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36-529: The Göktürks founded two major khanates known as the Turkic Khaganate : First Turkic Khaganate , which then fractured into Western Turkic Khaganate Eastern Turkic Khaganate Second Turkic Khaganate Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Turkic Khaganate . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

72-655: A Siberian Turkic language directly antecedent to the Orkhon Turkic of the Second Turkic Khaganate , the First Khaganate's early official texts and coins were written in Sogdian . It was the first Turkic state to use the name Türk politically. The Old Turkic script was invented at the first half of the sixth century. The Khaganate collapsed in 603, after a series of conflicts and civil wars which separated

108-767: A Sogdian diplomat, convinced Istämi (also known as Silziboulos in Greek writings ) of the Göktürks to send an embassy directly to the Byzantine Empire's capital Constantinople, which arrived in 568 and offered silk as a gift to emperor Justin II and where they discussed an alliance. In 569 an embassy led by Zemarchus occurred which was well received and likely solidified their alliance for war. Another set of embassies occurred in 575–576 led by Valentine which were received with hostility by Turxanthos due to alleged treachery. They required

144-619: A large Persian force. Tung Yabghu's murder in 630 forced the Göktürks to evacuate Transcaucasia. The Western Turkic Khaganate was modernized through an administrative reform of the Ashina clan (reigned 634–639) and came to be known as the Onoq . The name refers to the "ten arrows" that were granted by the khagan to ten leaders ( shads ) of its two constituent tribal confederations, the Duolu (five churs ) and Nushibi (five irkins ), whose lands were divided by

180-633: A preemptive strike against the Uyghur and Tiele groups planning a revolt against their overlords, the Rouran Khanate . For this service he expected to be rewarded with a Rouran princess, thus marrying into the royal family. However, the Rouran khagan , Yujiulü Anagui , sent an emissary to Bumin to rebuke him, saying, "You are my blacksmith slave. How dare you utter these words?" As Anagui's "blacksmith slave" ( Chinese : 鍛 奴 ; pinyin : duànnú ) comment

216-496: A warning ahead, allowing the emperor and empress time to flee to the commandery seat at present-day Daixian in Shanxi . This was besieged by the Turkic army on September 11, 615, but Sui reinforcements and a false report from Princess Yicheng to her husband about a northern attack on the khaganate caused him to lift the siege before its completion. In 626, Illig Qaghan took advantage of

252-487: The Slab-grave culture . According to the authors, these findings "once again validates a cultural diffusion model over a demic diffusion model for the spread of Turkic languages" and refutes "the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses". ( Tokhara Yabghus , Turk Shahis ) Seleucid Empire : Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Western Wei Wei ( / w eɪ / ), known in historiography as

288-690: The Tang campaigns against Karasahr in 644 and the Tang campaign against Kucha in 648, leading to the 657 conquest of the Western Turks by the Tang general Su Dingfang . Emperor Taizong of Tang was proclaimed Khagan of the Göktürks in 658. The Tang retained a member of the Ashina clan as a puppet khagan of the Türks. In 639, Ashina Jiesheshuai attempted to kill Emperor Taizong of Tang but failed, causing him to relocate

324-717: The Tuoba clan of the Xianbei . After the Xianbei general Yuwen Tai killed the Northern Wei emperor Yuan Xiu, he installed Yuan Baoju as emperor of Western Wei while Yuwen Tai would remain as the virtual ruler. Although smaller than the Eastern Wei in territory and population, Western Wei was able to withstand the attacks from the eastern empire, most notably at the Battle of Shayuan in 537. Due to its better economical conditions, Western Wei

360-623: The Western Wei ( Chinese : 西魏 ; pinyin : Xī Wèi ), was an imperial dynasty of China that followed the disintegration of the Northern Wei . One of the Northern dynasties during the era of the Northern and Southern dynasties , it ruled the western part of northern China from 535 to 557. As with the Northern Wei dynasty that preceded it, the ruling family of the Western Wei were members of

396-541: The Xuanwu Gate Incident and drove on to Chang'an. On September 23, 626, Illig Qaghan and his iron cavalry reached the bank of the Wei River north of Bian Bridge (in present-day Xianyang , Shaanxi ). On September 25, 626, Tang Taizong allied with Iligh Khan and met with the khan on the border bridge, Tang Taizong accused Iligh Khan of crossing the border, the khan saw that Taizong was imposing, mistakenly thought that

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432-729: The Chui River. The division fostered the growth of separatist tendencies. Soon, chieftain Kubrat of the Dulo clan , whose relation ship with the Duolu is possible but not proven, seceded from the Khaganate. The Tang dynasty campaigned against the khaganate and its vassals, the oasis states of the Tarim Basin. The Tang campaign against Karakhoja in 640 led to the retreat of the Western Turks, who were defeated during

468-618: The Göktürks into Europe. In 576 the Göktürks crossed the Kerch Strait into the Crimea . Five years later they laid siege to Chersonesus ; their cavalry kept roaming the steppes of Crimea until 590. As for the southern borders, they were drawn south of the Amu Darya , bringing the Ashina into conflict with their former allies, the Sasanian Empire. In 589, the Sasanian Empire attacked and defeated

504-631: The Hephthalites, who were allies of the Rouran. This war tightened the Ashina clan's grip on the Silk Road . The alliance with China was further reinforced in 568 through the marriage of the Turkic princess Ashina , daughter of Muqan Qaghan, with Emperor Wu of the Xianbei -led Chinese Northern Zhou dynasty . The appearance of the Pannonian Avars in the West has been interpreted as a nomadic faction fleeing

540-537: The Huihe (Uyghur). On March 27, 630, a Tang army under the command of Li Jing defeated the Eastern Turkic Khaganate under the command of Illig Qaghan at the Battle of Yinshan (陰山之戰 / 阴山之战 ). Illig Qaghan fled to Ishbara Shad, but on May 2, 630 Zhang Baoxiang 's army advanced to Ishbara Shad's headquarters. Illig Qaghan was taken prisoner and sent to Chang'an. The Eastern Turkic Khaganate collapsed and

576-515: The Sui capital, around 600, demanding Emperor Yangdi end his interference in the civil war . In retaliation, Sui diplomacy successfully incited a revolt of Tardu's Tiele vassals, which led to the end of Tardu's reign in 603. Among the dissident tribes were the Uyghurs and Xueyantuo . The civil war left the empire divided into eastern and western parts. The eastern part, still ruled from Otukan, remained in

612-486: The Turks were "slaves" need not be taken literally, but probably represented a form of vassalage, or even unequal alliance. A disappointed Bumin allied with the Western Wei against the Rouran, their common enemy, by marrying Princess Changle . In 552, Bumin defeated Anagui and his forces north of Huaihuang (modern Zhangjiakou , Hebei ). Having excelled both in battle and diplomacy, Bumin declared himself Illig Khagan of

648-576: The Türks. Much of Bactria (including Balkh ) remained a dependency of the Ashina until the end of the century. The Göktürks played a major role with the Byzantine Empire's relationship with the Persian Sasanian Empire . The first contact is believed to be 563 and relates to the incident in 558 where the slaves of the Turks (the Pannonian Avars ) ran away during their war with the Hephthalites . The second contact occurred when Maniah,

684-599: The Türks. These khagans were not well respected among their peers and a new group of leaders known as the Turgesh were established by 699. In 657, the Tang emperor could impose indirect rule along the Silk Road as far as modern-day Iran . He installed two khagans to rule the ten arrows (tribes) of Göktürks. Five arrows of Tulu (咄陆) were ruled by khagans bearing the title of Xingxiwang (興昔亡可汗) while five arrows of Nushipi (弩失畢可汗) were ruled by Jiwangjue (繼往絕可汗). Five Tulu corresponded to

720-549: The animals. According to the New Book of Tang , in 628, Taizong mentioned that "There has been a frost in midsummer. The sun had risen from same place for five days. The moon had had the same light level for three days. The field was filled with red atmosphere (dust storm)." Illig Qaghan was brought down by a revolt of his Tiele vassal tribes (626–630), allied with Emperor Taizong of Tang. This tribal alliance figures in Chinese records as

756-515: The area east of Lake Balkash while five arrows of Nushipi corresponded to the land east of the Aral Sea. Göktürks now carried Chinese titles and fought by their side in their wars. The era spanning from 657 to 699 in the steppes was characterized by numerous rulers – weak, divided, and engaged in constant petty wars under the Anxi Protectorate until the rise of Turgesh. The Second Turkic Khaganate

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792-470: The border to be prepared as compensation for the Tang dynasty, which Emperor Taizong did not accept, believing that this was too little. All in all, 67 incursions into China proper were recorded. Before mid-October 627, heavy snows on the Mongolian-Manchurian grassland covered the ground to a depth of several feet, preventing the nomads' livestock from grazing and causing a massive die-off among

828-410: The current goals of the Byzantine Empire (who correspondingly lacked trust in the Turks as partners). When the fourth ruler of the khaganate, Taspar Qaghan , died in 581, the realm split in two over the succession. He had willed the title of khagan to Muqan's son Apa Qaghan , but the high council appointed Ishbara Qaghan instead. Factions formed around both leaders. Before long, four rivals claimed

864-408: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkic_Khaganate&oldid=1242727605 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages First Turkic Khaganate Although the Göktürks spoke

900-496: The members of the Byzantine delegation at the funeral of Istämi to lacerate their faces to humiliate them. The subsequent hostility shown by the new ruler Tardu would be matched in Byzantine writings. With the insults reflecting a breakdown of the alliance, the likely cause is that the anger was due to the Turks not having their expectations met from their agreements and realising they were being used when they no longer aligned with

936-532: The new khanate at Otukan , but died only months later. His son, Muqan Qaghan , defeated the Hephthalite Empire . Bumin's brother Istämi (d. 576) bore the title " Yabgu of the West". This western branch of the Ashina clan was de facto independent while the eastern khagan was formally recognized as the senior. In 557, Istämi forged an alliance with the Sassanid Empire of Iran to defeat and destroy

972-517: The orbit of the Sui and retained the name Göktürk. The Shibi Khan (609–619) and Illig Qaghan (620–630) attacked the Central Plain at its weakest moment during the transition between the Sui and Tang . Shibi Khan's surprise attack against Yanmen Commandery during an imperial tour of the northern frontier almost captured Emperor Yang , but his ethnic Han wife Princess Yicheng—who had been well treated by Empress Xiao during an earlier visit—sent

1008-710: The polity into the Eastern Turkic Khaganate and Western Turkic Khaganate . The Tang China conquered the Eastern Turkic Khaganate in 630 and the Western Turkic Khaganate in 657 in a series of military campaigns. The Second Turkic Khaganate emerged in 682 and lasted until 744, when it was overthrown by the Uyghur Khaganate . The origins of the Turkic Khanate trace back to 546, when Bumin Qaghan made

1044-624: The reinforcements of the Tang Dynasty had arrived, plus two years ago, he had seen Li Shimin, who was still the crown prince at that time, in Binzhou (彬州), and was asked to duel. The khan was afraid and agreed to retreat in an alliance, which is called the Weishui Alliance (渭水之盟) or the Alliance of Bian Qiao (便橋會盟 / 便桥会盟). On the third day after the meeting, the khan sent 3,000 horses and 10,000 sheep to

1080-575: The title. They were successfully played off against each other by the Sui and Tang dynasties. Istämi's son, Tardu the leader of the western Türks, made a bid for total independence. He now seized the title and led an army east to claim the seat of imperial power, Otukan. In order to buttress his position, Ishbara of the Eastern Khaganate, acknowledged the suzerainty of Emperor Yang of Sui in order to seek their protection. Tardu attacked Chang'an ,

1116-492: The westward expansion of the Göktürks, although the specifics are a matter of irreconcilable debate given the lack of clear sources and chronology. Rene Grousset links the Avars with the downfall of the Hephthalites rather than the Rouran, while Denis Sinor argues that Rouran-Avar identification is "repeated from article to article, from book to book with no shred of evidence to support it". Istämi's policy of western expansion brought

Turkic Khaganate - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-665: Was Suyab in the Chu River valley, about 6 km south east of modern Tokmok . In 627 Tung Yabghu, assisted by the Khazars and Emperor Heraclius , launched a massive invasion of Transcaucasia which culminated in the taking of Derbent and Tbilisi (see the Third Perso-Turkic War for details). In April 630 Tung's deputy Böri Shad sent the Göktürk cavalry to invade Armenia , where his general Chorpan Tarkhan succeeded in routing

1188-455: Was even able to conquer the whole western part of the Liang empire in the south and occupied the territory of modern Sichuan . In 557 Yuwen Tai's nephew Yuwen Hu deposed Emperor Gong and placed Yuwen Tai's son Yuwen Jue on the throne, ending Western Wei and establishing Northern Zhou . Marital alliances with the nascent Turkic Empire also took place, as Bumin Qaghan (r.552), first khagan of

1224-554: Was founded by Ilterish Qaghan after rebelling against the Tang in 681. The population of the First Turkic Khaganate displayed genetic heterogeneity. Türk remains analysed displayed on average c. 62% Ancient Northeast Asian , c. 27% Western Steppe Herders , and c. 11% BMAC -associated ancestry. A sample belonging to the Ashina tribe , the ruling clan of the Göktürks, was found to be nearly entirely derived from Ancient Northeast Asians (96-98%) and also displayed affinity for

1260-667: Was incorporated into the Jimi system of Tang. Emperor Taizong said, "It's enough for me to compensate my dishonor at Wei River." The Western khagan Sheguy and Tong Yabghu Qaghan constructed an alliance with the Byzantine Empire against the Sasanian Empire and defeated the Sasanians in 628, successfully restoring the southern borders along the Tarim and Amu Darya rivers. Their capital

1296-406: Was recorded in Chinese chronicles, some claim that the Göktürks were indeed blacksmith servants for the Rouran elite, and that "blacksmith slavery" may have indicated a form of vassalage within Rouran society. According to Denis Sinor , this reference indicates that the Türks specialized in metallurgy, although it is unclear if they were miners or, indeed, blacksmiths. Whatever the case, that

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