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89-609: The Chyorny Anuy and the smaller Bely Anuy join to form the Anuy. The Chyorny Anuy starts at an elevation of 1,220 metres (4,000 ft) at the southeastern end of the Anuy mountain range in the Altai Republic . Flowing in a northwestern direction, it enters Altai Krai after about 40 kilometres (25 mi). The two rivers join near Soloneshensky District . The Anuy exits the Altai mountains at an elevation of 250 metres (820 ft) and flows in

178-647: A nökür was someone who had left his clan or tribe to pledge loyalty to and serve a charismatic warlord; if this derivation were correct, Róurán 柔然 was originally not an ethnonym, but a social term referring to the dynastic founder's origins or the core circle of companions who helped him build his state. However, Golden identifies philological problems: the ethnonym should have been * nöŋör to be cognate to nökür , & possible assimilation of -/k/- to -/n/- in Chinese transcription needs further linguistic proofs. Even if 柔然 somehow transmitted nökür , it more likely denoted

267-450: A Rouran princess reported being dissatisfied with being second to Emperor Wendi 's principal wife. The first khagan Shelun is said to have concluded a "treaty of peace based on kinship" ( huoqin ) with the rulers of Jin . The royal house of Rouran is also said to have intermarried with the royal house of the Haital ( Hephthalites ) in the 6th century. Since the time of Shelun Khan,

356-592: A connection between the Pannonian Avars and the earlier Rouran. However, Savelyev & Jeong 2020 notes that there is still little genetic data on the Rouran themselves, and that their genetic relationship with the Pannonian Avars therefore still remains inconclusive. The received view is that the relationships of the language remain a puzzle and that it may be an isolate. Alexander Vovin (2004, 2010) considered

445-570: A descendant of the ruling clan, died in Hebei , leaving an epitaph reporting his royal descent from the Yujiulü clan . According to Xu (2005), some Rouran remnants fled to the northwest of the Greater Khingan mountain range, and renamed themselves 大檀 Dàtán ( MC : * da -dan ) or 檀檀 Tántán (MC: * dan-dan ) after Tantan , personal name of a historical Rouran Khagan. Tantan were gradually incorporated into

534-464: A few days they will be either taken or destroyed. In 434, the Rouran entered a marriage alliance with Northern Wei . In 443, Northern Wei attacked the Rouran. In 449, the Rouran were defeated in battle by Northern Wei. In 456, Northern Wei attacked the Rouran. In 458, Northern Wei attacked the Rouran. In 460, the Rouran subjugated the Ashina tribe residing around modern Turpan and resettled them in

623-535: A gift from the Chinese, while Khagan Shelun is said to have once declared that the soldiers who fought outstandingly would receive captives. However, "there is nothing in the sources about the enslavement of prisoners of war". There is, however, evidence that the Rouran resettled people in the steppe. Initially the Rouran chiefs, having no letters to make records, "counted approximately the number of warriors by using sheep's droppings ". Later, they learned to make records using notches on wood. A later source claims that

712-454: A herd of colts and heifers do against tigers or a pack of wolves? As for the Rouran, they graze in the north during the summer; in autumn, they come south and in winter raid our frontiers. We have only to attack them in summer in their pasture lands. At that time their horses are useless: the stallions are busy with the fillies, and the mares with their foals. If we but come upon them there and cut them off from their grazing and their water, within

801-863: A maximum of 123 cubic metres per second (4,300 cu ft/s) in April. The Anuy is frozen between November and April. It is not navigable. The Denisova Cave is approximately 28 metres (92 ft) above the right bank of the Anuy. This article is based on a partial translation of the corresponding German web site from March 29, 2010. Altai Republic The Altai Republic ( / ˈ æ l t aɪ / ; Altay : Алтай Республика , romanized:  Altay Respublika ; Russian : Респу́блика Алта́й , romanized :  Respublika Altay , IPA: [rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə ɐlˈtaj] ; Kazakh : Алтай Республикасы ), also known as Gorno-Altai Republic , and colloquially, and primarily referred to in Russian to distinguish from

890-469: A mostly pillaged but still consistent treasure, Byzantine coins and about a thousand vessels and clay figurines. Among the latter was the figurine of a shaman , standing in a dancing posture and holding a saw-like instrument. This figurine is thought to reflect the young princess' Rouran/nomadic roots. On one occasion, in 540, the Rourans allegedly attacked Western Wei reportedly with a million warriors because

979-530: A northeastern to eastern direction. Near the village of Anuyskoye , the river takes a northern direction and joins the Ob west of Biysk at an elevation of about 150 metres (490 ft). The average flow at Staro-Tirishkino, about 10 kilometres (6 mi) near the river's end, is about 36.1 cubic metres per second (1,270 cu ft/s) with a minimum of 6.9 cubic metres per second (240 cu ft/s) in February and

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1068-399: A post and a title to Fushengmou, her then former husband. The Rouran titles included mofu , mohetu (cf. Mongolian batur, baghatur ), mohe rufei (cf. Mongolian baga köbegün ), hexi , sili and sili-mohe , totoufa , totouteng , sijin (cf. Turkic irkin), xielifa (cf. Turkic eltäbär). It is known that in 521 Khagan Anagui was given two bondmaids as

1157-534: A slave of the Xianbei . Rouran women were commonly taken as wives or concubines by the Xianbei. After the Xianbei migrated south and settled in Chinese lands during the late 3rd century AD, the Rouran made a name for themselves as fierce warriors. However they remained politically fragmented until 402 AD when Shelun gained support of all the Rouran chieftains and united the Rouran under one banner. Immediately after uniting,

1246-758: A sudden internal revolution led by the Göktürks, hence the still vivid memories of empire in the Avar Khagan, a fact paralleled later by the Kara-Khitans who migrated a long distance west after being suddenly dislodged from northern China but still kept their pretensions to empire and defeated the Great Seljuk Empire in the Battle of Qatwan as the Western Liao. The Hephthalite Empire in southern Central Asia would not fall to

1335-418: A vassal state ( fanli ). Following the growth of Rouran and the turning of Wei into a classical Chinese state, they were considered partners of equal rights by Wei ( lindi gangli ). In 424, the Rouran invaded Northern Wei but were repulsed. In 429, Northern Wei launched a major offensive against the Rouran and killed a large number of people. The Chinese are foot soldiers and we are horsemen. What can

1424-429: A very pure quality as a result of their distance from civilization. Lake Teletskoye alone contains more than 40 cubic kilometers (9.6 cu mi) of very clear water. Potential groundwater storage is evaluated at 22 million cubic metres (780 × 10 ^  cu ft) per day, while the present use constitutes about 44,000 m (1,600,000 cu ft) per day. The most striking geographical aspect of

1513-520: A very, very eastern profile," says Choongwon Jeong, a co-author and a geneticist at Seoul National University. That genetic data backs up two historical accounts of the Avar's origins. One sixth century Chinese source describes an enigmatic steppe people called the Rouran, one of many horse-riding nomadic groups that swept out of the Mongolian steppes to attack their northern borders. The Rouran's grassland empire

1602-406: A wide circle composing the nomadic aristocracy, including elders, chieftains, military commanders. The grandees could be high or low ranking. According to Kradin, the khagan could confer titles in reward of services rendered and outstanding deeds. He cites as an example of this an event occurred in 518, when Nagai entitled the sorceress Diwai khagatun , taking her as his wife, and gave a compensation,

1691-526: Is Lake Teletskoye , the region's largest lake located in an isolated area far south in the mountains. The emerald-colored Katun River has its source at the Gebler glacier, which is situated on the Republic's highest point, Mount Belukha . The Katun River, in particular, holds a religious significance for native Altaians, as well as for many Russians who live in the area, as Mount Belukha is known in Altai folklore to be

1780-542: Is a Classical Chinese transcription of the endonym of the confederacy; meanwhile, 蠕蠕 Ruǎnruǎn ~ Rúrú ( Weishu ), which connoted something akin to "wriggling worm" , was used derogatorily in Tuoba-Xianbei sources. Other transcriptions are 蝚蠕 Róurú ~ Róuruǎn ( Jinshu ); 茹茹 Rúrú ( Beiqishu , Zhoushu , Suishu ); 芮芮 Ruìruì ( Nanqishu , Liangshu , Songshu ), 大檀 Dàtán and 檀檀 Tántán ( Songshu ). However, Baumer (2018), while acknowledging that Ruanruan (蠕蠕)

1869-417: Is a highly agricultural region. However, it does have some industry which includes foodstuffs, non-ferrous metallurgy , chemicals , gold mining, footwear, dairying, and timber. Tourism has also begun to be a large part of the economy, and a significant number of new hotels and resorts have appeared. The Altai Republic is one of the few Russian political divisions without rail access . The main paved road

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1958-524: Is also significantly warmer than the elevated southern areas, which tend to be chilly even in the summer. Some of the more well-known tourist spots in the Altai Republic include Lake Aiya, a popular bathing spot, and the picturesque Chemal region. More adventurous travelers sometimes visit the more remote Lake Teletskoye or Mount Belukha in the south. There is one university ( Gorno-Altaysk State University ), 12 colleges, and 205 secondary schools in

2047-461: Is considered to be the location of Shambhala both by some Pagans and locals of Altai. One can often find manifestations of shamanistic spirituality in the region; for example, at points along the Katun River, local believers in shamanic religions are known to tie white ribbons to nearby trees and leave offerings of coins or food to the spirits. Although shamanism is much less widely practiced today, it

2136-412: Is harsher than the climate of the less elevated northern areas. The Altai Republic is administratively divided into ten districts and Gorno-Altaysk Urban Okrug . The districts are further subdivided into ninety-two rural settlements . Population : 210,924 ( 2021 Census ) ; 206,168 ( 2010 Census ) ; 202,947 ( 2002 Census ) ; 191,649 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . As per

2225-493: Is regaining popularity as a result of new religious freedom following the collapse of the Soviet Union. The indigenous Altai culture holds the lands of Altai to be sacred. The indigenous (Turkic) languages are focused on the stewardship of the lands. The Altai oral history is transmitted by throat-singers. The Altai culture was repressed during Soviet times and has been rebounding since then. The clans of all ten regions gather in

2314-595: Is the Chuysky Tract, which spans the republic from the capital Gorno-Altaisk in the north to the Mongolian border in the south. The republic's main paved road threads its way through the rugged Altai Mountains . A system of taxis and buses transports people between settlements. Within the settlements, people generally walk or ride horses. Helicopters are used for emergency transportation, to supply remote government outposts, and by wealthy tourists. In 2012, runway capacity at

2403-464: Is the highest point in Siberia. Various bodies of water are among the most important natural resources of the Republic. Mineral and hot springs are popular destinations for tourists and locals, sought for their therapeutic effects. Additionally, Altai glaciers contain a great amount of fresh water. The general volume of ice for registered Altai glaciers comes to a total of 57 km , 52 km of which

2492-607: Is unknown when Buddhism came into Altai but in various periods of history, the territory of the Altai and its population found themselves in full or partial subjection to neighboring states, where Buddhism was the official or one of the official religions: the state of the Khitans (tenth-twelfth centuries), the Mongol Empire (thirteenth-fourteenth centuries), and the Dzhungar Khanate (seventeenth-eighteenth centuries). From 1904 until

2581-483: Is water. The total water stock of the glaciers exceeds the average annual effluence of all Altai rivers, which are equal to 43 km per year. The largest glaciers are Bolshoy Taldurinsky (35 km ), Mensu (21 km ), Sofiysky (17 km ), and Bolshoy Maashey (16 km ). Mineral resources in the region primarily include gold, silver, iron ores, and lithium , in addition to other smaller amounts of minerals. The large city of Barnaul in neighboring Altai Krai

2670-448: The Book of Song there is the story of an educated Rouran "whose knowledge shamed a wise Chinese functionary". There is no record of monuments erected by the Rouran, though there is evidence of the latter requesting doctors, weavers and other artisans to be sent from China. Imitating the Chinese, Anagui Khan introduced the use of officials at court, "surrounded himself with advisers trained in

2759-447: The 2021 Census , ethnic Russians make up 53.7% of the republic's population, with the indigenous Altai people making up 37.0%. Other groups include people of Kazakh (6.4%), together with smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population. The head of government in the Altai Republic is the Head of the Republic, popularly elected for a four-year term. As of 2024 ,

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2848-516: The Altai Mountains . The Rouran also ousted the previous dynasty of Gaochang (the remnants of the Northern Liang ) and installed Kan Bozhou as its king. In 492, Emperor Tuoba Hong sent 70 thousand horsemen against Rouran. The outcome of the expedition does not appear in Chinese sources and is thus unknown. According to Nikolay Kradin , since Chinese sources are silent about the outcome of

2937-520: The Gorno-Altaysk Airport near the republic 's capital, was doubled. In June that same year, S7 Airlines started direct flights from Moscow. Prior to this, passengers used to fly through Barnaul in Altai Krai or Novosibirsk . With the dissolution of the Soviet Union , the Altai Republic's tourism industry has greatly expanded. Although wealthy Russians from neighboring Russian regions are

3026-651: The Northern Yan as well as the Northern Wei dynasty and its successors Eastern and Western Wei , which were fighting each other, and each seeking the support of Rouran to defeat the other. Both parties, in turn, took the initiative of proposing such marriages to forge important alliances or solidify relations. In the 1970s, the Tomb of Princess Linhe was unearthed in Ci County, Hebei. It contained artistically invaluable murals,

3115-632: The Pannonian Avars (known by such names as Varchonites or Pseudo Avars ), who settled in Pannonia (centred on modern Hungary) during the 6th century. These Avars were pursued into the Byzantine Empire by the Göktürks, who referred to the Avars as a slave or vassal people, and requested that the Byzantines expel them. While this Rouran-Avars link remains a controversial theory, a recent DNA study has confirmed

3204-621: The Shiwei tribal complex and later emerged as Great- Da Shiwei (大室韋) in Suishu . Klyashtorny, apud Golden (2013), reconstructed 大檀 / 檀檀 as * tatar / dadar , "the people who, [Klyashtorny] concludes, assisted Datan in the 420s in his internal struggles and who later are noted as the Otuz Tatar ("Thirty Tatars") who were among the mourners at the funeral of Bumın Qağan (see the inscriptions of Kül Tegin, E4 and Bilge Qağan, E5)". Some scholars claim that

3293-630: The Treaty of Tarbagatai . During the Russian Civil War , the Confederated Republic of Altai (Karakorum-Altai Region) was established in 1918, and declared as the first step to rebuilding Genghis Khan 's Mongol Empire. But it never became a competing force in the Russian Civil War, and stayed neutral from 1918 until January 1920, when it was annexed back into Russia. A second Altai Republic

3382-464: The 1930s, a new religious movement called Burkhanism (or Ak Jang , the "white faith") was popularized among native Altaians. The religion originated in Altai and emphasized the "white" aspect of shamanistic practice. Burkhanism remains an important component of Altai national consciousness and is currently being revived in several forms along with indigenous Altai culture in general. Russian Pagan followers often go on pilgrimages to Mount Belukha, which

3471-702: The 3rd century to 6th century AD. The wooden frame saddle and the iron stirrups in found at these burials in Mongolia are one of the earliest examples found in Central and East Asia. The capital of the Rouran likely changed over time. The headquarters of the Rouran Khan ( ting ) was said to be initially northwest of Gansu . Later the capital of the Rouran became the legendary town of Mumocheng , said to have been "encircled with two walls constructed by Liang Shu". The existence of this city would be proof of early urbanization among

3560-610: The Altai Republic are Russian and Altai. Kazakh is official in areas of compact settlement of its speakers. The Xiongnu Empire (209 BC – AD 93) governed the territory of the modern Altai Republic. The area was part of the First Turkic Khaganate , the Uyghur Empire , and the Yeniseian Kyrgyzs . It was during this time that the local population became fully Turkicized culturally and linguistically. The southern part of

3649-538: The Altai Republic came under the Naiman Khanate . The territory of the modern Altai Republic has been ruled by the Mongolic Xianbei state (93–234), Rouran Khaganate (330–555), Mongol Empire (1206–1368), Golden Horde (1240–1502), Zunghar Khanate (1634–1758) and Qing Empire (1757–1864). The Qing period is a semi-autonomous period with the supervision of two Altan Nuur Uriankhai Governor Banners and part of

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3738-572: The Göktürks until 560. The Hephthalites themselves had previously been vassals to the Rouran and adopted the title Khagan from them. They were also already known as the Hephthalites to the Byzantines. In view of these facts a strong Rouran component in the Avar Khaganate has been seen as likely, although the Khaganate later included many other peoples such as Slavs and Goths. Li et al. 2018 examined

3827-494: The Mongols. Klyastorny reconstructed the ethnonym behind the Chinese transcription 柔然 Róurán ( LHC : * ńu-ńan ; EMC : * ɲuw-ɲian > LMC: * riw-rian ) as * nönör and compares it to Mongolic нөкүр nökür "friend, comrade, companion" ( Khalkha нөхөр nöhör ). According to Klyashtorny, * nönör denotes "stepnaja vol'nica" "a free, roving band in the steppe, the ' companions ' of the early Rouran leaders". In early Mongol society,

3916-584: The Republic of Altai and the Municipal House of Culture. Regularly held national holiday Maslenitsa, Nowruz, Chaga – Bayram, received in February 2013 with the official status of the Republican celebration. In 2013, the Altai Republic participated in the Turkvision Song Contest . The Altai Republic's entry was the song "Altayym Menin" performed by Artur Marlujokov. The Altai Republic placed fifth in

4005-517: The Republic of Altai is its mountainous terrain. The Republic is situated within the Russian part of the Altai Mountains system, which covers a large part of the Republic and continues into neighboring Kazakhstan , Mongolia and China. The region continues to experience periodic notable seismic activity, which is visually made apparent through the mountains' characteristically high and rugged mountain ridges, separated by narrow and deep river valleys. The Republic's highest peak, Mount Belukha (4,506 m),

4094-482: The Rouran and Yujiulü Dengshuzi led 3000 soldiers in retreat to Western Wei . He was later delivered to Turks by Emperor Gong with his soldiers under pressure from Muqan Qaghan . In the same year, Muqan annihilated the Rouran. All the Rouran handed over to the Turks, reportedly with the exception of children less than sixteen, were brutally killed. On 29 November 586 Yujiulü Furen (郁久闾伏仁), an official of Sui and

4183-500: The Rouran and displaced the Yuezhi in Bactria , forcing them to migrate further south. Despite the conflict between the Hephthalites and Rouran, the Hephthalites borrowed much from their eastern overlords, in particular the title of " Khan " which was first used by the Rouran as a title for their rulers. The Rouran were considered vassals ( chen ) by Tuoba Wei . By 506 they were considered

4272-513: The Rouran defeated the Tiele. In 551, Bumin of the Ashina Göktürks quelled a Tiele revolt for the Rouran and asked for a Rouran princess for his service. The Rouran refused and in response Bumin declared independence. Bumin entered a marriage alliance with Western Wei , a successor state of Northern Wei, and attacked the Rouran in 552. The Rouran, now at the peak of their might, were defeated by

4361-570: The Rouran entered a perpetual conflict with Northern Wei , beginning with a Wei offensive that drove the Rouran from the Ordos region . The Rouran expanded westward and defeated the neighboring Tiele people and expanded their territory over the Silk Roads , even vassalizing the Hephthalites which remained so until the beginning of the 5th century. The Hepthalites migrated southeast due to pressure from

4450-509: The Rouran language to be an extinct non- Altaic language that is not related to any modern-day language (i.e., a language isolate ) and is hence unrelated to Mongolic . Vovin (2004) notes that Old Turkic had borrowed some words from an unknown non-Altaic language that may have been Rouran. In 2018 Vovin changed his opinion after new evidence was found through the analysis of the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi inscriptions and suggests that

4539-464: The Rouran later adopted the Chinese written language for diplomatic relations, and under Anagui, started to write internal records. According to the same source, there were also many literate people among the Rouran by that time. Kradin notes that the level of literacy "based on the knowledge of written Chinese" was rather high, and that it didn't affect only the elite and the immigrants, but also some cattle-breeders were able to use Chinese ideograms. In

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4628-508: The Rouran then fled west across the steppes and became the Avars, though many other scholars contest this claim. New genetic data seem to answer that question, says Walter Pohl, a historian at the University of Vienna. "We have a very clear indication that they must have come from the core of the Rouran Empire. They were the neighbors of the Chinese." "Genetically speaking, the elite Avars have

4717-516: The Rouran were descended specifically from Donghu's Xianbei lineage, i.e. from Xianbei who remained in the eastern Eurasian Steppe after most Xianbei had migrated south and settled in Northern China . Genetic testings on Rourans' remains suggested Donghu-Xianbei paternal genetic contribution to Rourans. The founder of the Rouran Khaganate, Yujiulu Shelun , was descended from Mugulü ,

4806-649: The Rouran were of Xiongnu origin" and Rourans' descendants, namely Da Shiwei (aka Tatars), contained Turkic elements, besides Mongolic Xianbei . Even so, the Xiongnu's language is still unknown and Chinese historians routinely ascribed Xiongnu origins to various nomadic groups, yet such ascriptions do not necessarily indicate the subjects' exact origins: for examples, Xiongnu ancestry was ascribed to Turkic-speaking Göktürks and Tiele as well as Para-Mongolic-speaking Kumo Xi and Khitans . Kwok Kin Poon additionally proposes that

4895-580: The Rouran's status as the subjects of the Tuoba . Before being used as an ethnonym, Rouran had originally been the byname of chief Cheluhui (車鹿會), possibly denoting his status "as a Wei servitor". Primary Chinese-language sources Songshu and Liangshu connected Rouran to the earlier Xiongnu (of unknown ethnolinguistic affiliation) while Weishu traced the Rouran's origins back to the Donghu, generally agreed to be Proto-Mongols . Xu proposed that "the main body of

4984-483: The Rouran. However, no trace of it has been found so far; its location is unknown, and debated among historians. In 461, Lü Pi , Duke of Hedong, a Northern Wei general and Grand chancellor of royal Rouran descent, died in Northern Wei. The Rouran and the Hephthalites had a falling out and problems within their confederation were encouraged by Chinese agents. In 508, the Tiele defeated the Rouran in battle. In 516,

5073-515: The Turks. After a defeat at Huaihuang (in present-day Zhangjiakou , Hebei ) the last great khan Anagui, realizing he had been defeated, took his own life. Bumin declared himself Illig Khagan of the Turkic Khaganate after conquering Otuken ; Bumin died soon after and his son Issik Qaghan succeeded him. Issik continued attacking the Rouran, their khaganate now fallen into decay, but died a year later in 553. In 555, Turks invaded and occupied

5162-470: The beginning of the 5th century, with the royal house of Rourans intermarrying with the royal houses of the Hephthalites. The Rouran Khaganate ended when they were defeated by a Göktürk rebellion at the peak of their power, which subsequently led to the rise of the Turks in world history. Their Khaganate overthrown, some Rouran remnants possibly became Tatars while others possibly migrated west and became

5251-428: The contest. Bandy is played in the Altai Republic. Rouran Khaganate The Rouran Khaganate ( 柔然 ; Róurán ), also known as Ruanruan or Juan-juan ( 蠕蠕 ; Ruǎnruǎn ) (or variously Jou-jan , Ruruan , Ju-juan , Ruru , Ruirui , Rouru , Rouruan or Tantan ), was a tribal confederation and later state founded by a people of Proto-Mongolic Donghu origin. The Rouran supreme rulers used

5340-552: The current Head of the Republic is Andrey Turchak , who succeeded Oleg Khorokhordin in this post. The supreme legislative body of the republic is the State Assembly—El Kurultai , with 41 deputies popularly elected every four years. Igor Yaimov is the current Chairman of the State Assembly-El Kurultai from January 2002. The Republic's Constitution was adopted on June 7, 1997. The Altai Republic

5429-545: The desperate resistances, military disasters, and massacres. The remainder of the Rouran fled into China, were absorbed into the border guards, and disappeared forever as an entity. The last khagan fled to the court of the Western Wei, but at the demand of the Göktürks, Western Wei executed him and the nobles who accompanied him. The Avars were pursued west by the Gokturks as most-wanted fugitives and accused of unlawfully usurping

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5518-606: The east, a fact which has been corroborated through DNA studies of Avar individuals buried in the Pannonian Basin which have shown that they were primarily East Asian. Their pretensions to empire despite their relatively small numbers indicate descendance from a previously hegemonic power in the Far East. The first embassy of the Avars to Justinian I in 557 corresponds directly to the fall of the Rouran Khaganate in 555. The Rouran Khaganate had fallen not through gradual decline but through

5607-440: The expedition, it is probable that it was unsuccessful. Kradin notes that, possibly strained after the battle with Wei, the Rourans were not able to prevent the Uighur chief Abuzhiluo from heading "a 100 thousand tents" west, in a series of events that led to the overthrowing and killing of Doulun Khan . Two armies were sent in pursuit of the rebels, one led by Doulun, the other by Nagai, his uncle. The Rouran emerged victorious. In

5696-416: The flow of cosmic energy into the Earth. Thus, there is great local indignation about the excavation and removal of the Siberian Ice Maiden , an extraordinary 2,500-year-old mummy that had been preserved in permafrost. Gorno-Altaisk is the location of the National Museum of the Altai Republic, which houses the mummy, the "Altai Princess", the National Library of the Republic of Altai, the National Theatre of

5785-506: The gateway to the mystical kingdom of Shambhala . The hydrographic network of the Republic also includes approximately 7,000 lakes, adding up to a total area of more than 700 km (270 sq mi). The largest lake is Lake Teletskoye, which is 80 km (50 mi) long and 5 km (3.1 mi) wide, has an area of 230.8 square kilometers (89.1 sq mi), and has a maximum depth of 325 meters (1,066 ft). The mountain lakes of Altai contain enormous freshwater reserves of

5874-510: The genetic origins of the Avar elite as originating from the Mongolian plains. Other theories instead link the origins of the Pannonian Avars to peoples such as the Uar . An imperial confederation, the Rouran Khaganate was based on the "distant exploitation of agrarian societies", although according to Nikolay Kradin the Rouran had a feudal system, or "nomadic feudalism". The Rouran controlled trade routes, and raided and subjugated oases and outposts such as Gaochang . They are said to have shown

5963-399: The imperial title of Khagan and also the prestigious name of the Avars. Contemporary sources indicate the Avars were not native to the Western Steppe but came to the region after a long wandering. Nor were they native to Central Asia to the south of which lay the Hephthalite Empire which has on and off been identified with the Avars by certain scholars. Instead the Avars' origins were further to

6052-428: The khans were bestowed with additional titles at their enthronement. After 464, starting with Yucheng Khan they started to use epoch names, in imitation of the Chinese. The Rouran dignitaries of the ruling elite also adopted nicknames referring to their deeds, similar to the titles the Chinese bestowed posthumously. Kradin notes that this practice is analogous with that of later Mongolian chiefs. There appears to have been

6141-433: The most common sort of tourist in Altai, foreign interest has also grown in the area, especially due to the area's spiritual significance. Popular tourist destinations tend to be concentrated in the north, where the roads are more accessible. They are also almost entirely located along the Chuiskiy highway, which is the main road from the north into the mountains, although it is currently (2006) only two lanes wide. The north

6230-418: The mountainous Republic, making for a total of more than 60,000 kilometers (37,000 mi) worth of waterways. The republic's largest rivers are the Katun and the Biya , both of which originate in the mountains and flow northwards. The junction of the two rivers eventually forms the Ob River , one of the longest rivers in Siberia, which flows northward to the Arctic Ocean. The source of the black Biya River

6319-436: The neighbouring Altai Krai as the Gornyi Altai (Russian: Горный Алтай , romanized:  Gornyy Altay , lit.   'the mountainous Altai'), is a republic of Russia located in southern Siberia . The republic borders the Russian federal subjects of Kemerovo Oblast to the north, Khakassia to the northeast, Tuva to the east, Altai Krai to the west, as well it borders three countries: Mongolia to

6408-523: The population is "spiritual but not religious", 14% is atheist and 7.4% follows other religions or did not answer the question. The traditional religion of the native Altaians is Tengrist shamanism , revived by modern Tengrist movements and Burkhanism . Ethnic Russians primarily practice Russian Orthodox Christianity and Rodnovery (Slavic native faith), while Kazakhs are traditionally Muslims . Tibetan Buddhism has also recently begun making some inroads by way of neighboring Mongolia and Tuva . It

6497-460: The remains of a Rouran male buried at the Khermen Tal site in Mongolia. He was found to be a carrier of the paternal haplogroup C2b1a1b and the maternal haplogroup D4b1a2a1 . Haplogroup C2b1a1b has also been detected among the Xianbei . Several genetic studies have shown that early Pannonian Avar elites carried a large amount of East Asian ancestry, and some have suggested this as evidence for

6586-453: The republic with 65,342 inhabitants and in urban areas, making it the least urbanized federal subject. The Altai Republic is one of Russia's ethnic republics, primarily representing the indigenous Altai people , a Turkic ethnic group that form 37% of the republic's population, while ethnic Russians form a majority at 54%. Other minority populations include Kazakhs , other Central Asian ethnicities, and Germans . The official languages of

6675-608: The republic. Different religions are present in Altai. According to a 2012 survey, 27.6% of the population adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church . The second most popular religions are ethnic and nature religions , namely Rodnovery (Slavic native faith), Tengrism (Central Asians' native faith) and Burkhanism , constituting altogether 13% of the population. 6% of the population follows Islam , 2% Hinduism (including Slavic-Vedic , Krishnaite , and Tantric movements), 1% are Old Believers and 1% Protestants . 25% of

6764-691: The seven Altai Uriankhai banners. During the Qing administration, the General of Siberia Fedor Ivanovich Soimonov launched a non-military expedition into the Altan Nuur region in 1760 and began fort building. This was subsequently removed by Heseri Jalafungga of the Qing. Since the 1820s, the routine border check was less frequent and the Chuy drainage basin has been occupied by Russians. The entire Altan Nuur Uriankhai voluntarily became part of Russian Empire in 1864-1865 by

6853-420: The signs of "both an early state and a chiefdom". The Rouran have been credited as "a band of steppe robbers", because they adopted a strategy of raids and extortion of Northern China. The Khaganate was an aggressive militarized society, a "military-hierarchical polity established to solve the exclusively foreign-policy problems of requisitioning surplus products from neighbouring nations and states." Róurán 柔然

6942-534: The southeast, China to the south and Kazakhstan to the southwest. It is a part of the Siberian Federal District , and covers an area of 92,903 square kilometers (35,870 sq mi), with a population of 210,924 residents. It is the least-populous republic of Russia and least-populous federal subject in the Siberian Federal District. Gorno-Altaysk is the capital and the largest town of

7031-461: The title of khagan , a popular title borrowed from the Xianbei . The Rouran Khaganate lasted from the late 4th century until the middle 6th century with territories that covered all of modern day Mongolia and Inner Mongolia , as well as parts of Manchuria in Northeast China , Eastern Siberia , Xinjiang , and Kazakhstan . The Hephthalites were vassals of the Rouran Khaganate until

7120-667: The title of khagatun for her outstanding service. Between 525 and 527, Rouran was employed by Northern Wei in the suppression of rebellions in their territory, with the Rourans then plundering the local population. The Rouran Khaganate arranged for one of their princesses, Khagan Yujiulü Anagui 's daughter Princess Ruru , to be married to the Han Chinese ruler Gao Huan of the Eastern Wei . The Rourans were involved many times in royal intermarriage (also known as Heqin in China), with

7209-507: The tradition of Chinese bibliophily", and adopted a staff of bodyguards , or chamberlains . Hyun Jin Kim notes a similar use of bodyguards performing the same function in the contemporary Hunnic Empire to the west. Kim also compared the "rudimentary bureaucratic organisation" of the Rourans to that of the Huns, as well as their "hierarchical, stratified structure of government". Anagui's chief advisor

7298-612: The village of Yelo for a biennial cultural celebration. There is also a large contingent of "Old Believers" who fled to Altai when they split from the Russian Orthodox Church over 300 years ago. The UNESCO World Heritage Site "Golden Mountains" protects the Ukok Plateau , on which there are many standing stones and kurgans . Although archaeologists consider kurgans to be burial sites, the indigenous people believe that they are highly refined magnetic instruments for directing

7387-457: The war against the Uighurs, Doulan fought well, but his uncle Nagai won all the battles against the Uighurs. Thus, the soldiers thought that Heaven didn't favor Doulan anymore, and that he should be deposed in favor of Nagai. The latter declined. Nonetheless, the subjects killed Doulan and murdered his next of kin, installing Nagai on the throne. In 518, Nagai married the sorceress Diwan, conferring her

7476-526: Was a "derogatory pun" on Rouran (柔然), proposes that the ethnonym Rouran (柔然) is indeed derived from the name Ruru (茹茹) or Ruirui (芮芮) of a "tribal father". Mongolian Sinologist Sükhbaatar suggests Nirun Нирун as the modern Mongolian term for the Rouran , as Нирун resembles reconstructed Chinese forms beginning with * ń - or * ŋ -. Rashid-al-Din Hamadani recorded Niru'un and Dürlükin as two divisions of

7565-582: Was formed in 1921 and lasted until 1922 when they were annexed by the Bolsheviks . On June 1, 1922, the Altaians regained autonomy with the creation of the Oyrot Autonomous Oblast ( Ойро́тская автоно́мная о́бласть ), part of Altai Krai . The original name for this region was Bazla. On January 7, 1948, it was renamed Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast ( Го́рно-Алта́йская автоно́мная о́бласть ). In 1991 it

7654-444: Was founded as a processing center for minerals from the Altai region, although the mineral extraction industry today is much smaller than in the past. The republic has a temperate continental climate with relatively short and mild summers (June–August); and long, cold, and often quite frosty winters (November–March). In general, the republic's climate of the southeastern areas, such as the ( Ulagansky and Kosh-Agachsky Districts ),

7743-567: Was reorganized into the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR). In 1992 it was renamed as the Altai Republic. The Altai Republic is situated in the Altai Mountains in the very center of Asia at the junction of the Siberian taiga , the steppes of Kazakhstan and the semi- deserts of Mongolia . Forests cover about 25% of the republic's territory. More than 20,000 tributaries sprawl throughout

7832-540: Was reportedly defeated by rival nomads in 552. In 567, diplomats from the Eastern Roman Empire reported the arrival of a new group from the east on the shores of the Caspian Sea. The newcomers called themselves the Avars, and claimed to be related to a far-off people known as the Rouran. However, it's unlikely that Rouran would have migrated to Europe in any sufficient strength to establish themselves there, due to

7921-671: Was the Chinese Shunyu Tan, whose role is comparable to that of Yelü Chucai with the Mongols and Zhonghang Yue with the Xiongnu (or Huns). Recent archeological finds in Mongolia (the Urd Ulaan Uneet Burial and Khukh Nuur Burial) suggest that the Mongolic Rouran tribes had sophisticated, wooden frame saddles and iron stirrups by at least the fourth and fifth centuries AD. Radiocarbon dating of related items date them to between

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