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101-474: Baybayin ( ᜊᜌ᜔ᜊᜌᜒᜈ᜔ , Tagalog pronunciation: [bajˈbajɪn] ) or Sulat Tagalog , also called Basahan by Bicolanos, sometimes erroneously referred to as alibata , is a Philippine script widely used primarily in Luzon during the 16th and 17th centuries and prior to write Tagalog and to a lesser extent Visayan languages , Kampampangan , Ilocano , and several other Philippine languages . Baybayin

202-509: A Kshatriya person may be named "I Gusti". "Sitompul" and "Rajagukguk" are clan names usually found in people with Batak or North Sumatran heritage. In general, Indonesian names fall into one of the following categories: The Ministry of Home Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia Regulation no. 73 of 2022 about Recording of Names on Residence Document regulates the naming of Indonesian residents. The document requires names to be written in

303-657: A Gujarati model. The Kawi script originated in Java , descending from the Pallava script, and was used across much of Maritime Southeast Asia . The Laguna Copperplate Inscription is the earliest known written document found in the Philippines. It is a legal document with the inscribed date of Saka era 822, corresponding to 21 April 900 AD. It was written in the Kawi script in a variety of Old Malay containing numerous loanwords from Sanskrit and

404-467: A Philippine language, featuring both Tagalog in baybayin and transliterated into the Latin script, is the 1593 Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Española y Tagala . The Tagalog text was based mainly on a manuscript written by Fr. Juan de Placencia . Friars Domingo de Nieva and Juan de San Pedro Martyr supervised the preparation and printing of the book, which was carried out by an unnamed Chinese artisan. This

505-464: A Spanish priest and Antonio de Morga noted in 1604 and 1609 that most Filipino men and women could read baybayin. It was also noted that they did not write books or keep records, but did use baybayin for signing documents, for personal notes and messages, and for poetry. During the colonial period, Filipinos began keeping paper records of their property and financial transactions, and would write down lessons they were taught in church. Documents written in

606-477: A consciousness, respect and pride for the legacies of Filipino cultural history, heritage and the country's authentic identity." The diversity of suyat scripts have also established various calligraphy techniques and styles in the Philippines. Each suyat script has its own suyat calligraphy, although all suyat calligraphy are collectively referred to as Filipino suyat calligraphy. Indonesian names#Honorifics Indonesian names and naming customs reflect

707-542: A consonant's inherent a vowel, making it an independent consonant. The krus-kudlít virama was added to the original script by the Spanish priest Francisco Lopez in 1620. Later, the pamudpod virama ⟨ ◌᜕ ⟩ , which has the same function, was added. Beside these phonetic considerations, the script is monocameral and does not use letter case for distinguishing proper names or words starting sentences. Baybayin originally used only one punctuation mark ( ᜶ ), which

808-436: A false belief that "Fnu" is a common Indonesian first name. Conversely, the existing single word name can be used as the given or first name and then "Lnu" (last name unknown) may be added as the family, surname or last name. This can lead to the misconception that "Lnu" is a common Indonesian surname. In some cases "Fnu" will be used as the surname or last name. Third, the existing single word name may be duplicated to give

909-522: A few non-Malay vocabulary elements whose origin is ambiguous between Old Javanese and Old Tagalog . A second example of Kawi script can be seen on the Butuan Ivory Seal , found in the 1970s and dated between the 9th and 12th century. It is an ancient seal made of ivory that was found in an archaeological site in Butuan . The seal has been declared as a national cultural treasure. The seal is inscribed with

1010-714: A few years in these parts, an art which was communicated to them from the Tagalogs, and the latter learned it from the Borneans who came from the great island of Borneo to Manila , with whom they have considerable traffic... From these Borneans the Tagalogs learned their characters, and from them the Visayans, so they call them Moro characters or letters because the Moros taught them... [the Visayans] learned [the Moros'] letters, which many use today, and

1111-540: A first name and surname such as "Hasan Hasan". Fourth, the practice of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office is to record the single-word name as a first or given name, and to enter a period for the surname. There are some Indonesian ethnic groups or tribes whose people do maintain a family, last, or surname. These include the: Javanese people have various systems for naming . Some Javanese, especially those from older generations, have only one name and no surname . Others use their father's names as well as their own, in

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1212-530: A matter of parents' choice when registering the child's name. Even then, family names or patronymics are just considered part of the full personal name and have no official relevance (for instance, alphabetic ordering of names is always done by the first letter of the full personal name). The majority of Indonesians do not have family names . Rather, their given names are geographically and culturally specific. Names beginning with "Su" in Indonesian spelling ("Soe" in

1313-453: A mononymic name and no family name; for example, Sukarno , Suharto , and Boediono . Some names are derived from native Javanese language , while some others are derived from Sanskrit and Arabic . Names with the prefix Su- , which means good , are very popular. Most Indonesians, especially the Javanese , Sundanese , and Balinese , have names derived from Sanskrit . This is because of

1414-624: A nation") in reference to Proverbs 14:34. Bayabin's modern descendant scripts surviving modern script are the Tagbanwa script , also known as known as ibalnan by the Palawan people , who have adopted it, the Buhid script and the Hanunóo script of Mindoro . The modern Kulitan script is a unique script that employs consonant stacking and is derived from Old Kapampangan, the precolonial Indic script used to write

1515-480: A restricted inventory of syllable-final consonants and do not represent them in the Bugis and Makassar scripts. The most likely explanation for the absence of final consonant markers in baybayin is therefore that its direct ancestor was a South Sulawesi script. Sulawesi lies directly to the south of the Philippines and there is evidence of trade routes between the two. Baybayin must therefore have been developed in

1616-570: A section of the National Museum of the Philippines , which weighs 30 kilos, is 11 centimeters thick, 54 cm long and 44 cm wide while the other is 6 cm thick, 20 cm long and 18 cm wide. Historically, baybayin was used in Tagalog - and to a lesser extent Kapampangan -speaking areas. It spread to the Ilocanos when the Spanish distributed bibles written in baybayin. Pedro Chirino ,

1717-521: A significant role in the judicial and legal life of the colony and noted that many colonial-era documents written in baybayin still exist in some repositories, including the library of the University of Santo Tomas. He also noted that the early Spanish missionaries did not suppress the usage of the baybayin script but instead may have even promoted it as a measure to stop Islamization , since the Tagalog language

1818-564: A similar manner to European patronymics . For example, Abdurrahman Wahid 's name is derived from Wahid Hasyim , his father, an independence fighter and minister. In turn, Wahid Hasyim's name was derived from his father named Hasyim Asyari , a cleric and founder of the Nahdlatul Ulama organization. Another example is former President Megawati Sukarnoputri ; the last part of the name is a patronymic, meaning " Sukarno's daughter". Some Javanese, especially those from older generations, have

1919-949: A spirit of brotherhood. ᜋᜃᜇᜒᜌᜓᜐ᜔᜵ ᜋᜃᜆᜂ᜵ ᜋᜃᜃᜎᜒᜃᜐᜈ᜔᜵ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜋᜃᜊᜈ᜔ᜐ᜶ ᜁᜐᜅ᜔ ᜊᜈ᜔ᜐ᜵ ᜁᜐᜅ᜔ ᜇᜒᜏ᜶ Maka-Diyós, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansâ.Isáng Bansâ, Isáng Diwà For God, for people, for nature, and for country. One country, one spirit. The first two verses of the Philippine national anthem , Lupang Hinirang . ᜊᜌᜅ᜔ ᜋᜄᜒᜎᜒᜏ᜔᜵ ᜉᜒᜇ᜔ᜎᜐ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜐᜒᜎᜅᜈᜈ᜔᜵ ᜀᜎᜊ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜉᜓᜐᜓ᜵ ᜐ ᜇᜒᜊ᜔ᜇᜒᜊ᜔ ᜋᜓᜌ᜔ ᜊᜓᜑᜌ᜔᜶ ᜎᜓᜉᜅ᜔ ᜑᜒᜈᜒᜇᜅ᜔᜵ ᜇᜓᜌᜈ᜔ ᜃ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜋᜄᜒᜆᜒᜅ᜔᜵ ᜐ ᜋᜈ᜔ᜎᜓᜎᜓᜉᜒᜄ᜔᜵ ᜇᜒ ᜃ ᜉᜐᜒᜐᜒᜁᜎ᜔᜶ Bayang magiliw, Perlas ng silanganan, Alab ng puso Sa dibdib mo'y buhay. Lupang hinirang, Duyan ka ng magiting, Sa manlulupig Di ka pasisiil. [ˈba.jɐŋ mɐ.ˈɡi.lɪʊ̯] [ˈpeɾ.lɐs nɐŋ sɪ.lɐ.ˈŋa.nɐn] [ˈa.lɐb nɐŋ ˈpu.so(ʔ)] [sa dɪb.ˈdib moɪ̯ ˈbu.haɪ̯] [ˈlu.pɐŋ hɪ.ˈni.ɾɐŋ] [ˈdu.jɐn k(x)ɐ nɐŋ mɐ.ˈɡi.tɪŋ] [sa mɐn.lʊ.ˈlu.pɪg] [ˈdi(ʔ) k(x)ɐ pɐ.sɪ.sɪ.ˈʔil] Land of

2020-402: Is a consonant ending with the vowel /a/. To produce consonants ending with other vowel sounds, a mark called a kudlít is placed either above the character to change the /a/ to an /e/ or /i/, or below for an /o/ or /u/. To write words beginning with a vowel, one of the three independent vowels (a, i/e, o/u). A third kudlít, ⟨ ◌᜔ ⟩ , called a sabat or krus , a virama removes

2121-728: Is added, it becomes a 'u' sound. An example of the Arabic alphabet in writing the Tausūg language: The "National Script Act" went before the House of Representatives of the Republic of the Philippines in 2011. The bill calls for the protection and conservation of Baybayin as the national script of the Philippines. Among its strategies, it aims to promote the Baybayin script by having it inscribed on all Philippine-produced or processed food products. Due to lack of congressional and senatorial sessions and support,

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2222-434: Is addressed as Abang or Bang . However, Abang is also commonly used in other areas to address a becak driver, angkot driver, butcher, vegetable vendor, fishmonger, or hawker. Gus (from bagus ) is used exclusively to address an honorable Eastern Javanese person with a strong traditional and religious identity. For example, the Indonesian former president, Abdurrahman Wahid , was often addressed as Gus Dur; Dur being

2323-485: Is also customary to use Pak , Bapak , or Saudara to address men and Bu , Ibu , or Saudari to address women. Pak and Bapak are literally translated as "father". Bapak is more formal and is used much like the English word, "sir". Saudara (for men) or Saudari (for women) is another term of greater respect and formality. It translates to "kinsman", "lady", or "gentleman". Ibu is literally translated as "mother". It

2424-554: Is also notable that the script used in Pampanga had already developed special shapes for four letters by the early 1600s, different from the ones used elsewhere. There were three somewhat distinct varieties of baybayin in the late 1500s and 1600s, though they could not be described as three different scripts any more than the different styles of Latin script across medieval or modern Europe with their slightly different sets of letters and spelling systems. An earthenware burial jar, called

2525-463: Is also the title used for kings who ruled in the Hindu/Buddhist era, such as Prabu Siliwangi and Prabu Bratasena . Legally, Indonesian personal names are not divided into first and family names. A single name is recognized as a full personal name, and the addition of further components–such as additional given names, regional, or ethnic family/clan names or patronymics or matronymics –is

2626-399: Is also used colloquially as an umbrella term for the indigenous scripts in the Philippines. However, this has since been discouraged by linguists, who prefer to use the term suyat to refer to these pre-Hispanic scripts as a whole. Historically, the term alibata was used synonymously with Baybayin. Alibata is a neologism first coined in 1914, possibly under the false assumption that

2727-685: Is an abugida belonging to the family of the Brahmic scripts . Its use was gradually replaced by the Latin alphabet during Spanish rule , though it has seen limited modern usage in the Philippines. The script is encoded in Unicode as Tagalog block since 1998 alongside Buhid , Hanunoo , and Tagbanwa scripts . The Archives of the University of Santo Tomas in Manila holds the largest collection of extant writings using Baybayin. Baybayin has seen increasing modern usage in

2828-500: Is common for Indonesian names to be written partly or fully in the old Dutch orthography , as shown in names like Tjahaja (modern spelling Cahaya ) and Soeryadjaya ( Suryajaya ). Spelling of names is also often fluid, such as using y instead of i finally and sometimes medially or using silent letters (there are some very unusual cases such as Masduki Baid l owi or Deddy Corbuz i er ). Compare Edi with spelling variants Ed y and Ed hy , are all pronounced homophonously with

2929-428: Is not rare for married couples to have different last or family names. Naming also differs regionally. Some Javanese, especially those of the old generation have only one name . Bataks have clan names which are used as their surnames. Some Chinese Indonesians have Chinese-style names. In Indonesian telephone directories, names are listed under the first or given name and not under the last or family name. Example: On

3030-480: Is the Arabic script as it is codified for writing Arabic . It is written from right to left in a cursive style and includes 28 letters. Most letters have contextual letterforms. Unlike Baybayin (which is an abugida) and Eskayan (which is a syllabary), the Arabic script is considered an abjad , meaning it only uses consonants . Specifically, it is considered an " impure abjad ". As with other impure abjads , such as

3131-525: Is the constructed script of the auxiliary Eskayan language of the island of Bohol in the Philippines . Like Yugtun and Fox script , it is based on cursive Latin . The script was developed approximately 1920–1937. "Although the script is used for representing Visayan (Cebuano)—a widely used language of the southern Philippines—its privileged role is in the written reproduction of a constructed utopian language, referred to as Eskayan or Bisayan Declarado...

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3232-583: Is the earliest example of baybayin that exists today and it is the only example from the 1500s. There is also a series of legal documents containing baybayin , preserved in Spanish and Philippine archives that span more than a century: the three oldest, all in the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, are from 1591 and 1599. Baybayin was noted by the Spanish priest Pedro Chirino in 1604 and Antonio de Morga in 1609 to be known by most Filipinos, and

3333-494: Is used as "ma'am" or "lady" would be in English. If addressing a man whose name is unknown, one uses Bapak and if addressing a woman whose name is unknown, one uses Ibu . A very formal way to address an older person or a person of higher status is Tuan or Nyonya , which mean "sir" or "madam". An informal way to address a significantly older person is to use Om , Paman , Bibi , or Tante , which mean "uncle" and "aunt". The terms are Dutch-influenced and quite commonly used in

3434-457: Is used by a woman to call "older sister", and Lae is used by man to call "older brother". In Minangkabau , Uni is used for "older sister" and Uda is used for "older brother". In Manado , Ambon , and Kupang , Nona is used for "younger sister" and Nyong is used for "younger brother". Noni is also used for "younger sister" in Manado. In Papua , Tete is used for elderly men and Nene

3535-434: Is used for "older sister" and Akang , Kang, or Aa is used for "older brother". Mamang , Amang , or Mang is used for "uncle" and Ceuceu or Ceu is used for "aunt". In Balinese , Mbok is used for "older sister" and Bli is used for "older brother". Geg is used for "younger sister" and Gus is used for "younger brother". In Batak , Ito is used by a woman to a man or vice versa to call "older sibling", Eda

3636-414: Is used for elderly women. Bapa is used for older men and Mama is used for older women. Pace is used for familiar older men and Mace is used for familiar older women. Kaka is used for "older sibling". Ade is used for "younger sibling". Nona is used for familiar women of your age or young women. In Malay cultural spheres, an "older sister" is addressed as Kakak or Kak and an "older brother"

3737-423: Is very similar to the original Indian pronunciation, except that the v is changed to a w , and all instances of s , ś , and ṣ are merged into single s . For example, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono , former Indonesian president, has a Sanskrit-derived name. "Susilo" comes from sushila meaning "good character" and "Yudhoyono" comes from yudha meaning war or battle and yana meaning an epic story . Sukarno

3838-539: The Cham script , rather than other Indic abugidas. According to Wade, Baybayin seems to be more related to other southeast Asian scripts than to Kawi script. Wade argues that the Laguna Copperplate Inscription is not definitive proof for a Kawi origin of baybayin , as the inscription displays final consonants, which baybayin does not. From the material that is available, it is clear that baybayin

3939-537: The Hanunóo script block. Space separation of words was historically not used as words were written in a continuous flow, but is common today. In the Doctrina Christiana , the letters were ordered without any connection with other similar scripts, except sorting vowels before consonants as: In Unicode the letters are ordered in a similar way to other Indic scripts, by phonetic class. A number of legislative bills have been proposed periodically aiming to promote

4040-578: The Hebrew alphabet , scribes devised means of indicating vowel sounds by separate vowel diacritics later on in the development of the script. Jawi' (Jawi: جاوي ‎) is an Arabic script for writing Tausūg , Malay , Acehnese , Banjarese , Minangkabau , and several other languages in Southeast Asia. The script became prominent with the spread of Islam, supplanting the earlier writing systems. The Tausugs, Malays, and other groups that use it hold

4141-649: The Kapampangan language , and reformed in recent decades. ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜎᜑᜆ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜆᜂ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜁᜐᜒᜈᜒᜎᜅ᜔ ᜈ ᜋᜎᜌ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜌ᜔ᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜌ᜔ ᜐ ᜃᜇᜅᜎᜈ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜋᜅ ᜃᜇᜉᜆᜈ᜔᜶. ᜐᜒᜎ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜉᜒᜈᜄ᜔ᜃᜎᜓᜂᜊᜈ᜔ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜃᜆᜓᜏᜒᜇᜈ᜔ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜊᜓᜇ᜔ᜑᜒ ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜇᜉᜆ᜔ ᜋᜄ᜔ᜉᜎᜄᜌᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜁᜐᜆ᜔ ᜁᜐ ᜐ ᜇᜒᜏ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜉᜄ᜔ᜃᜃᜉᜆᜒᜇᜈ᜔᜶ Ang lahát ng tao'y isinilang na malayà at pantáy-pantáy sa karangalan at mga karapatán. Sila'y pinagkalooban ng katuwiran at budhî at dapat magpalagayan ang isá't isá sa diwà ng pagkákapatíran. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in

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4242-677: The Kawi script , probably through the medium of the Batak script of Sumatra . The Philippine scripts, according to Diringer, were possibly brought to the Philippines through the Buginese characters in Sulawesi . According to Scott, baybayin 's immediate ancestor was very likely a South Sulawesi script, probably Old Makassar or a close ancestor. This is because of the lack of final consonants or vowel canceler markers in baybayin . South Sulawesi languages have

4343-797: The Latin script according to the Indonesian orthography , and having no less than two words and no more than 60 characters, including spaces. It also discourages names that contain multiple meanings or negative meanings. Before the regulation was introduced, there had been people with unusual names like 6 people with names with only a single character, including "." and "N", while on the other side, there were also people with extremely long names like "Rangga Madhipa Sutra Jiwa Cordosega Akre Askhala Mughal Ilkhanat Akbar Suhara Pi-Thariq Ziyad Syaifudin Quthuz Khoshala Sura Talenta", which contains up to 132 characters including spaces. Nevertheless, it

4444-548: The Malay , Thai , Filipino and Indonesian honorifics. Examples of these include raja , rani, maharlika , and datu , which were transmitted from Indian culture to Philippines via Malays and the Srivijaya empire . Indian Hindu colonists played a key role as professionals, traders, priests and warriors. Inscriptions have proved that the earliest Indian colonists who settled in Champa and

4545-567: The Malay Archipelago , came from the Pallava dynasty , as they brought with them their Pallava script . The earliest inscriptions in Java exactly match the Pallava script. In the first stage of adoption of Indian scripts , inscriptions were made locally in Indian languages . In the second stage, the scripts were used to write the local Southeast Asian languages. In the third stage, local varieties of

4646-521: The Malays , from whom they learned them; they write them on bamboo bark and palm leaves with a pointed tool, but never is any ancient writing found among them nor word of their origin and arrival in these islands, their customs and rites being preserved by traditions handed down from father to son without any other record." A century later, in 1668, Francisco Alcina wrote: "The characters of these natives [Visayans], or, better said, those that have been in use for

4747-563: The Philippines around 300 BC. These scripts are related to other Southeast Asian systems of writing that developed from South Indian Brahmi scripts used in Asoka Inscriptions and Pallava Grantha , a type of writing used in the writing of palm leaf books called Grantha script during the ascendancy of the Pallava dynasty about the 5th century, and Arabic scripts that have been used in South East Asian countries. Since

4848-817: The Sultanate of Ternate in the east as early as the 15th century. Contemporary suyat include the modern Kulitan script of the Kapampangan people , variants of Baybayin , the Iniskaya script of the Eskaya people , Jawi script , and Kirim script . In 1999, four suyat scripts were inscribed in the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme , under the name Philippine Paleographs (Hanunoo, Buid, Tagbanua and Pala’wan) . The four scripts, Hanunó'o/Hanunoo , Buhid/Buid , Tagbanwa , and Ibalnan scripts , were recognized by UNESCO as

4949-422: The multicultural and multilingual nature of the over 17,000 islands in the Indonesian archipelago . The world's fourth most populous country, Indonesia is home to more than 1,300 ethnic groups, each with their own culture , custom , and language . The Javanese are the largest single group, comprising around 40 percent of Indonesia's total population. In Indonesia, ranks and professional titles are used. It

5050-406: The old orthography ) or ending with an "o" are usually Javanese people . For example, people called "Suprapto" or "Soeprapto, Joko" are likely to be of Javanese descent. Suharto is another example. Balinese names are quite distinct, as they have a naming system which denotes birth order. Wayan means first born. Made means second born. A Balinese name may also indicate caste . For instance,

5151-626: The "Calatagan Pot," found in Batangas is inscribed with characters strikingly similar to baybayin , and is claimed to have been inscribed ca. 1300 AD. However, its authenticity has not yet been proven. Although one of Ferdinand Magellan 's shipmates, Antonio Pigafetta , wrote that the people of the Visayas were not literate in 1521, the baybayin had already arrived there by 1567 when Miguel López de Legazpi reported from Cebu that, "They [the Visayans] have their letters and characters like those of

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5252-528: The 1970s and dated between the 9th and 12th centuries. It is an ancient seal made of ivory that was found in an archaeological site in Butuan . The seal is inscribed with the word Butwan in stylized Kawi. Declared as a National Cultural Treasure, the Butuan Ivory Seal is now housed at the National Museum of the Philippines . Baybayin is a script that has historically been widely used in traditional Tagalog domains and in other parts of Luzon and Visayas in

5353-495: The 21st century, these scripts have simply been collectively referred to as "suyat" by various Filipino cultural organizations. The Kawi script originated in Java and was used across much of Maritime Southeast Asia . It is hypothesized to be an ancestor of Baybayin. The presence of Kawi script in the Philippines is evidenced in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription , the earliest known written document found in

5454-518: The Eskayan language and its script are used by approximately 550 people for restricted purposes in the southeast of the island of Bohol." The Tausūg language was previously written with the Arabic alphabet. The script used was inspired by the use of Jawi in writing the Malay language . The Arabic script used to write the Tausug language differs in some aspects to the script used for the Arabic language and in

5555-551: The Indian cultural influence which came to the archipelago since thousands of years ago during the Indianization of South East Asian kingdoms, and ever since, it is seen as part of the Indonesian culture, especially Sundanese, Javanese, Balinese, and some part of Sumatran culture. Unlike Sanskrit-derived names in Thai and Khmer , the pronunciation of such names in either Javanese or Indonesian

5656-458: The Jawi script used for Malay languages. One of the main differences is in the way that word-initial vowels are written. In Arabic, /in/ is (إن); in Jawi (Malay), it is (ان). In Tausug, it is (ئِن). The Tausug Arabic script utilises the letter yā' with a hamza (ئ) to represent a short vowel. If a kasra (ئِ) is added, it becomes an 'i' sound. If a fatha (ئَ) is added, it becomes an 'a' sound. If a damma (ئُ)

5757-520: The Latin alphabet also helped Filipinos to make socioeconomic progress, as they could rise to relatively prestigious positions such as clerks, scribes and secretaries. In 1745, Sebastián de Totanés wrote in his Arte de la lengua tagala that "The Indian [Filipino] who knows how to read baybayin is now rare, and rarer still is one who knows how to write [it]. They now all read and write in our Castilian [ie Latin] letters." Between 1751 and 1754, Juan José Delgado wrote that "the [native] men devoted themselves to

5858-577: The Philippines in the fifteenth century CE as the Bugis-Makassar script was developed in South Sulawesi no earlier than 1400 CE. Baybayin could have been introduced to the Philippines by maritime connections with the Champa Kingdom . Geoff Wade has argued that the baybayin characters "ga", "nga", "pa", "ma", "ya" and "sa" display characteristics that can be best explained by linking them to

5959-728: The Philippines prior to and during the 16th and 17th centuries. Baybayin is an abugida which uses a system of diacritical marks to associate vowels with consonant symbols. The name Baybayin is Tagalog in origin and is used as an umbrella term that encompasses other Philippine variants known under other names in a number of other major Philippine ethnolinguistic domains, such as Badlit (in Visayas ), Kur-itan (in Ilocandia ), Basahan (in Bicol ), and Kulitan (in Pampanga ). Baybayin script continued to be used during

6060-495: The Philippines to be inscribed in the Memory of the World Programme. Computer fonts for these three living scripts are available for IBM and Macintosh platforms, and come into two styles based on actual historical and stylistic samples. PostScript and TrueType fonts as well a concise manual that gives a background of these ancient scripts and a short tutorial on how to write with them are included in each package. Eskayan script

6161-405: The Philippines. It is a legal document with the inscribed date of Shaka era 822, corresponding to April 21, 900 CE. It was written in the Kawi script in a variety of Old Malay containing numerous loanwords from Sanskrit and a few non-Malay vocabulary elements whose origin is ambiguous between Kawi and Old Tagalog . A second example of Kawi script can be seen on the Butuan Ivory Seal , found in

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6262-549: The Philippines. Today, Baybayin is often used for cultural and aesthetic purposes, such as in art, graduation regalia, tattoos, and logos. It is also featured on the logos of government agencies, Philippine banknotes, and passports. Additionally, there are educational initiatives and workshops aimed at teaching Baybayin to a new generation. Social media has also been instrumental in the increased awareness and interest in Baybayin. Artists, educators, and enthusiasts use these platforms to share tutorials, artworks, and historical facts about

6363-632: The Spaniards, the rapid acquisition of literacy in the Latin script with its concomitant social and material benefits, and the disruption of traditional family activities were the main culprits for the loss of Baybayin script. Buhid , Hanunóo , and Tagbanwa are the only surviving descendants of Baybayin, however their use is confined to poetry and other literary pursuits among their writers. The Arabic alphabet ( Arabic : أَلْأَبْجَدِيَّة ٱلْعَرَبِيَّة , al-ʾabjadīyaḧ l-ʿarabīyah or أَلْحُرُوف ٱلْعَرَبِيَّة , al-ḥurūf l-ʿarabīyaḧ ), or Arabic abjad,

6464-452: The big cities. Local honorifics continue to be employed throughout Indonesia. In a casual situation, Kakak or Kak is used to address a person as an "older sibling". In Javanese , Mbak is used for "older sister" and Mas is used for "older brother". Mbak and Mas are also used, for example, to address junior staff in cafes and restaurants in Jakarta. In Sundanese , Teteh or Teh

6565-497: The bill did not pass into law in the 16th Congress. It was refiled in 2016 under the 17th Congress, with little political support. The Act came before the House again in 2018. According to a press release from the House, the bill "declares there is a need to promote, protect, preserve and conserve "Baybayin" as the National Writing System of the Philippines, using it as a tool for cultural and economic development to create

6666-405: The birth certificate, the child's name would be written as "Hasan Prasetyo child of Suparman Prakoso and Wulandari Setiadewi". On all other official documents, the child's name would be written as "Hasan Prasetyo". If the parents want a family name (or surname) to appear on official documents, the family name has to be included on the child's birth certificate. Example: On the birth certificate,

6767-404: The birth certificate, the child's name would be written as "Hasan child of Suparman and Wulandari". The birth certificate of an extramarital child would bear only the mother's name. On a school diploma, the child's name would be written as "Hasan, child of Suparman". On all other official documents (ID card, driver's license, and passport), only the child's name would appear, "Hasan". Example: On

6868-461: The birth certificate. Nevertheless, this format sometimes appears on government documents. Other countries may modify an official Indonesian name to conform to local standards. This is most apparent in states throughout the world where personal names are divided by law into given/first name and family/last name. In the Netherlands, for example, a person without an official family name would be given

6969-590: The catechism written by Cardinal Bellarmine . This is an important moment in the history of baybayin , because the krus-kudlít was introduced for the first time, which allowed writing final consonants. He commented the following on his decision: "The reason for putting the text of the Doctrina in Tagalog type... has been to begin the correction of the said Tagalog script, which, as it is, is so defective and confused (because of not having any method until now for expressing final consonants - I mean, those without vowels) that

7070-507: The child's name would be written as "Hasan Prakoso child of Suparman Prakoso and Wulandari Suprapto". On all other official documents, the child's name would be written as "Hasan Prakoso". The patronymic is usually constructed from the father's name, with the word putra (for males, "son" in Sanskrit ) or putri (for females, "daughter" in Sanskrit) appended. Example: On the birth certificate,

7171-525: The child's name would be written as "Hasan Suparmanputra child of Suparman and Wulandari". On all other official documents, the child's name would be written as "Hasan Suparmanputra". This would be somewhat analogous to the practice in Iceland , where patronymics are used. Occasionally, the father's name will be used as the surname, without appending putra or putri (in this example it would be Hasan Suparman). This might be done unofficially, that is, not matching

7272-584: The differing sources spanning centuries, the documented syllabaries also differed in form. The Ticao stone inscription, also known as the Monreal stone or Rizal stone, is a limestone tablet that contains baybayin characters. Found by pupils of Rizal Elementary School on Ticao Island in Monreal town, Masbate , which had scraped the mud off their shoes and slippers on two irregular shaped limestone tablets before entering their classroom, they are now housed at

7373-422: The early part of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines until largely being replaced by usage of the Latin alphabet. An earthenware burial jar found in Batangas , called the "Calatagan Pot," is inscribed with characters strikingly similar to Baybayin, and is claimed to have been inscribed ca. 1300 AD. However, its authenticity has not yet been proven. The University of Santo Tomas Archives in Manila, one of

7474-456: The first usual variant. The first name of Keenan Almiqdad Riyandhana Saputra, for example, was pronounced as "Kenan" usually, but as "Kinan" by his friends. Most Indonesians do not have family names. Both men and women usually have a given name and then take the name of their father as a last name. Some, but not all, married Indonesian women take the last name of their husband. This name is usually added after their own "last" name. Therefore, it

7575-431: The individual's name as: In Germany, the one-word name is used as both given name and surname. This is often displayed on official documents as "Hasan Hasan" or "H. Hasan". In the U.S., there are at least four ways to record people with a single-word name. One way is to use the existing single word name as the surname. Then, an official body will add "Fnu" (first name unknown) as the first or given name. This can lead to

7676-745: The intrinsic properties and nature that God had given their writing and that to use it was tantamount to destroy with one blow all the Syntax, Prosody and Orthography of their Tagalog language." In 1703, baybayin was reported to still be in use in the Comintan ( Batangas and Laguna ) and other areas of the Philippines. Among the earliest literature on the orthography of Visayan languages were those of Jesuit priest Ezguerra with his Arte de la lengua bisaya in 1747 and of Mentrida with his Arte de la lengua bisaya: Iliguaina de la isla de Panay in 1818 which primarily discussed grammatical structure . Based on

7777-408: The largest archives in the Philippines, currently possesses the most extant collections of ancient variants of Baybayin script in the world. The use of the Baybayin was widespread during the 15th century. By the end of 17th century, its use was almost non-existent and its use in public life eventually disappeared by the 18th century. The inability of the script to record the new sounds introduced by

7878-626: The morning, Child of the sun returning, With fervor burning Thee do our souls adore. Land dear and holy, Cradle of noble heroes, Ne'er shall invaders Trample thy sacred shores. Baybayin was added to the Unicode Standard in March, 2002 with the release of version 3.2. Baybayin is included in Unicode under the name 'Tagalog'. Suyat Ancient Philippine scripts are various writing systems that developed and flourished in

7979-485: The most learned reader has to stop and ponder over many words to decide on the pronunciation which the writer intended." This krus-kudlít, or virama kudlít, did not catch on among baybayin users, however. Native baybayin experts were consulted about the new invention and were asked to adopt it and use it in all their writings. After praising the invention and showing gratitude for it, they decided that it could not be accepted into their writing because "It went against

8080-480: The most likely reason why no pre-Hispanic documents survived is because they wrote on perishable materials such as leaves and bamboo. There are also no reports of Tagalog written scriptures, as the Filipinos kept their theological knowledge in oral form while using the Baybayin for secular purposes and talismans. The scholar Isaac Donoso claims that the documents written in the native language and in native scripts played

8181-559: The native character". In fact, historians have been unable to verify Beyer's claim, and there is no direct evidence of substantial destruction of documents by Spanish missionaries. Hector Santos has suggested although that Spanish friars may have occasionally burned short documents such as incantations, curses and spells (deemed evil by the church) but rejected the idea that there was any systematic destruction of pre-Hispanic manuscripts. Morrow also notes that there are no recorded instances of pre-Hispanic Filipinos writing on scrolls, and that

8282-405: The native language and began to play a significant role in the judicial and legal life of the colony. Traditionally, baybayin was written upon palm leaves with a sharp stylus or on bamboo with a small knife. The curved shape of the letter forms of baybayin is influenced by this practice; curved lines straight lines would have torn the leaves. Once the letters were carved into the bamboo, it

8383-465: The only existing suyat scripts still used by certain Philippine communities in their daily lives. UNESCO also recognized that the four scripts, along with thirteen other suyat scripts, have existed within the Philippine archipelago since the 10th century AD. The ambahan poetry made with the Hanunó'o/Hanunoo script was also cited. The inscription of the four suyat scripts was the first documentary heritage of

8484-520: The same letters in baybayin . Fletcher Gardner argued that the Philippine scripts have "very great similarity" with the Brahmi script , which was supported by T. H. Pardo de Tavera . According to Christopher Miller, evidence seems strong for baybayin to be ultimately of Gujarati origin; however, Philippine and Gujarati languages have final consonants, so it is unlikely that their indication would have been dropped had baybayin been based directly on

8585-469: The script in high esteem as a gateway to understanding Islam and its Holy Book, the Quran. The use of Jawi script was a key factor driving the emergence of Malay as the lingua franca of the region, alongside the spread of Islam. It was widely used in Sultanate of Malacca , Sultanate of Johor , Sultanate of Brunei , Sultanate of Sulu , Sultanate of Maguindanao , Sultanate of Pattani , the Sultanate of Aceh to

8686-581: The script was derived from the Arabic script , hence the name. Most modern scholars reject the use of the word alibata as incorrect. The origins of baybayin are disputed and multiple theories exist as to its origin. Historically Southeast Asia was under the influence of Ancient India , where numerous Indianized principalities and empires flourished for several centuries in Thailand , Indonesia , Malaysia , Singapore , Philippines, Cambodia and Vietnam . The influence of Indian culture into these areas

8787-526: The script, sparking interest among younger generations. Bills to recognize the script and revive its use alongside the Latin alphabet have been repeatedly considered by the Congress . The term baybáyin means "to write" or "to spell" in Tagalog . The earliest known use of the word to refer to the script was from the Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (1613) by Pedro San Buenaventura as baibayin . Baybayin

8888-465: The scripts were developed. By the 8th century, the scripts had diverged and separated into regional scripts. Isaac Taylor sought to show that baybayin was introduced into the Philippines from the Coast of Bengal sometime before the 8th century. In attempting to show such a relationship, Taylor presented graphic representations of Kistna and Assam letters like g, k, ng, t, m, h, and u, which resemble

8989-510: The short form of his first name, Abdurrahman. For Indonesian royalty, the titles " Sri " and " Prabhu " are used to address kings and monarchs, usually in Indianized kingdoms located in the islands of Sumatra , Java , Bali , Borneo , and other places which had Hindu/Buddhist influence. "Sri Baginda" or "Sri Paduka Baginda" is the formal title used to address a king, for example the sultan of Yogyakarta , Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X . "Prabhu"

9090-421: The surname Onbekend (which means "unknown"). Individuals with multiple-word names will often be given this surname, particularly if the last name on the birth certificate differs from the father's family name. Individuals with a distinct family name may also be given this surname if it is recorded differently on the birth certificate. Referring to the examples above, a Netherlands identification card would record

9191-688: The use of our [Latin] writing". The ambiguity of vowels i/e and o/u, the lack of syllable-final consonants and of letters for some Spanish sounds may also have contributed to the decline of baybayin. The rarity of pre-Hispanic baybayin texts has led to a common misconception that fanatical Spanish priests must have destroyed the majority native documents. Anthropologist and historian H. Otley Beyer wrote in The Philippines before Magellan (1921) that, "one Spanish priest in Southern Luzon boasted of having destroyed more than three hundred scrolls written in

9292-485: The women much more than the men, which they write and read more readily than the latter." Francisco de Santa Inés explained in 1676 why writing baybayin was more common among women, as "they do not have any other way to while away the time, for it is not customary for little girls to go to school as boys do, they make better use of their characters than men, and they use them in things of devotion, and in other things that are not of devotion." The earliest printed book in

9393-527: The word Butwan in stylized Kawi. The ivory seal is now housed at the National Museum of the Philippines . One hypothesis therefore reasons that, since Kawi is the earliest attestation of writing in the Philippines, then baybayin may have descended from Kawi. David Diringer , accepting the view that the scripts of the Malay Archipelago originate in India, writes that the South Sulawesi scripts derive from

9494-406: The writing system, among them is the "National Writing System Act" (House Bill 1022/Senate Bill 433). There are attempts of modernizing Baybayin such as adding letters like R, C, V, Z, F, Q, and X that are not originally on the script in order to make writing modern Filipino words easier such as the word Zambales and other provinces and towns in the Philippines that have Spanish origins. Baybayin

9595-495: Was called Bantasán . Today baybayin uses two punctuation marks, the Philippine single ( ᜵ ) punctuation, acting as a comma or verse splitter in poetry, and the double punctuation ( ᜶ ), acting as a period or end of paragraph. These punctuation marks are similar to single and double danda signs in other Indic Abugidas and may be presented vertically like Indic dandas, or slanted like forward slashes. The signs are unified across Philippines scripts and were encoded by Unicode in

9696-413: Was generally used for personal writings and poetry, among others. However, according to William Henry Scott , there were some datus from the 1590s who could not sign affidavits or oaths, and witnesses who could not sign land deeds in the 1620s. In 1620, Libro a naisurátan amin ti bagás ti Doctrina Cristiana was written by Fr. Francisco Lopez, an Ilocano Doctrina the first Ilocano baybayin , based on

9797-461: Was given the term Indianization . French archaeologist George Coedes defined it as the expansion of an organized culture that was framed upon Indian originations of royalty, Hinduism and Buddhism and the Sanskrit language . This can be seen in the Indianization of Southeast Asia , Hinduism in Southeast Asia and the spread of Buddhism in Southeast Asia . Indian honorifics also influenced

9898-461: Was moving from baybayin to Jawi , the Arabized script of Islamized Southeast Asian societies. Paul Morrow also suggests that Spanish friars helped to preserve baybayin by continuing its use even after it had been abandoned by most Filipinos. Baybayin is an abugida (alphasyllabary), which means that it makes use of consonant-vowel combinations. Each character or titik , written in its basic form,

9999-458: Was used in Luzon, Palawan, Mindoro, Pangasinan, Ilocos, Panay, Leyte and Iloilo, but there is no proof supporting that baybayin reached Mindanao. It appears that the Luzon and Palawan varieties started to develop in different ways in the 1500s, before the Spaniards conquered what we know today as the Philippines. This puts Luzon and Palawan as the oldest regions where baybayin was and is used. It

10100-505: Was used in the most current New Generation Currency series of the Philippine peso issued in the last quarter of 2010. The word used on the bills was "Pilipino" ( ᜉᜒᜎᜒᜉᜒᜈᜓ ). It is also used in Philippine passports , specifically the latest e-passport edition issued 11 August 2009 onwards. The odd pages of pages 3–43 have " ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜃᜆᜓᜏᜒᜇᜈ᜔ ᜀᜌ᜔ ᜈᜄ᜔ᜉᜉᜇᜃᜒᜎ ᜐ ᜁᜐᜅ᜔ ᜊᜌᜈ᜔ " (" Ang katuwiran ay nagpapadakila sa isang bayan "/"Righteousness exalts

10201-433: Was wiped with ash to make the characters stand out. During the era of Spanish colonization, baybayin came to be written with ink on paper using a sharpened quill. Woodblock printed books were produced to facilitate the spread of Christianity. In some parts of the country, such as Mindoro the traditional writing technique has been retained. Baybayin fell out of use in much of the Philippines under Spanish rule . Learning

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