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135-584: The Morning Post was a conservative daily newspaper published in London from 1772 to 1937, when it was acquired by The Daily Telegraph . The paper was founded by John Bell . According to historian Robert Darnton , The Morning Post scandal sheet consisted of paragraph-long news snippets, much of it false. Its original editor, the Reverend Sir Henry Bate Dudley , earned himself nicknames such as "Reverend Bruiser" or "The Fighting Parson", and
270-540: A police officer . Marcella Sherwood later defended Dyer, describing him as "the saviour of the Punjab". For the next two days, the city of Amritsar was quiet, but violence continued in other parts of Punjab. Railway lines were cut, telegraph posts destroyed, government buildings burnt, and three Europeans murdered. By 13 April, the British government had decided to put most of Punjab under martial law . The legislation restricted
405-448: A 50% decline in the number of regional journalists. A 2016 study by King's College, London, found that the towns that lost their local newspapers receded from democratic values and experienced the loss of public faith in the authorities. A new trend in newspaper publishing is the introduction of personalization through on-demand printing technologies or with online news aggregator websites like Google news . Customized newspapers allow
540-518: A Korean monk claimed to have discovered an extant copy of the Jobo . The history of Middle Eastern newspapers goes back to the 19th century. Many editors were not only journalists but also writers, philosophers and politicians. With unofficial journals, these intellectuals encouraged public discourse on politics in the Ottoman and Persian Empires. Literary works of all genres were serialized and published in
675-655: A ban on all processions and public meetings of four or more persons. The proclamation was read and explained in English, Urdu , Hindi , and Punjabi , but many either paid it no heed or learned of it only later. Meanwhile, local police had received intelligence of the planned meeting in the Jallianwala Bagh through word of mouth and plainclothes detectives in the crowds. Dyer was informed of the meeting at 12:40 and returned to his base at around 13:30 to decide how to handle it. By mid-afternoon, thousands of Indians had gathered in
810-685: A daily newspaper from its founding in 1791 until it was acquired by The Guardian in 1993. Usually, it is a specially expanded edition, often several times the thickness and weight of the weekday editions and containing generally special sections not found in the weekday editions, such as Sunday comics and Sunday magazines (such as The New York Times Magazine and The Sunday Times Magazine ). In some countries daily newspapers are not published on Christmas Day , but weekly newspapers would change their day e.g. Sunday newspapers are published on Saturday December 24, Christmas Eve when Christmas Day falls on Sunday. Some newspapers are published two times
945-589: A hero for saving the rule of British law in India." Rabindranath Tagore received the news of the massacre by 22 May 1919. He tried to arrange a protest meeting in Calcutta and finally decided to renounce his British knighthood as "a symbolic act of protest". In the repudiation letter, dated 31 May 1919 and addressed to the Viceroy of India , Lord Chelmsford , he wrote "I ... wish to stand, shorn, of all special distinctions, by
1080-422: A large distribution system to deliver their papers to these different distributors, which typically involves delivery trucks and delivery people. In recent years, newspapers and other media have adapted to the changing technology environment by starting to offer online editions to cater to the needs of the public. In the future, the trend towards more electronic delivery of the news will continue with more emphasis on
1215-684: A large revenue center (because of other ways to buy and sell online) and ad impressions now being dispersed across many media are inputs. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly . News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news . The news includes political events and politicians." , business and finance , crime, weather, and natural disasters; health and medicine , science , and computers and technology; sports ; and entertainment , society , food and cooking, clothing and home fashion, and
1350-576: A larger part of the population. In 1830, the first inexpensive " penny press " newspaper came to the market: Lynde M. Walter's Boston Transcript . Penny press papers cost about one sixth the price of other newspapers and appealed to a wider audience, including less educated and lower-income people. In France, Émile de Girardin started La Presse in 1836, introducing cheap, advertising-supported dailies to France. In 1848, August Zang , an Austrian who knew Girardin in Paris, returned to Vienna to introduce
1485-648: A local and international English-speaking public, and for tourists. The advent of the Internet has also allowed non-English-language newspapers to put out a scaled-down English version to give their newspaper a global outreach. Similarly, in many countries with a large foreign-language-speaking population or many tourists, newspapers in languages other than the national language are both published locally and imported. For example, newspapers and magazines from many countries, and locally published newspapers in many languages , are ready to be found on news-stands in central London. In
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#17332027021161620-483: A mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales , and advertising revenue. The journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. Newspapers have traditionally been published in print (usually on cheap, low-grade paper called newsprint ). However, today most newspapers are also published on websites as online newspapers , and some have even abandoned their print versions entirely. Newspapers developed in
1755-420: A mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales , and advertising revenue (other businesses or individuals pay to place advertisements in the pages, including display ads , classified ads , and their online equivalents ). Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded; their reliance on advertising revenue and profitability is less critical to their survival. The editorial independence of
1890-550: A newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high journalism quality, and large circulation are viewed as newspapers of record . Many newspapers, besides employing journalists on their own payrolls, also subscribe to news agencies (wire services) (such as the Associated Press , Reuters , or Agence France-Presse ), which employ journalists to find, assemble, and report
2025-624: A newspaper of the modern type in South Asia was by William Bolts , a Dutchman in the employ of the British East India Company in September 1768 in Calcutta. However, before he could begin his newspaper, he was deported back to Europe. In 1780 the first newsprint from this region, Hicky's Bengal Gazette , was published by an Irishman, James Augustus Hicky . He used it as a means to criticize
2160-613: A number of civil liberties, including freedom of assembly ; gatherings of more than four people were banned. On the evening of 12 April, the leaders of the hartal in Amritsar held a meeting at the Hindu College–Dhab Khatikan. At the meeting, Hans Raj , an aide to Kitchlew, announced a public protest meeting would be held at 16:30 the following day in the Jallianwala Bagh , to be organised by Muhammad Bashir and chaired by
2295-705: A re-evaluation by the Imperial British military of its role when confronted with civilians to use "minimal force whenever possible" (although the British Army was not directly involved in the massacre; the British Indian Army was a separate organisation). However, in the light of later British military actions during the Mau Mau rebellion in the Kenya Colony , historian Huw Bennett has pointed out that this new policy
2430-454: A related name; e.g., The Times and The Sunday Times are distinct newspapers owned by the same company, and an article published in the latter would never be credited to The Times . In some cases a Sunday edition is an expanded version of a newspaper from the same publisher; in other cases, particularly in Britain, it may be a separate enterprise, e.g., The Observer , not affiliated with
2565-462: A revolutionary army", to which Major General William Beynon replied via telegram: "Your action correct and Lieutenant Governor approves." O'Dwyer requested that martial law should be imposed upon Amritsar and other areas, and this was granted by Viceroy Lord Chelmsford . Thousands were detained in the subsequent days, some being sentenced to penal transportation. According to historian Harish Puri , at least 115 people were killed by security forces in
2700-498: A rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten news-sheets. In 1556, the government of Venice first published the monthly notizie scritte , which cost one gazetta , a small coin. These avvisi were handwritten newsletters and used to convey political, military, and economic news quickly and efficiently to Italian cities (1500–1700)—sharing some characteristics of newspapers though usually not considered true newspapers. However, none of these publications fully met
2835-509: A senior and respected Congress Party leader, Lal Kanhyalal Bhatia. A series of resolutions protesting against the Rowlatt Act, the recent actions of the British authorities and the detention of Satyapal and Kitchlew was drawn up and approved, after which the meeting adjourned. On Sunday, 13 April 1919, Dyer, convinced a major insurrection could take place, banned all meetings. This notice was not widely disseminated, and many villagers gathered in
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#17332027021162970-440: A small newspaper's print run might require less than an hour of operation, meaning that if the newspaper had its own press it would sit idle most of the time. If the newspaper offers information online, webmasters and web designers may be employed to upload stories to the newspaper's website. The staff of the circulation department liaise with retailers who sell the newspaper; sell subscriptions; and supervise distribution of
3105-409: A subject area, called a beat , such as sports, religion, or science. Columnists are journalists who write regular articles recounting their personal opinions and experiences. Printers and press operators physically print the newspaper. Printing is outsourced by many newspapers, partly because of the cost of an offset web press (the most common kind of press used to print newspapers), and also because
3240-733: A temporary alliance with the All-India Muslim League . British political concessions and Whitehall's India Policy after World War I began to change, with the passage of Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms , which initiated the first round of political reform in the Indian subcontinent in 1917. However, this was deemed insufficient in reforms by the Indian political movement. Mahatma Gandhi , recently returned to India, began emerging as an increasingly charismatic leader under whose leadership civil disobedience movements grew rapidly as an expression of political unrest. The recently crushed Ghadar conspiracy,
3375-515: A text previously published in Russian by Sergei Nilus as the final chapter (Chapter XII), of his book Velikoye v malom i antikhrist kak blizkaya politicheskaya vozmozhnost'. Zapiski pravoslavnogo veruyushchego ("The Great within the Small and Antichrist, an Imminent Political Possibility. Notes of an Orthodox Believer"). It is widely held that Victor E. Marsden, the paper's Russian desk correspondent, used
3510-464: A week and are known as semi-weekly publications. As the name suggests, a triweekly publishes three times a week. The Meridian Star is an example of such a publication. Weekly newspapers are published once a week, and tend to be smaller than daily papers. Some publications are published, for example, fortnightly (or biweekly in American parlance). They may have a change from normal weekly day of
3645-477: Is available in early editions from before midnight on the night before its cover date , further editions being printed and distributed during the night. The later editions can include breaking news which was first revealed that day, after the morning edition was already printed. Previews of tomorrow's newspapers are often a feature of late night news programs, such as Newsnight in the United Kingdom. In 1650,
3780-441: Is available throughout the country. There is also a small group of newspapers which may be characterized as international newspapers . Some, such as The New York Times International Edition , (formerly The International Herald Tribune) have always had that focus, while others are repackaged national newspapers or "international editions" of national or large metropolitan newspapers. In some cases, articles that might not interest
3915-442: Is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background. Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as politics , business , sports , art, and science. They often include materials such as opinion columns , weather forecasts , reviews of local services, obituaries , birth notices, crosswords , editorial cartoons , comic strips , and advice columns . Most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with
4050-579: Is said to have been the first daily paper in London to do this. Arthur Hervey (1855–1922) was the paper's music critic between 1892 and 1908. Beginning in 1900, the Australian politician Alfred Deakin wrote anonymous commentaries on Australian politics for the paper, continuing even when he had become Prime Minister . Maurice Baring was a foreign correspondent for the paper, reporting from Manchuria , Russia and Constantinople between 1904 and 1909. He
4185-483: Is supervised by a designated editor. Most newspaper editors copy edit the stories for their part of the newspaper, but they may share their workload with proofreaders and fact checkers . Reporters are journalists who primarily report facts that they have gathered, and those who write longer, less news-oriented articles may be called feature writers. Photographers and graphic artists provide images and illustrations to support articles. Journalists often specialize in
The Morning Post - Misplaced Pages Continue
4320-447: Is usually referred to as the editor. Variations on this title such as editor-in-chief, executive editor, and so on are common. For small newspapers, a single editor may be responsible for all content areas. At large newspapers, the most senior editor is in overall charge of the publication, while less senior editors may each focus on one subject area, such as local news or sports. These divisions are called news bureaus or "desks", and each
4455-582: The Bagh to celebrate the Baisakhi festival and to peacefully protest against the arrest and deportation of two national leaders, Satyapal and Saifuddin Kitchlew . At 09:00 on the morning of 13 April 1919, the traditional festival of Baisakhi , Dyer proceeded through Amritsar with several city officials, announcing the implementation of a pass system to enter or leave the city, a curfew beginning at 20:00 that night, and
4590-638: The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation , is often recognized as the first newspaper. The second newspaper, the German Avisa , was published from 1609 in Wolfenbüttel . Both newspapers distinguished themselves from other printed material by being published on a regular basis. They reported on a variety of current events to a broad public audience. Within a few decades, newspapers could be found in all
4725-490: The Industrial Revolution enabled newspapers to become an even more widely circulated means of communication, as new printing technologies made printing less expensive and more efficient. In 1814, The Times (London) acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per hour. Soon, this press was adapted to print on both sides of a page at once. This innovation made newspapers cheaper and thus available to
4860-642: The Jallianwala Bagh (garden) near the Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar. Many who were present had been worshipping earlier at the Golden Temple and were merely passing through the Bagh on their way home. The Bagh was (and remains today) an open area of 6–7 acres (2.4–2.8 ha), roughly 200 by 200 yards (180 m × 180 m) in size, and surrounded on all sides by walls roughly 10 feet (3.0 m) in height. Balconies of houses three to four stories tall overlooked
4995-627: The Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph . It is currently published as an English-language weekly from its offices at 1040 Belvédère, suite 218, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. In 1808, the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro had its first edition, printed in devices brought from England, publishing news favourable for the government of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves since it was produced by
5130-470: The Satyagraha movement led by Gandhi . A military picket shot at the crowd, killing several protesters and setting off a series of violent events. Riotous crowds carried out arson attacks on British banks, killed several British people and assaulted two British women. On 11 April, Marcella Sherwood, an elderly English missionary, fearing for the safety of the approximately 600 Indian children under her care,
5265-506: The UK House of Commons debate on 8 July 1920 Members of Parliament voted 247 to 37 against Dyer. The ineffective inquiry, together with the initial accolades for Dyer, fuelled great widespread anger against the British among the Indian populace, leading to the non-cooperation movement of 1920–22. Some historians consider the episode a decisive step towards the end of British rule in India . During World War I , British India contributed to
5400-505: The 17th century as information sheets for merchants . By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspapers. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high journalism quality, and large circulation are viewed as newspapers of record . With the popularity of the Internet , many newspapers are now digital, with their news presented online as
5535-504: The 1850s, the Post was very closely associated with the Palmerston ministry. With the aid of Andrew Montagu , Borthwick purchased the Post in 1876. His son Oliver (1873–1905) was business manager and editor, but died young, and upon the father's death in 1908 control went to his daughter Lilias Borthwick (1871–1965), wife of Seymour Henry Bathurst, 7th Earl Bathurst (1864–1943). In 1881,
The Morning Post - Misplaced Pages Continue
5670-520: The Associated Press, e.g., "News has been received from the Punjab that the Amritsar mob has again broken out in a violent attack against the authorities. The rebels were repulsed by the military and they suffered 200 casualties." The Government of Punjab, criticised by the Hunter Commission for not gathering accurate figures, only offered the same approximate figure of 200. When interviewed by
5805-458: The Bagh and estimate the size of the crowd, which he reported was about 6,000; however, the Hunter Commission estimates that a crowd of between 10,000 and 20,000 had assembled by the time Dyer arrived. Dyer and Deputy Commissioner Irving, the senior civil authority for Amritsar, took no actions to prevent the crowds from assembling or to disperse them peacefully. This would later be a serious criticism levelled at both Dyer and Irving. An hour after
5940-402: The Bagh, and five narrow entrances opened onto it, several with lockable gates. Although it was planted with crops during the rainy season, for much of the rest of the year it served as a local meeting place and recreation area. In the centre of the Bagh was a samadhi (cremation site) and a large well partly filled with water which measured about 20 feet (6.1 m) in diameter. Apart from
6075-536: The British response that ended in the massacre. On 10 April 1919, there was a protest at the residence of Miles Irving , the Deputy Commissioner of Amritsar . The demonstration was to demand the release of two popular leaders of the Indian Independence Movement , Satyapal and Saifuddin Kitchlew , who had been arrested by the government and moved to a secret location. Both were proponents of
6210-569: The British rule through journalism. The Jobo , discussed in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty , was published in 1577 by King Seonjo 's ministers. As the King had not given permission to print the news bulletins, Jobo was discontinued, and 30 ministers were sentenced "to a severe punishment". It was printed daily, and covered a range of topics, including weather, constellations, and current affairs. In 2017,
6345-536: The British war effort by providing men and resources. Millions of Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian administration and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. Bengal and Punjab remained sources of anti-colonial activities . Revolutionary attacks in Bengal, associated increasingly with disturbances in Punjab, were enough to nearly paralyse
6480-482: The Government in Punjab for quelling some local disturbances has, with a rude shock, revealed to our minds the helplessness of our position as British subjects in India ... [T]he very least that I can do for my country is to take all consequences upon myself in giving voice to the protest of the millions of my countrymen, surprised into dumb anguish of terror. The time has come when badges of honour make our shame glaring in
6615-481: The Internet, social media and other electronic delivery methods. However, while the method of delivery is changing, the newspaper and the industry still have a niche in the world. As of 2007, virtually all major printed newspapers produced online editions distributed over the Internet, which, depending on the country, may be regulated by journalism organizations such as the Press Complaints Commission in
6750-415: The Rowlatt Act achieved an unprecedented response of furious unrest and protests. Especially in Punjab, the situation was deteriorating rapidly, with disruptions of rail, telegraph, and communication systems. The movement was at its peak before the end of the first week of April, with some recording that "practically the whole of Lahore was on the streets, the immense crowd that passed through Anarkali Bazaar
6885-630: The UK. But as some publishers find their print-based models increasingly unsustainable, Web-based "newspapers" have also started to appear, such as the Southport Reporter in the UK and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer , which stopped publishing in print after 149 years in March 2009 and became an online-only paper. Since 2005 in the UK more than 200 regional newspapers have closed down resulting in
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#17332027021167020-943: The US state of Florida , so many tourists from the French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec visit for long stays during the winter (" snowbirds ") that some newsstands and stores sell French-language newspapers such as Le Droit . General newspapers cover all topics, with different emphasis. While at least mentioning all topics, some might have good coverage of international events of importance; others might concentrate more on national or local entertainment or sports. Specialised newspapers might concentrate more specifically on, for example, financial matters. There are publications covering exclusively sports, or certain sports, horse-racing, theatre, and so on, although they may no longer be called newspapers. For centuries newspapers were printed on paper and supplied physically to readers either by
7155-653: The administration's flaws. The first newspaper in Peru was El Peruano , established in October 1825 and still published today, but with several name changes. During the Tang dynasty in China (618–906), the Kaiyuan Za Bao published the government news; it was block-printed onto paper. It is sometimes considered one of the earliest newspapers to be published. The first recorded attempt to found
7290-511: The advertising department may include graphic designers , who design ads according to the customers' specifications and the department's policies. In an advertising-free newspaper , there is no advertising department. Jallianwala Bagh massacre The Jallianwala Bagh massacre , also known as the Amritsar massacre , took place on 13 April 1919. A large crowd had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar , Punjab, British India , during
7425-878: The aforementioned news, information and opinions, they include weather forecasts; criticism and reviews of the arts (including literature , film , television , theater , fine arts , and architecture ) and of local services such as restaurants; obituaries , birth notices and graduation announcements; entertainment features such as crosswords, horoscopes, editorial cartoons , gag cartoons , and comic strips ; advice columns, food , and other columns; and radio and television listings (program schedules). Newspapers have classified ad sections where people and businesses can buy small advertisements to sell goods or services; as of 2013, an increase in Internet websites for selling goods, such as Craigslist and eBay has led to significantly less classified ad sales for newspapers. Most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with
7560-576: The annual Baishakhi fair to protest against the Rowlatt Act and the arrest of pro-Indian independence activists Saifuddin Kitchlew and Satyapal . In response to the public gathering, the temporary brigadier general R. E. H. Dyer surrounded the people with his Gurkha and Sikh infantry regiments of the British Indian Army . The Jallianwala Bagh could only be exited on one side, as its other three sides were enclosed by buildings. After blocking
7695-470: The arts . Usually, the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings (labelled A, B, C, and so on, with pagination prefixes yielding page numbers A1-A20, B1-B20, C1-C20, and so on). Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing editorials written by an editor (or by the paper's editorial board) and expressing an opinion on a public issue, opinion articles called " op-eds " written by guest writers (which are typically in
7830-467: The assault, issued an order requiring every Indian man using that street to crawl its length on his hands and knees as a punishment. Dyer later explained to a British inspector: "Some Indians crawl face downwards in front of their gods . I wanted them to know that a British woman is as sacred as a Hindu god and therefore they have to crawl in front of her, too." He also authorised the indiscriminate public whipping of locals who came within lathi length of
7965-429: The classical criteria for proper newspapers, as they were typically not intended for the general public and restricted to a certain range of topics. The first mechanical, movable type printing that allowed the mass production of printed books was invented by Johann Gutenberg around 1450. In the 50 years after Gutenberg started printing, an estimated 500,000 books were in circulation, printed on about 1,000 presses across
8100-450: The commission took statements from witnesses over the following weeks. Witnesses were called in Delhi, Ahmedabad , Bombay, and Lahore . Although the commission as such was not a formally constituted court of law, meaning witnesses were not subject to questioning under oath, its members managed to elicit detailed accounts and statements from witnesses by rigorous cross-questioning. In general, it
8235-599: The context of the British war effort and the threat from the separatist movement in India, the Defence of India Act 1915 was passed, limiting civil and political liberties. Michael O'Dwyer , then the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab, was one of the strongest proponents of the act, in no small part due to the Ghadarite threat in the province. The costs of the protracted war in money and manpower were great. High casualty rates in
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#17332027021168370-604: The continent. Gutenberg's invention was a simple device, but it launched a revolution marked by repeated advances in technology and, as a result, a popularization of the ideals of liberty and freedom of information exchange. The emergence of the new media in the 17th century has to be seen in close connection with the spread of the printing press from which the publishing press derives its name. The German-language Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien , printed from 1605 onwards by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg in
8505-455: The copy of this rare book in the British Museum to translate the last chapter for the paper. Some have questioned that because the anonymous 1923 pamphlet crediting Marsden as the translator in its preface appeared three years after Marsden's death on 28 October 1920. The articles were subsequently collected and formed the basis of the book The Cause of World Unrest , to which half
8640-595: The crowd (6,000–20,000 ), the number of rounds fired and the period of shooting, the Indian National Congress instituted a separate inquiry of its own, with conclusions that differed considerably from the British Government's inquiry. The casualty number quoted by the Congress was more than 1,500, with approximately 1,000 being killed. Indian nationalist Swami Shraddhanand wrote to Gandhi of 1,500 deaths in
8775-467: The crowd without firing, but they would have come back again and laughed, and I would have made, what I consider, a fool of myself." Dyer further reiterated his belief that the crowd in the Bagh was one of "rebels who were trying to isolate my forces and cut me off from other supplies. Therefore, I considered it my duty to fire on them and to fire well". After Mr. Justice Rankin had questioned Dyer, Sir Chimanlal Setalvad enquired: Sir Chimanlal: Supposing
8910-475: The days after 13 April. Both Secretary of State for War Winston Churchill and former Prime Minister H. H. Asquith , however, openly condemned the attack, Churchill referring to it as "unutterably monstrous" and Asquith calling it "one of the worst, most dreadful, outrages in the whole of our history". In the House of Commons debate of 8 July 1920, Churchill said, "The crowd was unarmed, except with bludgeons . It
9045-468: The exit with his troops, Dyer ordered them to shoot at the crowd, continuing to fire even as the protestors tried to flee. The troops kept on firing until their ammunition was low and they were ordered to stop. Estimates of those killed vary from 379 to 1,500 or more people; over 1,200 others were injured, of whom 192 sustained serious injuries. Britain has never formally apologised for the massacre but expressed "deep regret" in 2019. The massacre caused
9180-646: The first American daily. In 1752, John Bushell published the Halifax Gazette , which claims to be "Canada's first newspaper". However, its official descendant, the Royal Gazette , is a government publication for legal notices and proclamations rather than a proper newspaper; In 1764, the Quebec Gazette was first printed 21 June 1764 and remains the oldest continuously published newspaper in North America as
9315-467: The first daily newspaper appeared, Einkommende Zeitung , published by Timotheus Ritzsch in Leipzig , Germany. In the United Kingdom and some other Commonwealth countries, unlike most other countries, daily newspapers do not publish on Sundays. In the past there were independent Sunday newspapers; nowadays the same publisher often produces a Sunday newspaper, distinct in many ways from the daily, usually with
9450-571: The goal. The decline in advertising revenues affected both the print and online media as well as all other mediums; print advertising was once lucrative but has greatly declined, and the prices of online advertising are often lower than those of their print precursors. Besides remodelling advertising, the internet (especially the web ) has also challenged the business models of the print-only era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general (sharing information with others) and, more specifically, journalism (the work of finding, assembling, and reporting
9585-553: The governor allowed The Boston News-Letter to be published and it became the first continuously published newspaper in the colonies. Soon after, weekly papers began being published in New York and Philadelphia. These early newspapers followed the British format and were usually four pages long. They mostly carried news from Britain and content depended on the editor's interests. In 1783, the Pennsylvania Evening Post became
9720-415: The hills for the summer. The Amritsar massacre, and other events at about the same time, have been described by some historians as the result of a concerted plan by the Punjab administration to suppress such a conspiracy. James Houssemayne Du Boulay is said to have posited a direct causal relationship between the fear of a Ghadarite uprising in the midst of an increasingly tense situation in Punjab, and
9855-433: The incident. The British Government tried to suppress information of the massacre, but news spread in India and widespread outrage ensued; details of the massacre did not become known in Britain until December 1919. This event caused many moderate Indians to abandon their previous loyalty to the British and become nationalists distrustful of British rule. Dyer reported to his superiors that he had been "confronted by
9990-586: The incongruous context of humiliation ..." English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore Miscellaneous Writings Vol # 8 carries a facsimile of this hand written letter. On 14 October 1919, after orders issued by the Secretary of State for India Edwin Montagu , the Government of India announced the formation of a committee of inquiry into the events in Punjab. Referred to as the Disorders Inquiry Committee, it
10125-433: The inquiry, Dyer refused this suggestion and appeared alone. Initially questioned by Lord Hunter, Dyer stated he had come to know about the meeting at the Jallianwala Bagh at 12:40 hours that day but did not attempt to prevent it. He said that he had gone to the Bagh with the deliberate intention of opening fire if he found a crowd assembled there. Dyer told the commission, "I think it quite possible that I could have dispersed
10260-552: The institution of Amanullah Khan in his place. As a reaction to the Rowlatt Act, Muhammad Ali Jinnah resigned from his Bombay seat, writing in a letter to the Viceroy, "I, therefore, as a protest against the passing of the Bill and the manner in which it was passed tender my resignation ... a Government that passes or sanctions such a law in times of peace forfeits its claim to be called a civilised government". Gandhi's call for protest against
10395-442: The investigation led by Pandit Madan Mohan Malviya concluded that there were 42 boys among the dead, the youngest of them only 7 months old. The Hunter commission confirmed the deaths of 337 men, 41 boys and a six-week-old baby. In July 1919, three months after the massacre, officials were tasked with finding who had been killed by inviting inhabitants of the city to volunteer information about those who had died. This information
10530-589: The late Han dynasty (second and third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the Kaiyuan Za Bao ("Bulletin of the Court") of the Chinese Tang dynasty published government news; it was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582, there was the first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late Ming dynasty . In early modern Europe , the increased cross-border interaction created
10665-426: The local gay community or indie rock enthusiasts within a city or region. A daily newspaper is printed every day, sometimes with the exception of Sundays and occasionally Saturdays (and some major holidays). Saturday and, where they exist, Sunday editions of daily newspapers tend to be larger, include more specialized sections (e.g., on arts, films, entertainment) and advertising inserts, and cost more. Typically,
10800-415: The local distribution or in some cases by mail, for example for British expatriates living in India or Hong Kong who subscribed to British newspapers. Newspapers can be delivered to subscribers homes and/or businesses by a paper's own delivery people, sent via the mail , sold at newsstands , grocery stores , and convenience stores , and delivered to libraries and bookstores . Newspaper organizations need
10935-462: The main exits and begin shooting toward the densest sections of the crowd in front of the available narrow exits, where panicked crowds were trying to leave the Bagh. Firing continued for approximately ten minutes. Unarmed civilians, including men, women, elderly people and children were killed. This incident came to be known as the Amritsar massacre. A cease-fire was ordered after the troops fired about one third of their ammunition. He stated later that
11070-526: The main medium that most of the readers use, with the print edition being secondary (for the minority of customers that choose to pay for it) or, in some cases, retired. The decline of newspapers in the early 21st century was at first largely interpreted as a mere print-versus-digital contest in which digital beats print. The reality is different and multivariate, as newspapers now routinely have online presence; anyone willing to subscribe can read them digitally online. Factors such as classified ads no longer being
11205-439: The major cities of Europe, from Venice to London. The Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, &c. ("Courant from Italy, Germany, etc.") of 1618 was the first to appear in folio- rather than quarto-size . Amsterdam, a center of world trade, quickly became home to newspapers in many languages, often before they were published in their own country. The first English-language newspaper, Corrant out of Italy, Germany, etc. ,
11340-457: The majority of these newspapers' staff members work Monday to Friday, so the Sunday and Monday editions largely depend on content made in advance or content that is syndicated. Most daily newspapers are sold in the morning. Afternoon or evening papers, once common but now scarce, are aimed more at commuters and office workers. In practice (though this may vary according to country), a morning newspaper
11475-499: The meanwhile, Dyer became seriously ill with jaundice and arteriosclerosis, and he was hospitalised. Although the members of the commission were divided by racial tensions following Dyer's statement, and though the Indian members decided to write a separate minority report, the commission's final report, comprising six volumes of evidence and released on 8 March 1920, unanimously condemned Dyer's actions: In "continuing firing as long as he did, it appears to us that General Dyer committed
11610-454: The meeting began as scheduled at 17:30, Dyer arrived at the Bagh with a group of 50 troops. All fifty were armed with .303 Lee–Enfield bolt-action rifles. Dyer may have specifically chosen troops from the Gurkha and Sikh ethnic groups due to their proven loyalty to the British. He had also brought two armoured cars armed with machine guns; however, the vehicles could not enter the compound through
11745-514: The members of the committee a senior civil servant in Punjab admitted that the actual figure could be higher. The Sewa Samiti society independently carried out an investigation and reported 379 deaths, and 192 seriously wounded. The Hunter Commission based their figures of 379 deaths, and approximately 3 times that number injured, suggesting 1,500 casualties. At the meeting of the Imperial Legislative Council held on 12 September 1919,
11880-531: The militant movement in India, especially in Punjab and Bengal. On the recommendations of the committee, the Rowlatt Act , an extension of the Defence of India Act 1915 to limit civil liberties, was enacted. The passage of the Rowlatt Act in 1919 caused large-scale political unrest throughout India. Ominously, in 1919, the Third Anglo-Afghan War began in the wake of Amir Habibullah 's assassination and
12015-399: The narrow entrances. The Jallianwala Bagh was surrounded on all sides by houses and buildings and had only five narrow entrances, most of which were kept permanently locked. The main entrance was relatively wide, but was guarded heavily by the troops backed by the armoured vehicles so as to prevent anyone from getting out. Without warning the crowd to disperse, Dyer ordered his troops to block
12150-785: The news). Besides, the rise of news aggregators , which bundle linked articles from many online newspapers and other sources, influences the flow of web traffic . Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects. The oldest newspaper still published is the Ordinari Post Tijdender , which was established in Stockholm in 1645. Newspapers typically meet four criteria: In Ancient Rome , Acta Diurna , or government announcement bulletins, were produced. They were carved in metal or stone and posted in public places. In China, early government-produced news-sheets, called Dibao , circulated among court officials during
12285-399: The news, then sell the content to the various newspapers. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world. c. 2005 , there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day (in the U.S., 1,450 titles selling 55 million copies). The late 2000s–early 2010s global recession , combined with
12420-468: The newspaper itself—editorial, production/printing, circulation, and advertising, although they are frequently referred to by a variety of other names. Most papers also have the non-newspaper-specific departments found in other businesses of comparable size, such as accounting, marketing, human resources, and IT. Throughout the English-speaking world, the person who selects the content for the newspaper
12555-588: The official press service of the Portuguese crown. In 1821, after the ending of the ban of private newspaper circulation, appears the first non-imperial printed publication, Diário do Rio de Janeiro , though there existed already the Correio Braziliense , published by Hipólito José da Costa at the same time as the Gazeta , but from London and with forcefully advocated political and critical ideas, aiming to expose
12690-458: The paper appointed the first woman war correspondent when it sent Lady Florence Dixie to South Africa to cover the First Boer War . The paper was noted for its attentions to the activities of the powerful and wealthy, its interest in foreign affairs, and in literary and artistic events. It began regular printing of notices of plays , concerts , and operas in the early 20th century, and
12825-535: The paper's staff contributed, as well as George Shanks and Nesta Webster . However, credit for the compilation was ascribed principally to the paper's editor, H.A. Gwynne. The book further denounced international Jewry , and cultural and social dissolution in the Christian nations . The Bathursts sold the paper to a consortium headed by the Duke of Northumberland in 1924. After Adolf Hitler 's rise to power in 1933, it
12960-405: The passage was sufficient to allow the armoured cars to go in, would you have opened fire with the machine guns? Dyer: I think probably, yes. Sir Chimanlal: In that case, the casualties would have been much higher? Dyer: Yes. Dyer further stated that his intentions had been to strike terror throughout Punjab and in doing so, to reduce the moral stature of the "rebels". He said he did not stop
13095-450: The pilgrims passing through, Amritsar had filled up over the preceding days with farmers, traders, and merchants who were attending the annual Baisakhi horse and cattle fair. Because the city police closed the fair at 14:00 that afternoon, many of those who had been attending it drifted into the Jallianwala Bagh, further increasing the number of people who happened to be there when the massacre began. Dyer arranged for an aeroplane to overfly
13230-462: The presence of Raja Mahendra Pratap 's Kabul mission in Afghanistan (with possible links to Bolshevik Russia), and a still-active revolutionary movement especially in Punjab and Bengal (as well as worsening civil unrest throughout India) led to the appointment of a sedition committee in 1918 chaired by Sidney Rowlatt , an Anglo-Egyptian judge. It was tasked to evaluate German and Bolshevik links to
13365-616: The press as well. The first newspapers in the Ottoman Empire were owned by foreigners living there who wanted to make propaganda about the Western world. The earliest was printed in 1795 by the Palais de France in Pera . Indigenous Middle Eastern journalism started in 1828, when Muhammad Ali , Khedive of Egypt, ordered the local establishment of the gazette Vekayi-i Misriye ( Egyptian Affairs ). It
13500-430: The printed newspapers through the mail, by newspaper carriers , at retailers, and through vending machines. Free newspapers do not sell subscriptions, but they still have a circulation department responsible for distributing the newspapers. Sales staff in the advertising department not only sell ad space to clients such as local businesses, but also help clients design and plan their advertising campaigns. Other members of
13635-463: The purpose of this action "was not to disperse the meeting but to punish the Indians for disobedience." The following day Dyer stated in a report, "I have heard that between 200 and 300 of the crowd were killed. My party fired 1,650 rounds". Apart from the many deaths that resulted directly from the shooting, a number of people died by being crushed in the stampedes at the narrow gates or by jumping into
13770-433: The rapid growth of free web-based alternatives, has helped cause a decline in advertising and circulation, as many papers had to retrench operations to stanch the losses. Worldwide annual revenue approached $ 100 billion in 2005–7, then plunged during the worldwide financial crisis of 2008–9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $ 53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of
13905-416: The reader can select how much of each section (politics, sports, arts, etc.) they wish to see in their news. In the U.S., the overall manager or chief executive of the newspaper is the publisher. In small newspapers, the owner of the publication (or the largest shareholder in the corporation that owns the publication) is usually the publisher. Most newspapers have four main departments devoted to publishing
14040-462: The reader to create their individual newspaper through the selection of individual pages from multiple publications. This "Best of" approach allows revival of the print-based model and opens up a new distribution channel to increase coverage beneath the usual boundaries of distribution. Customized newspapers online have been offered by MyYahoo , I-Google , CRAYON, ICurrent.com, Kibboko.com, Twitter . times and many others. With these online newspapers ,
14175-589: The regional administration. Of these, a pan-Indian mutiny in the British Indian Army planned for February 1915 was the most prominent amongst a number of plots formulated between 1914 and 1917 by Indian nationalists in India, the United States and Germany. The planned February mutiny was ultimately thwarted when British intelligence infiltrated the Ghadar Movement , arresting key figures. Mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed. In
14310-403: The rigorous cross-examination questioning and unwell, Dyer was then released. Over the next several months, while the commission wrote its final report, the British press, as well as many MPs, turned increasingly hostile towards Dyer as the full extent of the massacre and his statements at the inquiry became widely known. Lord Chelmsford refused to comment until the commission had been wound up. In
14445-609: The same methods with Die Presse (which was named for and frankly copied Girardin's publication). While most newspapers are aimed at a broad spectrum of readers, usually geographically defined, some focus on groups of readers defined more by their interests than their location: for example, there are daily and weekly business newspapers (e.g., The Wall Street Journal and India Today ) and sports newspapers. More specialist still are some weekly newspapers, usually free and distributed within limited regional areas; these may serve communities as specific as certain immigrant populations,
14580-450: The same section as the editorial), and columns that express the personal opinions of columnists , usually offering analysis and synthesis that attempts to translate the raw data of the news into information telling the reader "what it all means" and persuading them to concur. Papers also include articles that have no byline ; these articles are written by staff writers. A wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. Besides
14715-495: The seven years of Stuart's proprietorship, the paper's circulation rose from 350 to over 4,000. From 1803 until his death in 1833, the owner and editor of the Post was Nicholas Byrne; his son William Pitt Byrne later held these roles. Later the paper was acquired by a Lancashire papermaker named Crompton. In 1848 he hired Peter Borthwick , a Scot who had been a Conservative MP for Evesham (1835–1847), as editor. When Peter died in 1852, his son Algernon took over. During
14850-469: The shooting when the crowd began to disperse because he thought it was his duty to keep shooting until the crowd was dispersed fully, and he believed that minimal shooting would not prove effective. In fact, he continued the shooting until the ammunition was almost exhausted. He stated that he did not make any effort to tend to the wounded after the shooting: "Certainly not. It was not my job. Hospitals were open and they could have gone there." Exhausted from
14985-470: The side of those of my countrymen who, for their so called insignificance, are liable to suffer degradation not fit for human beings." Gupta describes Tagore's letter as "historic". He writes that Tagore "renounced his knighthood in protest against the inhuman cruelty of the British Army to the people of Punjab". Gupta quotes from Tagore's letter to the Viceroy, stating "The enormity of the measures taken by
15120-507: The solitary well on the compound to escape the shooting. A plaque, placed at the site after independence, states that 120 bodies were removed from the well. Dyer imposed a curfew time that was earlier than the usual time; as a result, the wounded could not be moved from where they had fallen, and many of them therefore died of their wounds during the night. The number of total casualties is disputed. The following morning's newspapers quoted an erroneous initial figure of 200 casualties, offered by
15255-620: The title "Defender of the Empire" and "the man who saved India". The editor of the Morning Post had received waves of letters containing contributions. The Morning Post received criticism during the sittings of the Hunter commission investigating the massacre as not being impartial. The paper gained notoriety in 1920, after it ran a series of 17 or 18 articles based on The Protocols of the Elders of Zion ,
15390-534: The war, increasing inflation after the end, compounded by heavy taxation, the deadly 1918 flu pandemic , and the disruption of trade during the war escalated human suffering in India. The pre-war Indian nationalist sentiment was revived as moderate and extremist groups of the Indian National Congress ended their differences to unify. In 1916, the Congress was successful in establishing the Lucknow Pact ,
15525-530: The week during the Christmas period depending the day of the week Christmas Day is falling on. A local newspaper serves a region such as a city, or part of a large city. Almost every market has one or two newspapers that dominate the area. Large metropolitan newspapers often have large distribution networks, and can be found outside their normal area, sometimes widely, sometimes from fewer sources. Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout
15660-513: The whole country: a national newspaper . Some national newspapers, such as the Financial Times and The Wall Street Journal , are specialised (in these examples, on financial matters). There are many national newspapers in the United Kingdom , but only a few in the United States and Canada . In Canada, The Globe and Mail is sold throughout the country. In the United States, in addition to national newspapers as such, The New York Times
15795-408: The wider range of readers are omitted from international editions; in others, of interest to expatriates , significant national news is retained. As English became the international language of business and technology, many newspapers formerly published only in non-English languages have also developed English-language editions. In places as varied as Jerusalem and Mumbai , newspapers are printed for
15930-419: Was estimated to be around 20,000". Many officers in the Indian army believed revolt was possible, and they prepared for the worst. The British Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab, Michael O'Dwyer , is said to have believed that these were the early and ill-concealed signs of a conspiracy for a coordinated revolt planned around May, on the lines of the 1857 revolt , at a time when British troops would have withdrawn to
16065-563: Was felt the commission had been very thorough in its enquiries. After reaching Lahore in November, the commission wound up its initial inquiries by examining the principal witnesses to the events in Amritsar. The commission held its official sittings at the Lahore Town Hall near Anarkali Bazaar . On 19 November, Dyer was ordered to appear before the commission. Although his military superiors had suggested he be represented by legal counsel at
16200-510: Was first paper written in Ottoman Turkish and Arabic on opposite pages, and later in Arabic only, under the title " al-Waqa'i'a al-Masriya ". The first non-official Turkish newspaper, Ceride-i Havadis (Register of Events), was published by an Englishman, William Churchill, in 1840. The first private newspaper to be published by Turkish journalists, Tercüman-ı Ahvâl (Interpreter of Events),
16335-637: Was first published in Sweden in 1645, and is the oldest newspaper still in existence, though it now publishes solely online. Opregte Haarlemsche Courant from Haarlem , first published in 1656, is the oldest paper still printed. It was forced to merge with the newspaper Haarlems Dagblad in 1942 when Germany occupied the Netherlands. Since then the Haarlems Dagblad has appeared with the subtitle Oprechte Haerlemse Courant 1656 . Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny
16470-612: Was founded by İbrahim Şinasi and Agah Efendi and issued in 1860. The first newspaper in Iran, Kaghaz-e Akhbar (The Newspaper), was created for the government by Mirza Saleh Shirazi in 1837. The first journals in the Arabian Peninsula appeared in Hijaz , once it had become independent of Ottoman rule, towards the end of World War I. One of the earliest women to sign her articles in the Arab press
16605-465: Was incomplete due to fear that those who participated would be identified as having been present at the meeting, and some of the dead may not have had close relations in the area. Winston Churchill reported nearly 400 slaughtered, and three or four times the number wounded to the Westminster Parliament, on 8 July 1920. Since the official figures were obviously flawed regarding the size of
16740-659: Was later more widely known as the Hunter Commission. It was named after the chairman, William, Lord Hunter , former Solicitor-General for Scotland and Senator of the College of Justice in Scotland. The stated purpose of the commission was to "investigate the recent disturbances in Bombay , Delhi and Punjab, about their causes, and the measures taken to cope with them". The members of the commission were: After meeting in New Delhi on 29 October,
16875-468: Was not always followed. The army was retrained with less violent tactics for crowd control. The level of casual brutality and the lack of any accountability stunned the entire nation, resulting in a wrenching loss of faith of the general Indian public in the intentions of the United Kingdom. The attack was condemned by the Secretary of State for War , Winston Churchill , as "unutterably monstrous", and in
17010-412: Was not attacking anybody or anything ... When fire had been opened upon it to disperse it, it tried to run away. Pinned up in a narrow place considerably smaller than Trafalgar Square , with hardly any exits, and packed together so that one bullet would drive through three or four bodies, the people ran madly this way and the other. When the fire was directed upon the centre, they ran to the sides. The fire
17145-527: Was on her way to shut the schools and send the children home. While travelling through a narrow street called the Kucha Kurrichhan, she was caught by a mob who violently attacked her. She was rescued by some local Indians, including the father of one of her pupils, who hid her from the mob and then smuggled her to the safety of Gobindgarh Fort . After visiting Sherwood on 19 April, the local commander of Indian Army forces, Brigadier General Dyer, enraged at
17280-586: Was one of the few newspapers in Europe to immediately recognize that Nazi Germany would try to "seek a solution to difficulties at home with adventures abroad." In 1937, the Morning Post was sold to the Daily Telegraph , which was owned by William Berry . The Post did not remain a separate title, and it was absorbed into the Telegraph . Newspaper A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events and
17415-554: Was published in Kraków , Poland in 1661. The first successful English daily, The Daily Courant , was published from 1702 to 1735. In Boston in 1690, Benjamin Harris published Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick . This is considered the first newspaper in the American colonies even though only one edition was published before the paper was suppressed by the government. In 1704,
17550-658: Was published in 1631, La Gazette (originally published as Gazette de France ). The first newspaper in Italy, in accordance with the oldest issue still preserved, was Di Genova published in 1639 in Genoa . The first newspaper in Portugal, A Gazeta da Restauração , was published in 1641 in Lisbon . The first Spanish newspaper, Gaceta de Madrid , was published in 1661. Post- och Inrikes Tidningar (founded as Ordinari Post Tijdender )
17685-670: Was published in Amsterdam in 1620. In the same year, the Antwerp periodial Nieuwe Tijdinghen was published by Abraham Verhoeven . In 1621, Corante, or weekely newes from Italy, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, France and the Low Countreys was published in England by an "N.B." (generally thought to be either Nathaniel Butter or Nicholas Bourne) and Thomas Archer. The first newspaper in France
17820-404: Was soon replaced by an even more vitriolic editor, Reverend William Jackson , also known as "Dr. Viper". Originally a Whig paper, it was purchased by Daniel Stuart in 1795, who made it into a moderate Tory organ. A number of well-known writers contributed, including Samuel Taylor Coleridge , Charles Lamb , James Mackintosh , Robert Southey , Mary Robinson , and William Wordsworth . In
17955-498: Was the female medical practitioner Galila Tamarhan , who contributed articles to a medical magazine called " Ya'asub al-Tib " (Leader in Medicine) in the 1860s. By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspaper-type publications though not all of them developed in the same way; content was vastly shaped by regional and cultural preferences. Advances in printing technology related to
18090-446: Was then directed to the sides. Many threw themselves down on the ground, the fire was then directed down on the ground. This was continued to 8 to 10 minutes, and it stopped only when the ammunition had reached the point of exhaustion." After Churchill's speech in the House of Commons debate, MPs voted 247 to 37 against Dyer and in support of the Government. Cloake reports that despite the official rebuke, many Britons still "thought him
18225-472: Was war correspondent with Russian forces during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). Also, Harold Williams started to write from Russia. Howell Arthur Gwynne took over as editor in 1911. Upon General Reginald Dyer 's return to India in 1920 , after his role in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar , the Morning Post collected and presented £ 26,317 to him, along with a golden sword and
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