Decisive Filipino victory
122-409: [REDACTED] Katipunan [REDACTED] Spanish Empire The Negros Revolution ( Filipino : Himagsikang Negrense ; Cebuano : Rebolusyong Negrense ; Spanish : Revolución negrense ), commemorated and popularly known as the Fifth of November (Spanish: Cinco de noviembre ) or Negros Day ( Hiligaynon : Adlaw sang Negros ; Cebuano: Adlaw sa Negros ; Spanish: Día de Negros ),
244-497: A 175-yard (160 m) long trench as well as an eight-mile (13 km) long overhead telegraph. The lines were connected at both ends to revolving dials marked with the letters of the alphabet and electrical impulses sent along the wire were used to transmit messages. Offering his invention to the Admiralty in July 1816, it was rejected as "wholly unnecessary". His account of the scheme and
366-475: A clock-face, and the signal caused a needle to indicate the letter. This early system required the receiver to be present in real time to record the message and it reached speeds of up to 15 words a minute. In 1846, Alexander Bain patented a chemical telegraph in Edinburgh. The signal current moved an iron pen across a moving paper tape soaked in a mixture of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide, decomposing
488-418: A depiction of a crossed sword and flag. The password was Gom-Bur-Za , taken from the names of the three martyrs Mariano Gomez , Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora . Bayani (Hero) wore a red mask and a sash with green borders, symbolizing courage and hope. The front of the mask had white borders that formed a triangle with three K s arranged as if occupying the angles of a triangle within a triangle, and with
610-468: A few kilometers (in von Sömmering's design), with each of the telegraph receiver's wires immersed in a separate glass tube of acid. An electric current was sequentially applied by the sender through the various wires representing each letter of a message; at the recipient's end, the currents electrolysed the acid in the tubes in sequence, releasing streams of hydrogen bubbles next to each associated letter or numeral. The telegraph receiver's operator would watch
732-497: A fight when they realized that the townspeople were determined to burn the building to the ground should there be resistance. The Silay parish priest, Eulogio Sáez, a businessman named Juan Viaplana, and José Ledesma persuaded the Spanish forces to lay down their arms, but in order to save face, the lieutenant had it appear in the official records that the capitulation was the result of a bloody battle with "dead and wounded littered all over
854-624: A future federal region . Katipunan The Katipunan ( lit. ' Association ' ), officially known as the Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan ( lit. ' Supreme and Venerable Association of the Children of the Nation ' ; Spanish : Suprema y Venerable Asociación de los Hijos del Pueblo ) and abbreviated as the KKK ,
976-531: A meeting of the society and deposed Basa in an election that installed Bonifacio as president, Jacinto as fiscal, Santiago as secretary, Molina as secretary, Pío Valenzuela and Pantaleon Torres as physicians and Aguedo del Rosario and Doreteo Trinidad as councilors. On December 31, 1895, another election named Bonifacio as president, Jacinto as fiscal, Santiago as secretary, Molina as secretary, Pío Valenzuela and Pantaleon Torres as physicians and Aguedo del Rosario and Doreteo Trinidad as councilors. The members of
1098-674: A moving paper tape by a stylus which was operated by an electromagnet. Morse and Vail developed the Morse code signalling alphabet . On May 24, 1844, Morse sent to Vail the historic first message “ WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT " from the Capitol in Washington to the old Mt. Clare Depot in Baltimore . The first commercial electrical telegraph was the Cooke and Wheatstone system . A demonstration four-needle system
1220-565: A permanent magnet and connecting the coil with the transmission wires by means of the commutator. The page of Gauss's laboratory notebook containing both his code and the first message transmitted, as well as a replica of the telegraph made in the 1850s under the instructions of Weber are kept in the faculty of physics at the University of Göttingen , in Germany. Gauss was convinced that this communication would be of help to his kingdom's towns. Later in
1342-426: A practical alphabetical system in 1840 called the A.B.C. System, used mostly on private wires. This consisted of a "communicator" at the sending end and an "indicator" at the receiving end. The communicator consisted of a circular dial with a pointer and the 26 letters of the alphabet (and four punctuation marks) around its circumference. Against each letter was a key that could be pressed. A transmission would begin with
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#17328514064791464-400: A rich businessman who was deemed acceptable to both rebels and Spanish authorities was sent to mediate. At noon, a delegation from each of the major belligerents met at the house of Luzuriaga. The rebel delegation included Lacson, Araneta, Gólez, Locsín, Simeón Lizares, Julio Díaz, and José Montilla. In an hour, it was agreed by both sides that "Spanish troops both European and native surrendered
1586-623: A rich landlord of Talisay City had joined the Katipunan , and Juan Araneta , Rafael Ramos, Carlos Gemora, Venura, and other leaders of what would become the revolution of 1898 were negotiating with their comrades in Iloilo and were arming themselves. By the middle of August 1898, as numerous rumors of a coming insurrection in the Visayas spread, a number of parish priests sought refuge in Iloilo City and in
1708-545: A sensitive indicator for an electric current. Also that year, André-Marie Ampère suggested that telegraphy could be achieved by placing small magnets under the ends of a set of wires, one pair of wires for each letter of the alphabet. He was apparently unaware of Schweigger's invention at the time, which would have made his system much more sensitive. In 1825, Peter Barlow tried Ampère's idea but only got it to work over 200 feet (61 m) and declared it impractical. In 1830 William Ritchie improved on Ampère's design by placing
1830-583: A short-distance transmission of signals between two telegraphs in different rooms of his apartment. In 1836, the British government attempted to buy the design but Schilling instead accepted overtures from Nicholas I of Russia . Schilling's telegraph was tested on a 5-kilometre-long (3.1 mi) experimental underground and underwater cable, laid around the building of the main Admiralty in Saint Petersburg and
1952-405: A steady rhythm, and the usual speed of operation was 30 words per minute. By this point, reception had been automated, but the speed and accuracy of the transmission were still limited to the skill of the human operator. The first practical automated system was patented by Charles Wheatstone. The message (in Morse code ) was typed onto a piece of perforated tape using a keyboard-like device called
2074-808: A supposedly a revolver at a person, or forcing him to jump over a supposedly hot flame. After the ordeals came to final rite—the pacto de sangre or blood compact —in which the neophyte signed the following oath with the blood taken from his arm: Ako'y si ______________, Nanunumpa sa ngalan ng Dios at ng bayan na ipagtatanggol nang buong katapangan ang mga kadahilanan ng K.K.K. ng mga A. ng B., ingatan ang kaniyang lihim na mamasdan at mapakinggan, sundin siya ng pikit -mata, saklolohan ang lahat na mga kasama sa lahat na panganib at pagkakailangan nila, Nanunumpa at nangangako rin naman ako na mag-pitagan sa kanilang mga Pinuno, huag na magtaksil sa kanilang mga kautusan at bilin at tatalaan kong aking dugo na kusang ibububo dito sa kasulatang hinaharap. I,_______________, swear in
2196-467: A telegraph along the Nuremberg–Fürth railway line , built in 1835 as the first German railroad, which was the first earth-return telegraph put into service. By 1837, William Fothergill Cooke and Charles Wheatstone had co-developed a telegraph system which used a number of needles on a board that could be moved to point to letters of the alphabet. Any number of needles could be used, depending on
2318-477: A useful communication system. In 1774, Georges-Louis Le Sage realised an early electric telegraph. The telegraph had a separate wire for each of the 26 letters of the alphabet and its range was only between two rooms of his home. In 1800, Alessandro Volta invented the voltaic pile , providing a continuous current of electricity for experimentation. This became a source of a low-voltage current that could be used to produce more distinct effects, and which
2440-575: A visiting Japanese warship in May 1896 failed to gain anything. In August that year, Spanish authorities in Manila discovered the organization. Days after, the Katipunan, led by Bonifacio, openly declared war to the Spanish government, starting a three-year long revolution . The name " Katipunan " is a short name for " Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan " (Supreme and Venerabel Society of
2562-609: Is only curiosity—go away! If you cannot control your vices, retire. Never shall the doors of the Supreme and Venerable Society of the Sons of the People be opened to you. Inside the candle-lit room, they would be brought to a table adorned with a skull and a bolo. There, they would condemn the abuses of the Spanish government and vow to fight colonial oppression: 1. Anó ang kalagayan nitóng Katagalugan noóng unang panahón? (In what condition did
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#17328514064792684-780: The 1896 Revolution , the council was further reorganized into a 'cabinet' which the Katipunan regarded as a genuine revolutionary government , de facto and de jure . In each province where there were Katipunan members, a provincial council called Sangguniang Bayan was established and in each town was an organized popular council called Sangguniang Balangay . Each bayan and balangay had its own set of elected officials: pangulo (president); kalihim (secretary); tagausig (fiscal); tagaingat-yaman (treasurer); pangalawang pangulo (vice president); pangalawang kalihim (vice secretary); mga kasangguni (councilors); mabalasig (terrible brother); taliba (guard); maniningil (collector/auditor); tagapamahala ng basahan ng bayan (custodian of
2806-553: The Katipunan also had sizeable chapters in Batangas , Laguna , Cavite , Rizal , Bulacan , Pampanga , Tarlac and Nueva Ecija . There were also smaller chapters in Ilocos Sur , Ilocos Norte , Pangasinan and the Bicol region . The Katipunan founders spent their free time recruiting members. For example, Diwa, who was a clerk at a judicial court, was assigned to the office of a justice of
2928-572: The SS Bais , a ship which was sent by the Recollect Prior of Cebu to evacuate all the priests and put that vessel at the service of all Spaniards who wanted to leave the province. On the same day, from Hacienda Vallehermoso, Negrense forces under the command of Gen. de la Vina began a week-long march to Dumaguete . As Gen. de la Vina and his forces neared Sibulan in the late afternoon of November 23, his compadre, Lieutenant Cornelio Yapsutco came to break
3050-566: The Spanish Parliament , Katipunan's goals was for the archipelago to achieve independence through an armed revolution. Its founders saw that any move for Filipino autonomy from within Spain would be suppressed by colonial Spanish authorities. The other group, Cuerpo de Compromisarios, argued for a peaceful reformation instead. While fundamentally different in their views, the Katipunan decided to name Rizal as their honorary president. Rizal's status
3172-512: The University of Santo Tomas , joined the Katipunan. He intellectualized the society's aims and formulated the principles of the society as embodied in its primer, called Kartilla . It was written in Tagalog and all recruits were required to commit it to heart before they were initiated. Jacinto would later be called the Brains of the Katipunan. At the same time, Jacinto also edited Kalayaan (Freedom),
3294-502: The "Grand Old Woman of Balintawak"; Marta Saldaña and Macaria Pañgilinan. Telegraph line Electrical telegraphy is a point-to-point text messaging system, primarily used from the 1840s until the late 20th century. It was the first electrical telecommunications system and the most widely used of a number of early messaging systems called telegraphs , that were devised to send text messages more quickly than physically carrying them. Electrical telegraphy can be considered
3416-470: The 'Stick Punch'. The transmitter automatically ran the tape through and transmitted the message at the then exceptionally high speed of 70 words per minute. An early successful teleprinter was invented by Frederick G. Creed . In Glasgow he created his first keyboard perforator, which used compressed air to punch the holes. He also created a reperforator (receiving perforator) and a printer. The reperforator punched incoming Morse signals onto paper tape and
3538-495: The Children of the Nation). The Tagalog word " katipunan " (literally, "association", "gathering", "assemblage", or "group") comes from the root word " tipon ", a Tagalog word meaning "gathering" or "to gather". The Katipunan was formed in 1892 by Filipino nationalists Deodato Arrellano , Teodoro Plata , Valentin Diaz , Ladislao Diwa , Andres Bonifacio , and Jose Dizon . It was one of
3660-565: The ITA-1 Baudot code , a five-bit code. This yielded only thirty-two codes, so it was over-defined into two "shifts", "letters" and "figures". An explicit, unshared shift code prefaced each set of letters and figures. In 1901, Baudot's code was modified by Donald Murray . In the 1930s, teleprinters were produced by Teletype in the US, Creed in Britain and Siemens in Germany. By 1935, message routing
3782-571: The Imperial palace at Tsarskoye Selo and Kronstadt Naval Base . In 1833, Carl Friedrich Gauss , together with the physics professor Wilhelm Weber in Göttingen , installed a 1,200-metre-long (3,900 ft) wire above the town's roofs. Gauss combined the Poggendorff-Schweigger multiplicator with his magnetometer to build a more sensitive device, the galvanometer . To change the direction of
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3904-589: The Interior and Enrico Pacheco as Secretary of Finance. Over the next four years, the Katipunan founders would recruit new members. By the time the society was uncovered, the American writer James Le Roy estimated the strength of the Katipunan at 100,000 to 400,000 members. Historian Teodoro Agoncillo estimated that the membership had increased to around 30,000 by 1896. The Ilocano writer Isabelo de los Reyes estimated membership at 15,000 to 50,000. Aside from Manila,
4026-400: The Katipunan cause were given symbolic names, such as Magdiwang (to celebrate) for Noveleta ; Magdalo (to come) for Kawit ; Magwagi (to win) for Naic ; Magtagumpay (to succeed) for Maragondon ; Walangtinag (never-diminished) for Indang and Haligue (wall) for Imus –all are in the province of Cavite . Within the society functioned a secret chamber, called Camara Reina, which
4148-549: The Katipunan: Gregoria de Jesús, Marina Dizon , president of the women's section; Josefa and Trinidad Rizal , sisters of Dr. José Rizal ; Angelica Lopez and Delfina Herbosa Natividad , close relatives of Dr. Rizal; Carmén de Rodriguez; Marina Hizon; Benita Rodriguez; Semiona de Rémigio; Gregoria Montoya; Agueda Kahabagan , Teresa Magbanua , Trinidad Tecson , rendered as "Mother of Biak-na-Bato "; Nazaria Lagos ; Patrocinio Gamboa ; Marcela Agoncillo ; Melchora Aquino ,
4270-651: The Matab-ang River. After a brief skirmish, they withdrew, leaving two of their number dead. The governor decided to make a stand in the Bacolod Convent (presently the Bishop's Palace, the rectory of the San Sebastian Cathedral ), where hundreds of Spanish families had taken refuge. They waited for the attack, but it did not come. In the morning, the rebels advanced upon Bacolod. Lacson and Gólez approached from
4392-567: The Morse system. As well as the rapid expansion of the use of the telegraphs along the railways, they soon spread into the field of mass communication with the instruments being installed in post offices . The era of mass personal communication had begun. Telegraph networks were expensive to build, but financing was readily available, especially from London bankers. By 1852, National systems were in operation in major countries: The New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company, for example,
4514-525: The Negros revolutionary forces were Aniceto Lacson , Juan Araneta , Leandro Locsin, Simeón Lizares, Julio Díaz, and José Montilla. Forty-seven eminent Negrenses formulated and ratified a constitution to create a new republic. Signatories included among others Aniceto Lacson , Juan Araneta , Simeón Lizares, Antonio L. Jayme , Eusebio Luzuriaga, Nicolas Gólez, Agustín Amenabar, Rafael Ramos and Rosendo Lacson. On November 17, Governor Antionio Ferrer requisitioned
4636-638: The Spaniards find the Tagalog land when they came?) 2. Anó ang kalagayan sa ngayón? (In what condition do they find themselves now?) 3. Anó ang magiging kalagayan sa daratíng na panahón? (What hopes do they have for the future?) During Bonifacio's time, all of the Filipino people are referred collectively by the Katipunan as Tagalogs , while the Philippines is referred to as the Katagalugan . The next step in
4758-631: The Supreme Council in 1895 were Bonifacio as president, Valenzuela as fiscal and physician, Jacinto as secretary and Molina as treasurer. Enrico Pacheco, Pantaleon Torres, Balbino Florentino, Francisco Carreón and Hermenegildo Reyes were named councilors. Eight months later, in August 1896, the fifth and last supreme council was elected to rename offices. Bonifacio was named President, Jacinto as Secretary of State, Plata as Secretary of War, Bricco Pantas as Secretary of Justice, Aguedo del Rosario as Secretary of
4880-578: The alphabet, a message could be transmitted by connecting the wire terminals in turn to an electrostatic machine, and observing the deflection of pith balls at the far end. The writer has never been positively identified, but the letter was signed C.M. and posted from Renfrew leading to a Charles Marshall of Renfrew being suggested. Telegraphs employing electrostatic attraction were the basis of early experiments in electrical telegraphy in Europe, but were abandoned as being impractical and were never developed into
5002-539: The application of electricity to communications at a distance. All the known effects of electricity – such as sparks , electrostatic attraction , chemical changes , electric shocks , and later electromagnetism – were applied to the problems of detecting controlled transmissions of electricity at various distances. In 1753, an anonymous writer in the Scots Magazine suggested an electrostatic telegraph. Using one wire for each letter of
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5124-536: The armature was intended to make marks on paper tape, but operators learned to interpret the clicks and it was more efficient to write down the message directly. In 1851, a conference in Vienna of countries in the German-Austrian Telegraph Union (which included many central European countries) adopted the Morse telegraph as the system for international communications. The international Morse code adopted
5246-420: The bar, creating a much more powerful electromagnet which could operate a telegraph through the high resistance of long telegraph wires. During his tenure at The Albany Academy from 1826 to 1832, Henry first demonstrated the theory of the 'magnetic telegraph' by ringing a bell through one-mile (1.6 km) of wire strung around the room in 1831. In 1835, Joseph Henry and Edward Davy independently invented
5368-403: The bubbles and could then record the transmitted message. This is in contrast to later telegraphs that used a single wire (with ground return). Hans Christian Ørsted discovered in 1820 that an electric current produces a magnetic field that will deflect a compass needle. In the same year Johann Schweigger invented the galvanometer , with a coil of wire around a compass, that could be used as
5490-685: The chemical and producing readable blue marks in Morse code. The speed of the printing telegraph was 16 and a half words per minute, but messages still required translation into English by live copyists. Chemical telegraphy came to an end in the US in 1851, when the Morse group defeated the Bain patent in the US District Court. For a brief period, starting with the New York–Boston line in 1848, some telegraph networks began to employ sound operators, who were trained to understand Morse code aurally. Gradually,
5612-447: The communicator. Pressing another key would then release the pointer and the previous key, and re-connect the magneto to the line. These machines were very robust and simple to operate, and they stayed in use in Britain until well into the 20th century. The Morse system uses a single wire between offices. At the sending station, an operator taps on a switch called a telegraph key , spelling out text messages in Morse code . Originally,
5734-478: The current activates a telegraph sounder that makes a click; communication on this type of system relies on sending clicks in coded rhythmic patterns. The archetype of this category was the Morse system and the code associated with it, both invented by Samuel Morse in 1838. In 1865, the Morse system became the standard for international communication, using a modified form of Morse's code that had been developed for German railways. Electrical telegraphs were used by
5856-579: The east coast by 24 October 1861, bringing an end to the Pony Express . France was slow to adopt the electrical telegraph, because of the extensive optical telegraph system built during the Napoleonic era . There was also serious concern that an electrical telegraph could be quickly put out of action by enemy saboteurs, something that was much more difficult to do with optical telegraphs which had no exposed hardware between stations. The Foy-Breguet telegraph
5978-504: The electric current, he constructed a commutator of his own. As a result, he was able to make the distant needle move in the direction set by the commutator on the other end of the line. At first, Gauss and Weber used the telegraph to coordinate time, but soon they developed other signals and finally, their own alphabet. The alphabet was encoded in a binary code that was transmitted by positive or negative voltage pulses which were generated by means of moving an induction coil up and down over
6100-605: The electric telegraph, visual systems were used, including beacons , smoke signals , flag semaphore , and optical telegraphs for visual signals to communicate over distances of land. An auditory predecessor was West African talking drums . In the 19th century, Yoruba drummers used talking drums to mimic human tonal language to communicate complex messages – usually regarding news of birth, ceremonies, and military conflict – over 4–5 mile distances. From early studies of electricity , electrical phenomena were known to travel with great speed, and many experimenters worked on
6222-471: The emerging railway companies to provide signals for train control systems, minimizing the chances of trains colliding with each other. This was built around the signalling block system in which signal boxes along the line communicate with neighbouring boxes by telegraphic sounding of single-stroke bells and three-position needle telegraph instruments. In the 1840s, the electrical telegraph superseded optical telegraph systems such as semaphores, becoming
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#17328514064796344-478: The field of battle". Ten Mauser and seven Remington rifles were surrendered by the garrison. Later, a flag similar to the design of the Filipino flag embroidered by Olympia Severino, Perpetua Severino and Eutropia Yorac was hoisted by the victorious townspeople. In Bacolod, the governor of the province, Isidro de Castro, sent a force of 25 cazadores and 16 civil guards to engage a swarm of rebels seen camping near
6466-455: The first example of electrical engineering . Text telegraphy consisted of two or more geographically separated stations, called telegraph offices . The offices were connected by wires, usually supported overhead on utility poles . Many electrical telegraph systems were invented that operated in different ways, but the ones that became widespread fit into two broad categories. First are the needle telegraphs, in which electric current sent down
6588-516: The first means of radiowave telecommunication, which he began in 1894. In the early 20th century, manual operation of telegraph machines was slowly replaced by teleprinter networks. Increasing use of the telephone pushed telegraphy into only a few specialist uses; its use by the general public dwindled to greetings for special occasions. The rise of the Internet and email in the 1990s largely made dedicated telegraphy networks obsolete. Prior to
6710-479: The group. Del Pilar is also said to have approved the Katipunan's statutes. Filipino historian Epifanio de los Santos , in the 1920s, noted, "It is very correctly stated that Andrés Bonifacio ordered Teodoro Plata to draw up the statutes of the Katipunan, and that he did this with the aid of Ladislao Diwa and Valentín Diaz. After the statutes had been discussed, Bonifacio, with the concurrence of Deodato Arellano, submitted them to Marcelo H. del Pilar for approval. Upon
6832-463: The impending revolt, even though the planning for the same was held secretly. He inquired of his friend, Doroteo Quillama, cabeza of the barrio, seeking to verify the report. The cabeza claimed no knowledge of the revolt. That same afternoon, groups of armed men passed the haciendas of Silay, and proceeded towards the town. The guardia civil in Silay were, however, unable to report this to Bacolod City;
6954-399: The initiation ceremony was the lecture given by the master of ceremonies, called Mabalasig/Mabalasik (terrible brother), who informed the neophyte to withdraw if he lacked courage since he would be out of place in the patriotic society. If the neophyte persisted, he was presented to the assembly of the brethren, who subjected him to various ordeals such as blindfolding him and making him shoot
7076-583: The island of Luzon. Negros had become a rich province and the local leaders were said to be "content, sharing even in many instances the social privileges of the Spanish elite." Negros did not seem enthusiastic about the August 23, 1896 " Cry of Balintawak " and the subsequent revolt headed by the Tagalog Katipuneros . Rather, it disapproved the same as battalions of volunteers were organized in Bais , Valladolid , La Carlota , and Isabela in order to defend
7198-501: The island unopposed on February 2, 1899, ending the island's independence. Negros was then annexed to the Philippine Islands on 20 April 1901. It has been stipulated that the Spanish civil and religious authorities in Negros did not initially suspect that the sugar barons and traders of the island would participate in an uprising against Spain. The clergy in Negros had not acquired vast tracts of land, unlike their contemporaries on
7320-440: The island. There had been, however, early on, attempts by various groups at the grassroots level to revolt against the Spanish colonizers. (See Dios Buhawi and Papa Isio ) However, a greater part of the sugar planters soon began to sympathize towards the proposed ends of the insurrection, until two years later, such sympathy bore fruit when these same sugar planters broke out in open revolt. By that time, Aniceto Lacson ,
7442-433: The latter’s letter approving the statutes, Bonifacio used the same for the purpose of gaining adepts." The Katipunan was governed by the Supreme Council (Tagalog: Kataas-taasang Sanggunian ). The first Supreme Council of the Katipunan was formed around August 1892, a month after the founding of the society. The Supreme Council was headed by an elected president ( pangulo ), followed by the secretary/secretaries ( kalihim ),
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#17328514064797564-425: The letters " Z. Ll. B. " below. Another password was Rizal . Countersigns enabled members to recognize one another on the street. A member meeting another member placed the palm of his right hand on his breast and, as he passed the other member, he closed the hands to bring the right index finger and thumb together. Color designations: Katipon could graduate to Kawal class by bringing several new members into
7686-491: The magnetic needles inside a coil of wire connected to each pair of conductors. He successfully demonstrated it, showing the feasibility of the electromagnetic telegraph, but only within a lecture hall. In 1825, William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet , with a single winding of uninsulated wire on a piece of varnished iron , which increased the magnetic force produced by electric current. Joseph Henry improved it in 1828 by placing several windings of insulated wire around
7808-473: The mercury dipping electrical relay , in which a magnetic needle is dipped into a pot of mercury when an electric current passes through the surrounding coil. In 1837, Davy invented the much more practical metallic make-and-break relay which became the relay of choice in telegraph systems and a key component for periodically renewing weak signals. Davy demonstrated his telegraph system in Regent's Park in 1837 and
7930-412: The name of God and to the country to defend the cause of the K.K.K. of the A. of B., with all my courage, to keep secret whatever I witness and hear, to follow orders blindly, and to support all my brethren against every danger and exigency. I also swear and pledge to respect the leaders, not to betray them, their orders of instructions, and so I attest with my blood, which is shed here in this document. He
8052-581: The news that the Spaniards left Dumaguete. On November 24, Dumaguete was captured by Negrense forces with the support of the local population, thereby liberating Negros Oriental , and consequently all of Negros, from Spanish rule . The revolution not only resulted in the establishment of the Republic of Negros, but also laid a firm foundation for both the Negros Island Region , albeit excluding Siquijor , which once formed part of Negros Oriental , and
8174-528: The north, crossing the Mandalagan River. Araneta with a thousand bolo -men took positions at the Lupit River in the south-east of Bacolod. The wily revolutionaries augmented their lightly armed forces with "cannon" made of bamboo and rolled amakan , and "rifles" carved out of wood and coconut fronds. The bluff worked; de Castro was persuaded that it was useless to defend the capital. José Ruiz de Luzuriaga,
8296-422: The number of characters it was required to code. In May 1837 they patented their system. The patent recommended five needles, which coded twenty of the alphabet's 26 letters. Samuel Morse independently developed and patented a recording electric telegraph in 1837. Morse's assistant Alfred Vail developed an instrument that was called the register for recording the received messages. It embossed dots and dashes on
8418-620: The organization suggest that the Katipunan may have been around by January 1892 but became active by July. Being originally formed as a secret society , the Katipunan had its members undergo through initiation rites similar to freemasonry . Membership to the organization was initially open only for men; however, women were eventually accepted. The Katipunan had a short-lived publication, Kalayaan ( lit. ' Freedom ' ), which only saw printing in March 1896. During its existence, revolutionary ideals and works flourished, and Filipino literature
8540-523: The peace in Pampanga. He initiated members in that province as well as Bulacan, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija. Most of the Katipuneros were plebeian although several wealthy patriots joined the society and submitted themselves to the leadership of Bonifacio. Katipunero (plural, mga Katipunero ) is the demonym of a male member of the Katipunan. Katipunera (plural, mga Katipunera ) refers to female members. It
8662-561: The people's library); tagapangasiwa (administrator); manunulat (clerk); tagatulong sa pagsulat (assistant clerk); tagalaan (warden) and tagalibot (patroller). Each balangay was given a chance to expand their own spheres of influence through the triangle system in order to elevate their status to Sangguniang Bayan . Every balangay that did not gain Sangguniang Bayan status were dissolved and annexed by greater provincial or popular councils. The towns/cities which supported
8784-415: The pointer reached the position of the depressed key, it would stop and the magneto would be disconnected from the line. The communicator's pointer was geared to the magneto mechanism. The indicator's pointer was moved by a polarised electromagnet whose armature was coupled to it through an escapement . Thus the alternating line voltage moved the indicator's pointer on to the position of the depressed key on
8906-410: The pointers on the dials at both ends set to the start position. The transmitting operator would then press down the key corresponding to the letter to be transmitted. In the base of the communicator was a magneto actuated by a handle on the front. This would be turned to apply an alternating voltage to the line. Each half cycle of the current would advance the pointers at both ends by one position. When
9028-507: The possibilities of rapid global communication in Descriptions of an Electrical Telegraph and of some other Electrical Apparatus was the first published work on electric telegraphy and even described the risk of signal retardation due to induction. Elements of Ronalds' design were utilised in the subsequent commercialisation of the telegraph over 20 years later. The Schilling telegraph , invented by Baron Schilling von Canstatt in 1832,
9150-411: The presidency to Bonifacio in 1894 because of a dispute over the usefulness of the initiation rites and Bonifacio's handling of the society's funds. Basa contested Bonifacio's practice of lending their funds to needy members, complete with promissory notes. Moreover, Basa refused to induct his son into the organization. It was also in 1894 when Emilio Jacinto , a nephew of Dizon who was studying law at
9272-558: The printer decoded this tape to produce alphanumeric characters on plain paper. This was the origin of the Creed High Speed Automatic Printing System, which could run at an unprecedented 200 words per minute. His system was adopted by the Daily Mail for daily transmission of the newspaper contents. With the invention of the teletypewriter , telegraphic encoding became fully automated. Early teletypewriters used
9394-560: The province included Gólez, Leandro Locsin and Melecio Severino assembled and decided to begin the province-wide revolt on November 5. They then advised Juan Araneta of their decision to begin their revolution on the said day, and his approval was granted. Juan Araneta, from one of his haciendas in Ma-ao, advised all the southern mayors to begin the revolt the following day. In the afternoon, a woman from Kabankalan Norte (the present-day barangay of Eustaquio López) in Silay told priest Tomás Cornago of
9516-475: The realms of the KKK. A section for women was established in the society: to become admitted, one must be a wife, a daughter, or a sister of a male katipunero . It was estimated that from 20 to 50 women had become members of the society. The first woman to become a member of the Katipunan was Gregoria de Jesús , wife of Bonifacio. Her codename was Lakambini (Princess). Initially, there were 29 women were admitted to
9638-483: The rebels had cut the telegraph lines in Talisay the day before. The revolt began in central and northern Negros in the morning and by the afternoon had spread to other towns such as San Miguel and Cadiz . In Silay, Lt. Maximiano Correa, commanding the Spanish garrison, had ten Spanish cazadores ( light infantry ) and seven Filipino civil guards. They were entrenched inside the municipal building, but surrendered without
9760-476: The receiving end. The system was very stable and accurate and became accepted around the world. The next improvement was the Baudot code of 1874. French engineer Émile Baudot patented a printing telegraph in which the signals were translated automatically into typographic characters. Each character was assigned a five-bit code, mechanically interpreted from the state of five on/off switches. Operators had to maintain
9882-450: The return current and one for a signal bell. When at the starting station the operator pressed a key, the corresponding pointer was deflected at the receiving station. Different positions of black and white flags on different disks gave combinations which corresponded to the letters or numbers. Pavel Schilling subsequently improved its apparatus by reducing the number of connecting wires from eight to two. On 21 October 1832, Schilling managed
10004-437: The same year based on recent documents discovered in the 21st century. The organization was originally formed as a secret society following freemasonic practices such as its initiation rites and its organizational structure. This may come from the fact that many of its early members were freemasons themselves. While not directly involved in the organization, prominent Filipino freemason Marcelo H. del Pilar may have influenced
10126-469: The same year, instead of a voltaic pile , Gauss used an induction pulse, enabling him to transmit seven letters a minute instead of two. The inventors and university did not have the funds to develop the telegraph on their own, but they received funding from Alexander von Humboldt . Carl August Steinheil in Munich was able to build a telegraph network within the city in 1835–1836. In 1838, Steinheil installed
10248-426: The sending rate. There were many experiments with moving pointers, and various electrical encodings. However, most systems were too complicated and unreliable. A successful expedient to reduce the cost per message was the development of telegraphese . The first system that did not require skilled technicians to operate was Charles Wheatstone's ABC system in 1840 in which the letters of the alphabet were arranged around
10370-429: The society's official organ, but only one edition of the paper was issued; a second was prepared but never printed due to the discovery of the society. Kalayaan was published through the printing press of the Spanish newspaper Diario de Manila . This printing press and its workers would later play an important role in the outbreak of the revolution. In 1895, José Turiano Santiago , a close personal friend of Bonifacio,
10492-493: The society, Katipon wore a black hood with a triangle of white ribbon having the letters " Z. Ll. B. ", corresponding to the roman " A. N. B. ", meaning Anak ng̃ Bayan (Son of the People, see below ). Kawal wore a green hood with a triangle having white lines and the letters " Z. LL. B. " at the three angles of the triangle, and also wore a green ribbon with a medal with the letter [REDACTED] ( ka ) in Baybayin script above
10614-404: The society. A Kawal could become a Bayani upon being elected an officer of the society. Any person who wished to join the Katipunan was subjected to certain initiation rites, resembling those of Masonic rites , to test his courage, patriotism and loyalty. New recruits underwent the initiation rite three at a time so that no member knew more than two other members of the society. The neophyte
10736-697: The standard way to send urgent messages. By the latter half of the century, most developed nations had commercial telegraph networks with local telegraph offices in most cities and towns, allowing the public to send messages (called telegrams ) addressed to any person in the country, for a fee. Beginning in 1850, submarine telegraph cables allowed for the first rapid communication between people on different continents. The telegraph's nearly-instant transmission of messages across continents – and between continents – had widespread social and economic impacts. The electric telegraph led to Guglielmo Marconi 's invention of wireless telegraphy ,
10858-612: The start of the Philippine Revolution . Historians generally placed the date of its founding in July 1892 shortly after the arrest and deportation of Filipino author and nationalist José Rizal to Dapitan in Mindanao . Rizal was one of the founders of the nascent La Liga Filipina , which aimed for a Filipino representation to the Spanish Parliament . Many members of the Katipunan, including Bonifacio himself, were members of that organization. However, recent discovery of documents of
10980-604: The system was abolished after proving it to be clumsy and complicated. A new system of initiation, modelled after the Masonic rites was then adopted. When the Katipuneros had expanded to more than a hundred members, Bonifacio divided the members into three grades: the Katipon (literally: Associate) which is the lowest rank, the Kawal (soldier), and the Bayani (Hero or Patriot). In the meeting of
11102-426: The telegraph line produces electromagnetic force to move a needle-shaped pointer into position over a printed list. Early needle telegraph models used multiple needles, thus requiring multiple wires to be installed between stations. The first commercial needle telegraph system and the most widely used of its type was the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph , invented in 1837. The second category are armature systems, in which
11224-473: The then town of Jaro. Negrense revolutionaries in Iloilo agreed that the revolt would begin on November 3, 1898. It was to be led by Aniceto Lacson with Nicolás Gólez of Silay City as deputy commander. South of Bacolod , the revolt was to be led by Juan Araneta of Bago with Rafael Ramos of Himamaylan City as deputy commander. Aniceto Lacson rode to Silay town. A committee headed by Lacson and acting for
11346-412: The town and its defenses unconditionally, turning over arms and communication" and that "public funds would be turned over to the new government". November 6, 1898, therefore, is the day that the revolution in Negros concluded. The Spanish signatories of the surrender document included Isidro de Castro, Braulio Sanz, Manuel Abenza, Ramón Armada, Emilio Monasterio and Domingo Ureta. Those who signed for
11468-460: The treasurer ( tagaingat-yaman ) and the fiscal ( tagausig ). The Supreme Council also had its councilors ( kasangguni ); the number varied through presidencies. To distinguish from presidents of lower sanggunian or councils (below), the president of the Supreme Council was called the Supreme President (Tagalog: Kataas-taasang Pangulo ; Spanish: Presidente Supremo ). At the outbreak of
11590-433: The two clicks. The message was then written out in long-hand. Royal Earl House developed and patented a letter-printing telegraph system in 1846 which employed an alphabetic keyboard for the transmitter and automatically printed the letters on paper at the receiver, and followed this up with a steam-powered version in 1852. Advocates of printing telegraphy said it would eliminate Morse operators' errors. The House machine
11712-527: The two groups that was formed after the dissolution of the nascent La Liga Filipina , a nationalist organization formed by Filipino writer Jose Rizal and members of the Propaganda Movement in Spain, following Rizal's arrest and deportation to Dapitan in Mindanao . Most of the Katipunan's early members were also members of the La Liga. However, while the La Liga advocated for a Filipino representation in
11834-416: The use of sound operators eliminated the need for telegraph receivers to include register and tape. Instead, the receiving instrument was developed into a "sounder", an electromagnet that was energized by a current and attracted a small iron lever. When the sounding key was opened or closed, the sounder lever struck an anvil. The Morse operator distinguished a dot and a dash by the short or long interval between
11956-484: Was a revolutionary organization founded in 1892 by a group of Filipino nationalists Deodato Arellano , Andrés Bonifacio , Valentin Diaz , Ladislao Diwa , José Dizon , and Teodoro Plata . Its primary objective was achieving independence from the Spanish Empire through an armed revolution . It was formed as a secret society before its eventual discovery by Spanish authorities in August 1896. This discovery led to
12078-410: Was a five-needle, six-wire system, and had the major advantage of displaying the letter being sent so operators did not need to learn a code. The insulation failed on the underground cables between Paddington and West Drayton, and when the line was extended to Slough in 1843, the system was converted to a one-needle, two-wire configuration with uninsulated wires on poles. The cost of installing wires
12200-534: Was a political movement that in 1898 created a government on Negros Island in the Philippines , ending Spanish control of the island and paving the way for a republican government run by the Negrense natives . The newly established Negros Republic (Hiligaynon: Republika sg Negros ; Cebuano: Republika sa Negros ; Spanish: República de Negros ) lasted for approximately three months. American forces landed on
12322-415: Was an early needle telegraph . It had a transmitting device that consisted of a keyboard with 16 black-and-white keys. These served for switching the electric current. The receiving instrument consisted of six galvanometers with magnetic needles, suspended from silk threads . The two stations of Schilling's telegraph were connected by eight wires; six were connected with the galvanometers, one served for
12444-435: Was approved for a telegraph between the imperial palace at Peterhof and the naval base at Kronstadt . However, the project was cancelled following Schilling's death in 1837. Schilling was also one of the first to put into practice the idea of the binary system of signal transmission. His work was taken over and developed by Moritz von Jacobi who invented telegraph equipment that was used by Tsar Alexander III to connect
12566-520: Was considerably modified from the original American Morse code , and was based on a code used on Hamburg railways ( Gerke , 1848). A common code was a necessary step to allow direct telegraph connection between countries. With different codes, additional operators were required to translate and retransmit the message. In 1865, a conference in Paris adopted Gerke's code as the International Morse code and
12688-634: Was created in 1852 in Rochester, New York and eventually became the Western Union Telegraph Company . Although many countries had telegraph networks, there was no worldwide interconnection. Message by post was still the primary means of communication to countries outside Europe. Telegraphy was introduced in Central Asia during the 1870s. A continuing goal in telegraphy was to reduce the cost per message by reducing hand-work, or increasing
12810-418: Was during Basa's term that the society organized a women's auxiliary section. Two of its initial members were Gregoria de Jesús , whom Bonifacio had just married, and Marina Dizon , daughter of José Dizon. It was also in 1893 when Basa and Diwa organized the provincial council of Cavite, which would later be the most successful council of the society. The Filipino scholar Maximo Kalaw reports that Basa yielded
12932-513: Was eventually adopted. This was a two-needle system using two signal wires but displayed in a uniquely different way to other needle telegraphs. The needles made symbols similar to the Chappe optical system symbols, making it more familiar to the telegraph operators. The optical system was decommissioned starting in 1846, but not completely until 1855. In that year the Foy-Breguet system was replaced with
13054-452: Was expanded by some of its prominent members. Existing documents suggest that the Katipunan planned for an armed revolution since its founding, and initially sought for support from Filipino intellectuals. In one such incident, Bonifacio planned a rescue for the deported José Rizal in Dapitan in exchange for his support to the revolution, to which Rizal refused. An attempt to secure firearms from
13176-606: Was expelled because a coded message of the Katipunan fell into the hands of a Spanish priest teaching at the University of Santo Tomas . Since the priest was a friend of Santiago's sister, he and his half-brother Restituto Javier were suspected of betrayal, but the two would remain loyal to the Katipunan and Santiago would even join the Philippine revolutionary forces in the Philippine–American War . Jacinto replaced Santiago as secretary. In early 1895, Bonifacio called for
13298-665: Was far less limited than the momentary discharge of an electrostatic machine , which with Leyden jars were the only previously known human-made sources of electricity. Another very early experiment in electrical telegraphy was an "electrochemical telegraph" created by the German physician , anatomist and inventor Samuel Thomas von Sömmering in 1809, based on an earlier 1804 design by Spanish polymath and scientist Francisco Salva Campillo . Both their designs employed multiple wires (up to 35) to represent almost all Latin letters and numerals. Thus, messages could be conveyed electrically up to
13420-643: Was first blindfolded and then led into a dimly lighted room with black curtains where his folded cloth was removed from his eyes. An admonition, in Tagalog, was posted at the entrance to the room: Kung 'di ka marunong pumigil ng̃ iyong masasamang hilig, umurong ka; kailan man ang pintuan ng̃ May-kapangyarihan at Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng̃ mg̃á Anak ng̃ Baya'y hindi bubuksan nang dahil sa iyó. Kung 'di ka marunong pumigil ng iyong masasamang hilig, umurong ka; kailan man, ang pintuan ng Makapangyarihan at Kagalanggalang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan ay hindi bubuksan nang dahil sa iyo. If what has brought you here
13542-479: Was granted a patent on 4 July 1838. Davy also invented a printing telegraph which used the electric current from the telegraph signal to mark a ribbon of calico infused with potassium iodide and calcium hypochlorite . The first working telegraph was built by the English inventor Francis Ronalds in 1816 and used static electricity. At the family home on Hammersmith Mall , he set up a complete subterranean system in
13664-608: Was handed down in the figure of a cup with a serpent coiled around it. Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts In 1892, after the Katipunan was founded, the members of the Supreme Council consisted of Arellano as president, Bonifacio as comptroller, Diwa as fiscal, Plata as secretary and Díaz as treasurer. In 1893, the Supreme Council comprised Ramón Basa as president, Bonifacio as fiscal, José Turiano Santiago as secretary, Vicente Molina as treasurer and Restituto Javier, Briccio Pantas, Teodoro Gonzales. Gonzales, Plata and Diwa were councilors. It
13786-509: Was henceforth the international standard. The US, however, continued to use American Morse code internally for some time, hence international messages required retransmission in both directions. In the United States, the Morse/Vail telegraph was quickly deployed in the two decades following the first demonstration in 1844. The overland telegraph connected the west coast of the continent to
13908-427: Was implemented in Germany during the 1930s as a network used to communicate within the government. At the rate of 45.45 (±0.5%) baud – considered speedy at the time – up to 25 telex channels could share a single long-distance telephone channel by using voice frequency telegraphy multiplexing , making telex the least expensive method of reliable long-distance communication. Automatic teleprinter exchange service
14030-526: Was installed on the Euston to Camden Town section of Robert Stephenson 's London and Birmingham Railway in 1837 for signalling rope-hauling of locomotives. It was rejected in favour of pneumatic whistles. Cooke and Wheatstone had their first commercial success with a system installed on the Great Western Railway over the 13 miles (21 km) from Paddington station to West Drayton in 1838. This
14152-428: Was presided over by Bonifacio, Jacinto and Pío Valenzuela . This mysterious chamber passed judgment upon those who had betrayed their oath and those accused of certain offenses penalized by Katipunan laws. Every katipunero stood in fearful awe of this chamber. According to José P. Santos, throughout the existence of the secret chamber, about five katipuneros were convicted and sentenced to die by it. The death sentence
14274-715: Was so prominent within the organization that "Rizal" was one of the passwords of the group alongside " Gomburza ", a trio of Filipino priests executed in Bagumbayan in 1872 the wake of the Cavite mutiny . Modern historical consensus generally place Katipunan's formation on the night of July 7, 1892, following Rizal's arrest. It was formed in secrecy on a house in Azcarraga Street (now Recto Avenue ) in San Nicolas, Manila . However, it may have been formed on paper as early as January of
14396-469: Was the last great barrier to full automation. Large telegraphy providers began to develop systems that used telephone-like rotary dialling to connect teletypewriters. These resulting systems were called "Telex" (TELegraph EXchange). Telex machines first performed rotary-telephone-style pulse dialling for circuit switching , and then sent data by ITA2 . This "type A" Telex routing functionally automated message routing. The first wide-coverage Telex network
14518-412: Was the original plan of Bonifacio to increase the membership of the Katipunan by means of sistemang patatsulok or triangle system. He formed his first triangle with his two comrades, Teodoro Plata and Ladislao Diwa . Each of them re-instituted Katipunan thoughts into another two new converts. The founder of the triangle knew the other two members, but the latter did not know each other. In December 1892
14640-469: Was then accepted as a full-fledged member, with a symbolic name by which he was known within Katipunan circles. Bonifacio's symbolic name was Maypagasa ; Jacinto was Pingkian and Artemio Ricarte was Vibora . At first, Katipunan was purely a patriotic society for men. Owing to the growing suspicion of the women regarding nocturnal absences of their husbands, the reduction of their monthly earnings and "long hours of work", Bonifacio had to bring them into
14762-426: Was ultimately more economically significant than the cost of training operators. The one-needle telegraph proved highly successful on British railways, and 15,000 sets were in use at the end of the nineteenth century; some remained in service in the 1930s. The Electric Telegraph Company , the world's first public telegraphy company, was formed in 1845 by financier John Lewis Ricardo and Cooke. Wheatstone developed
14884-473: Was used on four main American telegraph lines by 1852. The speed of the House machine was announced as 2600 words an hour. David Edward Hughes invented the printing telegraph in 1855; it used a keyboard of 26 keys for the alphabet and a spinning type wheel that determined the letter being transmitted by the length of time that had elapsed since the previous transmission. The system allowed for automatic recording on
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