted the Buddhist monasteries were much larger, with over 3000 monks in one. Between 1357 and 1367 the Yisibaxi Muslim Persian garrison started the Ispah rebellion against the Yuan dynasty in Quanzhou and southern Fujian due to increasingly anti-Muslim laws. Persian militia leaders Sayf ad-Din [ zh ] (賽甫丁) and Amir ad-Din [ zh ] (阿迷里丁) led
4750-449: The Muslims and slaughtered Pu Shougeng's descendants in the Ispah rebellion. Mosques and other buildings with foreign architecture were almost all destroyed and the Yuan imperial soldiers killed most of the descendants of Pu Shougeng and mutilated their corpses. The Ming discouraged foreign commerce other than formal tributary missions . By 1473 trade had declined to the point that Quanzhou
4845-522: The October inauguration of Chiang, and to celebrate the Allied victory. Inflation had been creating a need for ever-higher values throughout 1945, but in 1946 things went out of control; stocks of stamps, some dating back to 1931, were surcharged with values up to $ 2000, and a new design (still featuring a portrait of Sun Yat-sen ) went up to $ 5000. 1947 saw a number of commemorative issues, and further inflation,
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#17328410016074940-739: The Prince of Jinjiang and Jiedushi (military governor) of Qingyuan Circuit, vigorously expanded overseas trade and city development. Erythrina trees were planted throughout Quanzhou city, so Quanzhou was called Erythrina City. In 964, the circuit was renamed the Pinghai Circuit. In 978, Chen Hongjin , the Jiedushi of Pinghai Circuit, was forced to surrender to the Northern Song to avoid war and ravage. Already connected to inland Fujian by roads and canals , Quanzhou grew to international importance in
5035-552: The Quanzhou area, especially those in Southeast Asia, often speak mainly Hokkien at home. Around the " Southern Min triangle area ," which includes Quanzhou, Xiamen and Zhangzhou , locals all speak the Hokkien language. The dialects of Hokkien itself that they speak are similar but have different tones and sometimes different pronunciation and vocabulary. Quanzhou has been a source for Chinese emigration to Southeast Asia and Taiwan . Some of these communities date to Quanzhou's heyday
5130-674: The World in Song-Yuan China [ zh ] " was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2021. Quanzhou (also known as Zayton or Zaiton in British and American historical sources) is the atonal pinyin romanization of the city's Chinese name 泉州 , using its pronunciation in the Mandarin dialect . The name derives from the city's former status as the seat of
5225-571: The Yuan but now used by New Age spiritualists , and a Confucian Memorial Hall ( 文庙 , Wenmiao ). Locals speak the Quanzhou dialect of Hokkien ( Min Nan ) partly the same as the Amoy dialect spoken in Xiamen, and similar to Malaysian Hokkien , Singaporean Hokkien , Philippine Hokkien , and Quanzhou-descended Taiwanese dialects. It is unintelligible with Mandarin . Many overseas Chinese whose ancestors came from
5320-440: The aid of the population. From 1954 onward a system of mail delivery by rural postal workers was tried in agricultural cooperatives , and in 1956 this system was extended throughout the country. By 1959 the national postal network was complete. Postal service was administered by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications (now the Ministry of Information Industry ), which was established in 1949 and reestablished in 1973 after
5415-402: The area's ceramics , sugar , alcohol , and salt industries. Ninety per cent of Fujian's ceramic production at the time was jade -colored celadon , produced for export. Frankincense was such a coveted import that promotions for the trade superintendents at Guangzhou and Quanzhou were tied to the amount they were able to bring in during their terms in office. During this period it was one of
5510-428: The century, large Chinese junks could still access the town easily, trading in tea , sugar , tobacco , porcelain , and nankeens , but sand bars created by the rivers around the town had generally incapacitated its harbor by the First World War . It remained a large and prosperous city, but conducted its maritime trade through Anhai . After the Chinese Civil War , Kinmen became disconnected from Quanzhou with
5605-471: The city covers an area almost 100 kilometers across. Furthermore, Huangshi contains several other cities, such as Daye . If a person wished to calculate the population of the urban area of Huangshi, and had a map of Huangshi, and a table of its population by district, the task might not be easy. The urban area might be split between several districts, and some of those districts may include rural elements as well. Chinese Postal Map The history of
5700-558: The city early on in its existence, along with their existing trade at Guangzhou and Yangzhou . In the early period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period , Quanzhou was a part of Min state. After Min was destroyed by the Southern Tang , the Qingyuan Circuit rose up in the original southern territory of Min. The Qingyuan Circuit was a de facto independent entity that lasted 29 years (949-978) with 4 rulers. Its territory included present-day southern Fujian and Putian , with Quanzhou as its capital. Its founder, Liu Congxiao ,
5795-405: The city. Major earthquakes have been experienced in 1394 and on 29 December 1604. Wang Guoqing [ zh ] ( 王國慶 ) used the area as a base of operations for the Chen State before he was subdued by the Sui general Yang Su in the AD 590s. Quanzhou proper was established under the Tang in 718 on a spit of land between two branches of the Jin River . Muslim traders reached
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#17328410016075890-440: The communist controlled areas continued to operate their own postal systems; most were ordered to stop selling regional stamp issues by 30 June 1950, while the Northeast Liberation Area and the Port Arthur and Dairen Post and Telegraph Administration continued to use their own stamps (due to the different currencies) until the end of 1950. The unified administration issued its first postage stamps on 8 October 1949, consisting of
5985-512: The core urban area, and towns also form small urban areas scattered in the rural. The larger prefectural level cities span over 100 kilometres (62 mi). Prefectural level cities nearly always contain multiple counties , county level cities , and other such sub-divisions. This results from the fact that the formerly predominant prefectures, which prefectural level cities have mostly replaced, were themselves large administrative units containing cities, smaller towns, and rural areas. To distinguish
6080-428: The country's total, ceramic exports account for 67 percent of the country's total, candy production accounts for 20 percent, and the production of sport and tourism shoes accounts for 80% of Chinese, and 20 percent of world production. Quanzhou is known today as China's shoe city . Quanzhou's 3,000 shoe factories produce 500 million pairs a year, making nearly one in every four pairs of sneakers made in China. Quanzhou
6175-524: The course of the 13th century, however, Quanzhou's prosperity declined due to instability among its trading partners and increasing restrictions introduced by the Southern Song in an attempt to restrict the outflow of copper and bronze currency from areas forced to use hyperinflating paper money . The increasing importance of Japan to China's foreign trade also benefited Ningbonese merchants at Quanzhou's expense, given their extensive contacts with Japan's major ports on Hakata Bay on Kyushu . In 1277 under
6270-418: The destruction process. Only scraps from one stamp in the withdrawn set are known to exist. During the Cultural Revolution era, between the year of 1967 and 1971, there were 19 sets total 80 stamps issued by the China Postal Service, with its distinct design and strong political overtone, these stamps became highly collectable after the end of Cultural Revolution. The postal service was established rapidly in
6365-440: The fifth stamp issue of China. The practice is only followed for commemorative and special stamps, regular definitive stamps having no special markings. The first definitive series came in February 1950, and featured the Gate of Heavenly Peace against a background of clouds. The nine values ranged from $ 200 to $ 10,000. The design was modified several times over the next year, and again in 1954, resulting in what philatelists call
6460-408: The first century of the Northern Song . It received an office of the maritime trade bureau (shibosi, 市舶司) in 1079 or 1087 and functioned as the starting point of the Maritime Silk Road into the Yuan , eclipsing both the overland trade routes and Guangzhou . A 1095 inscription records two convoys , each of twenty ships, arriving from the Southern Seas each year. Quanzhou's maritime trade developed
6555-408: The government took a desperate step, which was to print undenominated stamps, sold at the daily rate of the yuan. They then adopted a silver yuan standard, and overprinted still more stamps as well as reissuing the Sun Yat-sen design valued in 1–500 cents. By August, the deteriorating political situation had caught up with the postal system, and the Nationalists' last issues on the mainland were two of
6650-556: The greatest port in the world. Polo noted its tattoo artists were famed throughout Southeast Asia. It was the point of departure for Marco Polo's 1292 return expedition, escorting the 17-year-old Mongolian princess Kököchin to her fiancé in the Persian Ilkhanate ; a few decades later, it was the point of arrival and departure for Ibn Battuta. Kublai Khan 's invasions of Japan and Java sailed primarily from its port. The Islamic geographer Abulfeda noted, in c. 1321 , that its city walls remained ruined from its conquest by
6745-405: The historic city of Quanzhou over the Jin River lies Jinjiang , called in Hokkien Chinese : 晉江 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Chìn-kang ; Tâi-lô : Tsìn-kang , which is now also a county-level city . The now county-level city of Jinjiang (Hokkien: 晉江 ; Chìn-kang ) has the exact same name in Hokkien as the Jin River (Hokkien: 晉江 ; Chìn-kang ; IPA : /t͡sin⁵⁵⁴ kaŋ³³/), directly in between
6840-533: The historic city of Quanzhou to its west and to the north of Jinjiang , which both the river and the county-level city got their name from the Jin dynasty (晉朝) from when the earliest Min -speaking Chinese settlers coming from the Min River area settled the banks of the Jin River around 284 AD. Zhou ( 州 ) or at least Hokkien Chinese : 州 / 洲 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : chiu originally referred to alluvial islands in
6935-516: The influence of both countries. In fact, the 1944 Friendship Set was printed in both Chinese and Japanese. The postal system of the People's Republic of China was established as the General Postal Administration in Beijing in 1949, growing out of the posts that had been operating for several years in the communist controlled areas. Development was slow; by 1949 there was only 1 post office for every 370 square kilometers. Several of
7030-480: The interior of Fujian and the rest of the country. Until 2014 this line also had passenger service, with fairly slow passenger trains from Beijing. Passenger trains from China terminated at the Quanzhou East Railway Station, a few kilometers northeast of the center of the city. Passenger service on this line was terminated, and Quanzhou East railway station closed 9 December 2014. Since 2010 Quanzhou
7125-522: The major Fujianese port in the 16th and 17th centuries, specifically the old port of Yuegang in Haicheng, Zhangzhou , trading with Spanish Manila and Portuguese Macao . It is uncertain when exactly and why Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, and later also British and French sailors first applied the name to Quanzhou, but perhaps there were initially some confusion due to miscommunication on first language contact by European sailors with Hokkien speakers around
7220-519: The middle of rivers or at the mouth of rivers, which can somewhat geographically describe the historic city of Quanzhou's geographic position in between the Jin River and the Luoyang River . Similarly, Zhangzhou ( 漳州 ; Chiang-chiu ) is also named with Hokkien Chinese : 州 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : chiu with Hokkien Chinese : 漳 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Chiang referring to Hokkien Chinese : 漳江 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Chiang-kang , which
7315-535: The most prosperous and glorious cities in the world. It was the naval base from which the Mongol attacks on Japan and Java were primarily launched and a cosmopolitan center with Buddhist and Hindu temples , Islamic mosques , and Christian churches , including a Catholic cathedral and Franciscan friaries. A failed revolt prompted a massacre of the city's foreign communities in 1357. Economic dislocations—including piracy and an imperial overreaction to it during
7410-659: The mountainous borders of two provinces – hence they are often referred to as 'Border Areas'. For example, the earliest communist issues (the so-called 'Red Posts') were in mountainous areas of Jiangxi , the Hunan - Hubei border area and west Fujian , bordering Jiangxi. The end of the conflict brought little respite to the Nationalist government, which continued to struggle with Communist forces. But they were able to issue commemoratives to remember President Lin Sen , who had died in 1943, to mark
7505-477: The name generally being used by European sailors to denote the Bay of Amoy and its hinterland, or even the whole Fujian province. The confusion is also discussed by Charles R. Boxer (1953) and the 1902 Encyclopedia in that it is apparently the transcription of the local Quanzhou Hokkien pronunciation of the name of Zhangzhou , Quanzhou Hokkien Chinese : 漳州 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Cheng-chiu ; lit. ' Zhangzhou ' ( IPA : /t͡ɕiɪŋ³³ t͡ɕiu³³/),
7600-556: The revolt. Arabic official Yawuna [ zh ] (那兀纳) assassinated Amir ad-Din in 1362 and took control of the Muslim rebel forces. The Muslim rebels tried to strike north and took over some parts of Xinghua but were defeated at Fuzhou . Yuan provincial loyalist forces from Fuzhou defeated the Muslim rebels in 1367. Sayf ad-Din and Amir ad-Din fought for Fuzhou and Xinghua for five years. They both were murdered by another Muslim called Nawuna in 1362 so he then took control of Quanzhou and
7695-575: The second level of the administrative structure (alongside prefectures , leagues and autonomous prefectures ). Administrative chiefs (mayors) of prefectural level cities generally have the same rank as a division chief (Chinese: 司长 ) of a national ministry. Since the 1980s, most former prefectures have been renamed into prefecture-level cities. A prefectural level city is a "city" (Chinese: 市 ; pinyin: shì ) and "prefecture" (Chinese: 地区 ; pinyin: dìqū ) that have been merged into one consolidated and unified jurisdiction. As such it
7790-828: The so-called Sun Yat-sen stamps were issued in 1931. These stamps, along with the Martyrs issue of 1932 honoring six martyrs of the Kuomintang , would see much overprinting in the next several years. During the occupation of several Chinese regions by the Japanese (1937–1945), Chinese stamps were originally in use in the occupied territories. Since 1941, Chinese stamps were overprinted separately for Inner Mongolia , Guangdong, North China, Shanghai and Nanjing. And for some areas, locally designed stamps were issued. Communist authorities issued stamps in areas over which they had control from 1930 onwards. These were usually in more remote areas, often on
7885-405: The stamp, beginning in 1899 were on unwatermarked paper, but there are no recorded usages of this variety until 1901. These stamps continued in use until the end of the empire. During that time some colors were changed to comply with Universal Postal Union regulations, and three new values were added. The first commemorative stamps of China were issued in 1909 to mark the 1st year of the reign of
7980-550: The thousands of non-native families from Guangdong who were deported to Quanzhou city by the Qing immediately occurred. In the 19th century, the city walls still protected a circuit of 7–8 miles (11–13 km) but embraced much vacant ground. The bay began to attract Jardines' and Dents' opium ships from 1832. Following the First Opium War , Governor Henry Pottinger proposed using Quanzhou as an official opium depot to keep
8075-452: The trade out of Hong Kong and the other treaty ports but the rents sought by the imperial commissioner Qiying were too high. When Chinese pirates overran the receiving ships in Shenhu Bay to capture their stockpiles of silver bullion in 1847, however, the traders moved to Quanzhou Bay regardless. Around 1862, a Protestant mission was set up in Quanzhou. As late as the middle of
8170-407: The usual sense, usually with the same name as the prefectural level city) surrounded by rural areas, which together are divided into districts, and some surrounding counties or county-level cities governed by the prefecture-level city on behalf of the province, which all have their own urban areas surrounded by their own rural areas. The urban areas of the surrounding counties are usually smaller than
8265-485: The whitecaps in the water underneath the junk were removed, and the water darkened. China produced five new commemorative issues, of four stamps each, during the 1920s. The first, issued on 10 October 1921 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Chinese Post Office, featured then president Xu Shichang in the center, flanked by Premier Jing Yongbeng and Minister of Communication Ye Gongzuo . On 17 October 1923
8360-588: The world's largest and most cosmopolitan seaports. By 1120, its prefecture claimed a population of around 500,000. Its Luoyang Bridge was formerly the most celebrated bridge in China and the 12th century Anping Bridge is also well known. Quanzhou initially continued to thrive under the Southern Song . A 1206 report listed merchants from Arabia , Iran , the Indian subcontinent , Sumatra , Cambodia , Brunei , Java , Champa , Burma , Anatolia , Korea , Japan and
8455-535: The young republic. In June 1952 a set of forty stamps depicting physical exercises was issued in conjunction with a radio program; ten exercises were illustrated, each with a block of four, where each stamp shows a different position of arms and legs for the exercise. Reduced stamp sales and withdrawals from issue of several stamps during the Cultural Revolution resulted in a few stamps that are quite scarce, especially used. The typical pattern resulting in rarity
8550-498: Was around 455,000 in 1283, the major items of trade being pepper and other spices , gemstones, pearls , and porcelain . Marco Polo recorded that the Yuan emperors derived "a vast revenue" from their 10 percent duty on the port's commerce; he called Quanzhou's port "one of the two greatest havens in the world for commerce" and "the Alexandria of the East ". Ibn Battuta simply called it
8645-729: Was exporting an estimated £150,000 a year in black tea from Quanzhou. Today Quanzhou is a major exporter of agricultural products such as tea , banana , lychee , and rice . It is also a major producer of quarry granite and ceramics . Other industries include textiles , footwear , fashion and apparel , packaging, machinery, paper and petrochemicals . Its GDP ranked first in Fujian Province for 20 years from 1991 to 2010. In 2008 Quanzhou's textile and apparel production accounted for 10 percent of China's overall apparel production, stone exports account for 50 percent of Chinese stone exports, resin handicraft exports account for 70 percent of
8740-517: Was integrated into the much larger Mongolian Örtöö system. Marco Polo reported that there were 10,000 post stages during that time. In addition, private letters were carried by the Min Hsin Chu , a system of letter guilds ( hongs ). Later the 1727 Treaty of Kyakhta with Russia provided for the first regular exchange of mail. Although postal service in China goes back some 2,500 years, modern postal services were not established until 1877 by
8835-582: Was no longer the headquarters of the imperial customs service for Fujian. The Wokou , who came from many different ethnicities, including Japanese, Korean, and Chinese, forced Quanzhou's Superintendency of Trade to close completely in 1522. During the Qing dynasty the Sea Ban did not help the city's traders or fishermen. They were forced to abandon their access to the sea for years at a time and coastal farmers forced to relocate miles inland to inner counties like Yongchun and Anxi. Violent large scale clan fights with
8930-468: Was produced by Waterlow and Sons in London, and postmasters throughout the country made their own unofficial overprints using the same characters. The first new designs of the Republic were two commemorative sets of 12 each, the first set depicting Sun Yat-sen and second Yuan Shikai , both issued on 14 December 1912. The definitives of the " Junk issue " went on sale 5 May 1913, and continued in use into
9025-501: Was unauthorized sales before the official date of issue by isolated post offices of stamps which were then withdrawn from issue before the official date of issue. One rarity, an unissued 8f stamp from 1967 commemorating the 40th Anniversary of Establishment of Jing Gangshan Revolutionary Base, popularly known as "Big Blue Sky", which pictured Chairman Mao and Lin Biao on the podium overlooking Tienanmen Square exists only as scraps salvaged from
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