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76-648: For more information about fee tails in Poland, see Fee tail in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , fee tail estates were called Ordynacja ( landed property in fideicommis ). Ordynacja was an economic institution for the governing of landed property introduced in the late 16th century by King Stefan Batory . Ordynat

152-587: A lien to the French government, to pay for the military materiel which had been provided to the Polish Army . In 1922, the fee tail had the area of 190,279 hectares, and was the largest estate of the Second Polish Republic . Due to poor management, its debt increased and profits decreased, so Tomasz Zamoyski sold more than 30,000 hectares of forest to the government. The estate did not become profitable until

228-402: A disentailing assurance should be enrolled was abolished in 1926. Lending upon security of a mortgage on land in fee tail was risky, since at the death of the tenant-in-possession, his personal estate ceased to have any right to the estate or to the income it generated. The absolute right to the income generated by the estate passed by operation of law to parties who had no legal obligation to

304-458: A family for many generations, yet emerged on re-settlement often fatally weakened, or much more susceptible to agricultural downturns, from the onerous annuities now chargeable on it. Formedon (or form down etc.) was a right of writ exercisable by a holder in fee for claiming property entailed by a lessee beyond the terms of his feoffment. A letter dated 1539 from the Lisle Letters describes

380-514: A few km. south of the town. The Jewish community ceased to exist. In 1975–1998, the town was administratively located in the Zamość Voivodeship . In the town there are two faculties of Catholic University of Lublin (Legal and Economic Sciences). It has two high schools (Bartosz Głowacki High School and Władysław Sikorski High School), three technical colleges, two gymnasiums and two primary schools. International Folk Festival Roztocze

456-532: A form of trust, whilst the individual trustees may die, replacements are appointed and the trust itself continues, ideally indefinitely. In England almost seamless successions were made from patriarch to patriarch, the smoothness of which were often enhanced by baptising the eldest son and heir with his father's Christian name for several generations, for example the FitzWarin family , all named Fulk. Such indefinite inalienable land-holdings were soon seen as restrictive on

532-443: A great warrior, which alone had brought him from obscurity to greatness, he would soon sink again into obscurity, and required wealth to maintain his social standing. This feature of English gentry and aristocracy differs from the aristocracy which existed in pre- Revolution France, where all sons of a nobleman inherited his title and were thus inescapably members of a separate noble caste in society. Little-known, France then had one of

608-662: A land reform was declared by the Polish Committee of National Liberation . Soon afterwards, parts of the estate were divided between 1,208 families. The remaining land was transferred to the State Agricultural Farms , while 54,00 hectares of forests of the Zamoyski State were administered by the national government. Formally, the Zamoyski Family Fee Tail ceased to exist on 21 February 1945. The last owner of

684-703: A legal institution in Roman law . Unlike most of the English aristocracy, the Prussian junkers supported fees tail, and succeeded in reinstating them in 1853, after they had been abolished in a recent Constitution. In Germany and Austria the Familienfideikommiss was only abolished in 1938, and in Scandinavia they persisted even later – a few old Swedish fees tail still remain in force, though no new ones may be established. For

760-512: A state within a state, with large parts of it covered by extensive forests. As the statute stipulated, the estate continued to be inherited in full by the eldest son of the ordynat. Each time the new owner was approved by the king, and all financial arguments in the family were to be solved by the Polish Parliament ( Sejm ). In the course of the time, the arguments over the property became commonplace. The first crisis took place in 1665 after

836-407: A strict settlement; the legal estate is vested in the current 'tenant for life' or other person immediately entitled to the income, but on the basis that any capital money arising must be paid to the settlement trustees. A tenant in tail in possession can bar his fee tail by a simple disentailing deed, which does not now have to be enrolled. A tenant in tail in reversion (i.e., a future interest where

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912-545: A surviving partner. A Scottish example of entail is the case of Alfred Douglas-Hamilton, 13th Duke of Hamilton , who in 1895 inherited from the 12th Duke, his fourth cousin, who had attempted to marry his daughter to the heir. In the Republic of Ireland , Section 13 of the Land and Conveyancing Law Reform Act 2009 largely abolished the fee tail and converted existing fees tail to fees simple . For constitutional reasons, this section

988-586: Is a form of trust , established by deed or settlement, that restricts the sale or inheritance of an estate in real property and prevents that property from being sold, devised by will , or otherwise alienated by the tenant-in-possession, and instead causes it to pass automatically, by operation of law , to an heir determined by the settlement deed. The terms fee tail and tailzie are from Medieval Latin feodum talliatum , which means "cut(-short) fee ". Fee tail deeds are in contrast to " fee simple " deeds, possessors of which have an unrestricted title to

1064-488: Is a popular annual music festival organized since 1990. Since 2008 the town council organizes reconstructions of Battle of Tomaszów . Tomaszów is the home for the football team Tomasovia . There are two main newspapers published weekly in Tomaszów Lubelski. First of them, ReWizje Tomaszowskie , is financed by the town council. Second of them, Tygodnik Tomaszowski , belongs to a private company. Tomaszów Lubelski

1140-520: Is now the Wallace Collection . Other works were covered by the fee tail, however, and passed to the 5th Marquess. Another example was George Herbert, 11th Earl of Pembroke , who died in 1827. He had quarrelled with his eldest son, later the 12th Earl , and left his unentailed estate to Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea , his son by a second marriage. Fees tail figure in the plots of several well known novels and stories, particularly in

1216-490: Is subject to a saving clause which prevents the conversion of fees tail to fees simple where the protector of the settlement is still alive. Therefore, some fees tail still exist in the state. The fee tail has been abolished in all but four states in the United States : Massachusetts , Maine , Delaware and Rhode Island . However, in the first three states, property can be sold or deeded as any other property would be, with

1292-448: Is that the heirs "in tail" must be the children begotten by the landowner. It was also possible to have "fee tail male", which only sons could inherit, and "fee tail female", which only daughters could inherit; and "fee tail special", which had a further condition of inheritance, usually restricting succession to certain "heirs of the body" and excluding others. Land subject to these conditions was said to be "entailed" or "held in-tail", with

1368-536: Is used in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice ; the estate of Longbourn is entailed to a distant male cousin rather than the incumbent's five daughters or their offspring. In the 15th century, lawyers devised " common recovery ", an elaborate legal procedure which used collaborative lawsuits and legal fictions to "bar" a fee tail, that is to say to remove the restrictions of fee tail from land and to enable its conveyance in fee simple. Biancalana's book The Fee Tail and

1444-551: The Polish-Soviet War , when soldiers of Semyon Budyonny captured Klemensow. Altogether, the losses of the estate were estimated at 8.5 million roubles. Maurycy Klemens Zamoyski , the 15th ordynat, actively supported Poland's fight for independence, and in the 1922 presidential elections he was a candidate of the conservative parties, running against Gabriel Narutowicz . During the Polish-Soviet War, he handed his estate as

1520-561: The Third partition of Poland (1795), the whole estate found itself under Austrian rule. In the late 18th century, August Zamoyski established a faience plant at Tomaszow Lubelski which employed 50 workers. After the Polish–Austrian War , West Galicia was incorporated into the Duchy of Warsaw , and the estate was once again divided. In 1812, its capital was moved from Zamość to Zwierzyniec, as

1596-499: The Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 . In the US, conservation easements are a form of entail still in use. Traditionally, a fee tail was created by a trust established in a deed , often a marriage settlement , or in a will "to A and the heirs of his body". The crucial difference between the words of conveyance and the words that created a fee simple ("to A and his heirs")

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1672-415: The United States . The fee tail allowed a patriarch to perpetuate his blood-line, family-name, honour and armorials in the persons of a series of powerful and wealthy male descendants. By keeping his estate intact in the hands of one heir alone, in an ideally indefinite and pre-ordained chain of succession, his own wealth, power and family honour would not be dissipated amongst several male lines, as became

1748-666: The Zamość Fortress was being transferred to the Polish government (the transfer itself was not completed until 1821, when the fortress together with the town of Zamość officially became property of the government of Congress Poland ). In exchange, the Zamoyski family was given estates in Mazovia and Podlasie . In 1811, Stanislaw Kostka Zamoyski , the 11th ordynat, opened in Warsaw a public Library of

1824-454: The 19th century, including: Pride and Prejudice contains a particularly thorny example of the kind of problems which could arise through the entailing of property. Mr. Bennet, the father of protagonist Elizabeth Bennet , had only a life interest in the Longbourn estate, the family's home and principal source of income. He had no authority to dictate to whom it should pass upon his death, as it

1900-485: The 19th century. Tomasz%C3%B3w Lubelski Tomaszów Lubelski [tɔˈmaʂuf luˈbɛlskʲi] is a town in south-eastern Poland with 19,365 inhabitants (2017). Situated in the Lublin Voivodeship , near Roztocze National Park , it is the capital of Tomaszów Lubelski County . The town was founded at the end of the 16th century by Jan Zamoyski as Jelitowo. It is known by its current name since 1613 when it

1976-530: The Common Recovery in Medieval England: 1176–1502 (2001) discusses the procedure and its history at length. In the 17th and 18th centuries the practice arose whereby when the son came of age (at 21), he and his father acting together could bar the existing fee tail, and could then re-settle the land in fee tail, again on the father for life, then to the son for life and his heirs male successively, but at

2052-501: The Estate to others than those to whom it would have descended by Law." By the late 18th century it was also known as entail , but the archaic spelling continued in law books. The Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 (section 50) abolished all feudal tenures including the entail. Today, the doctrines of legitim and jus relictae restrict owners from willing property out of their family when they die with children or have

2128-814: The Nazis in 1944. I. 1542-1605 Jan Zamoyski , II. 1605-1638 Tomasz Zamoyski , III. 1638-1665 Jan "Sobiepan" Zamoyski , IV. 1676-1689 Marcin Zamoyski , V. 1704-1725 Tomasz Józef Zamoyski , VI. 1725- 1735 Michał Zdzisław Zamoyski , VII. 1735-1751 Tomasz Antoni Zamoyski , VIII. 1760-1767 Klemens Zamoyski , IX. 1767-1777 Jan Jakub Zamoyski , X. 1777-1792 Andrzej Zamoyski , XI. 1792-1800 Aleksander August Zamoyski , XII. 1800-1835 Stanisław Kostka Zamoyski , XIII. 1835-1866 Konstanty Zamoyski , XIV. 1866-1889 Tomasz Franciszek Zamoyski , XV. 1892-1939 Maurycy Klemens Zamoyski , XVI. 1939-1945 Jan Tomasz Zamoyski . Fee tail#Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth In English common law , fee tail or entail ,

2204-732: The Zamoyski Fee Tail, which was based on the Zamojski Academy, closed down in 1784. The 13th ordynat, Konstanty Zamoyski , introduced several changes to the estate. In 1833, he created the Central Office of Goods and Businesses of the Zamoyski Family, as well as General Administration Office in Zwierzyniec . Zamoyski divided the office into four departments (legal, administrative, political and economic), each with its own manager. At

2280-579: The case for example in Napoleonic France by operation of the Napoleonic Code which gave each child the legal right to inherit an equal share of the patrimony, where a formerly great landowning family could be reduced in a few generations to a series of small-holders or peasant farmers. It therefore approaches the true corporation which is a legal body or person which does not die and continues in existence and can hold wealth indefinitely. Indeed, as

2356-459: The circumstances of its use: I received your ladyship's letter by which ye willed me to speak with my Lady Coffyn for her title in East Haggynton in the county of Devon who had one estate in tail to him and to his heirs of her body begotten; and now he is dead without issue of his body so that the reversion should revert to Mr John Basset and to his heirs so there be no let nor discontinuance of

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2432-423: The daughters to make a good marriage to ensure their future security is a key motivation for many episodes in the novel. Many fees tail arose from wills, rather than from marriage settlements which usually made some provision for daughters. Austen was very familiar with the law of entail; her brother, Edward, had inherited similarly entailed estates at Chawton , Godmersham and Winchester from distant cousins under

2508-498: The death of Jan Sobiepan Zamoyski , who did not have a son. Sobiepan's sister, Princess Gryzelda Wiśniowiecka (the wife of Jeremi Wiśniowiecki and the mother of King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki ) regarded herself as the heiress of Zamoyski fortune. At the same time the Koniecpolski family , headed by Sobiepan's sister Joanna Koniecpolska, also demanded their share of the estate. A legal war ensued in which Joanna Koniecpolska seized

2584-682: The early 18th century, the estate suffered destruction during the Great Northern War . After the conflict, its owners tried to rebuild the Zamość Estate, establishing new settlements and supporting trade. The 7th ordynat, Tomasz Antoni Zamoyski , promoted river transport, building ports along the San and the Vistula . In 1773, the 9th ordynat, Jan Jakub Zamoyski , opened a soap and porcelain plant at Zwierzyniec . First partition of Poland (1772) divided

2660-586: The end of Zamoyski's life it included as many as 23 towns and together with 816 villages, it was called the Zamość State ( Państwo zamojskie ). Its total area was app. 17,500 km., and it included estates both in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland , and Livonia , with main centers around Zamość and Podolia . Annual income of Zamoyski was estimated at 700,000 zlotys (by comparison, the cost of Siege of Połock in 1579

2736-596: The estate holder may convert his fee tail to a fee simple during his lifetime by executing a deed. In Louisiana , the common law concept of estates in land never existed. The concept of forced heirship and the marital portion protects force heirs and surviving spouses from total divestment of value of the estate of the decedent, who has a duty to provide for their care. Fee tail-like restrictions still exist though contractual obligations. For example, owners of inholdings inside public lands may be prevented from selling or giving their land to non-family members. In this case,

2812-446: The estate into two parts. Four towns and 39 villages remained within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , while six towns and 150 villages became part of Austrian province of Galicia . Austrian authorities confirmed legal status of the fee tail, but its division made management difficult. Andrzej Zamoyski , who was the 10th ordynat, trying to buy support of Austrian Emperor Joseph II , invited some 100 native German families to settle in

2888-683: The estate, Jan Tomasz Zamoyski was imprisoned in Kielce by the Communist secret services , and the Communists stole family's treasure, hidden in a secret room at the Klemensow Castle. Zamoyski himself with family was ordered to stay away from the estate, so he left to Sopot , to be imprisoned again and finally released in 1956. One of Communist agents who tortured him at Warsaw prison was Polish Jew Jozef Rozanski (Josek Goldberg), whom Zamoyski had saved from

2964-645: The estate. In return, the Emperor in 1786 confirmed the statute of the fee tail, and its legal and territorial separation. In the 1790s, when the Commonwealth ceased to exist, the estate's future existence depended on the good will of both Austrian and Imperial Russian courts. The 10th ordynat, Aleksander August Zamoyski , hoping to avoid punishment from the Russians did not join the Kosciuszko Uprising . Finally, after

3040-507: The fee included nine towns (Zamość, Goraj , Janów Lubelski , Kraśnik , Krzeszów , Szczebrzeszyn , Tarnogród , Tomaszów Lubelski , and Turobin , as well as 157 villages. Furthermore, Zamoyski owned glass and iron works, breweries, mills and other enterprises. Marcin Zamoyski closely cooperated with King Sobieski, which resulted in him being nominated the Voivode of Lublin Voivodeship . In

3116-475: The fee tail only applying in case of death without a will. In Rhode Island, a fee tail is treated as a life estate with remainder in the life tenant's children. New York abolished fee tail in 1782, while many other states within the U.S. never recognized it at all. In most states in the United States, an attempt to create a fee tail results in a fee simple ; even in those four states that still allow fee tail,

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3192-514: The fee tail, ruling it until her death in 1672. The estate remained in the hands of the Koniecpolski family until 1674, when the Sejm ordered that the estate should be transferred to Marcin Zamoyski . Stanisław Koniecpolski disagreed with the decision and used his private army to try and prevent Zamoyski from taking control over the estate. In the end Koniecpolski gave up, as Zamoyski had the supported of

3268-562: The form of this estate. The new law was also formally called the statute De Donis Conditionalibus (Concerning Conditional Gifts). Fee tail was never popular with the monarchy, the merchant class and many holders of entailed estates themselves who wished to sell or divide their land. Fee tail as a legal estate in England was abolished by the Law of Property Act 1925 . A fee tail can still exist in England and Wales as an equitable interest, behind

3344-411: The late 17th to the early 19th century, leaving many individuals wealthy in land but heavily in debt , often due to annuities chargeable on the estate payable to the patriarch's widow and younger children, where the patriarch was swayed by sentiment not to establish a strict concentration of all his wealth in his heir leaving his other beloved relatives destitute. Frequently in such cases the generosity of

3420-480: The law of German and Austrian fideicommissa in particular, an 862-page manual by the German legal scholar Philipp Knipschildt , entitled Tractatus de fideicommissis nobilium familiarum – von Stammgütern ( De fideicommissis at Google Books ), was the standard reference work. First published in 1654, this grand systematization of existing legal opinion was frequently reprinted and continued to be consulted until well into

3496-540: The lender, who therefore could not enforce payment of interest on the new tenants-in-possession. The largest estate a possessor in fee tail could convey to someone else was an estate for the term of the grantor's own life. If all went as planned, it was therefore impossible for the succession of patriarchs to lose the land, which was the idea. Things did not always go as planned, however. Tenants-in-possession of entailed estates occasionally suffered "failure of issue" – that is, they had no legitimate children surviving them at

3572-441: The local szlachta , as well as that of King John III Sobieski . Marcin Zamoyski took control of the estate in 1676, becoming one of the wealthiest landowners of Europe. The fee remained in the hands of his family until its end in 1944 - 1945. Zamoyski turned out to be a skillful owner, and the property flourished under his management. In 1688 he ordered the map of the estate ( Mappa Ordynacyey Panstwa Zamoyskiego ), which shows that

3648-484: The lowest ratios of noble families to population, in Europe. The accepted rule was however largely compensated by written or notarized wills which allowed fathers to favour, within certain limits, a first-born son. In England, primogeniture provided that an estate would be inherited entirely by the first-born legitimate son of a nobleman and that, accordingly, subsequent sons were born as mere gentlemen and commoners . Without

3724-509: The mid-1930s, and before the outbreak of World War II , its area was 56,199 hectares, with brickyards, sawmills, a brewery, a sugar refinery at Klemensow, and several other enterprises. In late September 1939 (see Invasion of Poland ), the estate was for two weeks occupied by the Red Army , whose units in October 1939 withdrew eastwards, leaving the estate in the hands of the Nazis. Short Soviet rule

3800-451: The optimum productive ability of land, which was often converted to deer-parks or pleasure grounds by the wealthy tenant-in-possession, which was damaging to the nation as a whole, and thus laws against perpetuities were enacted, which restricted entails to a maximum number of lives. An entail also had the effect of disallowing illegitimate children from inheriting. It created complications for many propertied families, especially from about

3876-416: The original deed or grant was worded, in the event of there being daughters but no sons, all the sisters might inherit jointly, it might pass to the eldest sister, it might be held in trust until one of them should produce a (legitimate) son, or it might pass to the next male-line relative (an uncle, say, or even a cousin, sometimes very distant). The last possibility, commonly called 'entailment to heirs male',

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3952-471: The palace at Klemensow , together with the neglected library. Among most important items kept in the library was the Codex Suprasliensis . At the outbreak of World War I the estate was a well-functioning enterprise, with 156 folwarks divided into three keys. The fee tail had several factories, and its own narrow gauge rail line. The war devastated the estate, and further destruction was brought on by

4028-576: The profits of the fee tail were estimated at 1.4 million zlotys annually. Following the Emancipation reform of 1861 , which in 1864 was introduced in the Russian-controlled Congress Poland , the area of the estate was reduced, as well as its income, since peasants ceased to pay their feudal obligations. Nevertheless, due to skillful management, the fee tail was profitable, allowing the 14th ordynat Tomasz Franciszek Zamoyski to expand

4104-461: The property is subject to prior life interest) needs the consent of the life tenant and any 'special protectors' to vest a reversionary fee simple in himself. Otherwise he can only create a base fee ; a base fee only confers a right to the property on its owner, when its creator would have become entitled to it; if its creator dies before he would have received it, the owner of the base fee gets nothing. No new "fees tail" can now be created following

4180-781: The property, and are empowered to bequeath or dispose of it as they wish (although it may be subject to the allodial title of a monarch or of a governing body with the power of eminent domain ). Equivalent legal concepts exist or formerly existed in many other European countries and elsewhere; in Scots law tailzie was codified in the Entail Act 1685 . Most common law jurisdictions have abolished fee tails or greatly restricted their use. They survive in limited form in England and Wales , but have been abolished in Scotland , Ireland , and all but four states of

4256-463: The restrictions result from an agreement between the government and the land owner, and is not a part of a deed or settlement. In the Kingdom of Poland and later in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , fee tail estates were called ordynacja ( Polish: [ɔrdɨˈnatsja] ; landed property in fideicommis ). Ordynacja was an economic institution for governing of landed property introduced in late 16th century by king Stefan Batory . Ordynacja

4332-485: The restrictions themselves known as entailments . The breaking of a fee tail was simplified by the Fines and Recoveries Act 1833 , which allowed the holders of property in tail to file a disentailing assurance freeing them from its conditions; such a document needed to be enrolled. This obviated the previous method of breaking entails, the arcane legal fictions that enabled the system of common recovery . The requirement that

4408-492: The same made by Sir William Coffyn in his life. Howbeit Mr Richard Coffyn, next heir to Sir William Coffyn, claimeth the same by his uncle's feoffment to him and to his heirs so that the law will put Mr John Basset from his entry and to compel him to take his action of form down which is much dilatory as Mr Basset knoweth An English example of a fee tail may be the main estates of the wealthy art collector Richard Seymour-Conway, 4th Marquess of Hertford (d. 1870). His only child

4484-431: The same time making provision for annuities chargeable on the estate for the father's widow, daughters and younger sons, and most importantly, and as an incentive for the son to participate in the re-settlement, an income for the son during his father's lifetime. This process effectively evaded the law against perpetuities, as the entail in law had been terminated, but in practice continued. In this way an estate could stay in

4560-487: The same time, serfdom was gradually withdrawn and replaced by money wages (15 grosz per one day of work). Furthermore, to increase profits several folwarks were rented to private owners, and the management of the forests took on a planned shape. In the mid-19th century, the estate had an area of 373,723 hectares, and its population was 107,764, with nine towns, 291 villages, 116 folwarks, 41 mills, eight breweries, seven distilleries and several other enterprises. Altogether,

4636-465: The settlor left the entailed estate as an uneconomical enterprise, especially during times when the estate's fluctuating agricultural income had to provide for fixed sum annuities. Such impoverished tenants-in-possession were unable to realise in cash any part of their land or even to offer the property as security for a loan, to pay such annuities, unless sanctioned by private Act of Parliament allowing such sale, which expensive and time-consuming mechanism

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4712-518: The support of wealth, these younger sons might quickly descend into obscurity, and often did. On this eldest son was concentrated the honour of the family, and to him alone was granted all its wealth to support his role in that regard, by the process of the fee tail. The effects of English primogeniture and entail have been significant plot details or themes in a number of notable works of English literature. (See some examples cited below.) The Statute of Westminster II , passed in 1285, created and fixed

4788-484: The time of their deaths. In this situation the entailed land devolved to male cousins, i.e., back up and through the family tree to legitimate male descendants of former tenants-in-possession, or reverted to the last owner in fee simple, if still living. This situation produced complicated litigation and was an incentive for the production and maintenance of detailed and authoritative family pedigrees and supporting records of marriage, births, baptisms etc. Depending on how

4864-464: The will of Elizabeth Knight, who died in 1737. Law professor Maureen B. Collins (2017) cites several other authors debating the accuracy of Austen's depiction of the entailment, including Appel (2013), Treitel (1984), Redmond (1989), and Grover (2014). In Scots law , the word tailzie "comes from the French Word tailier , to cut," implying "cutting the ordinary Line of Succession, and giving

4940-552: Was abolished by the agricultural reform in the People's Republic of Poland . Ordynat was the title of the principal heir of ordynacja . According to the rules of ordynacja , which became a statute approved by the Sejm , the estate was not to be divided between the heirs but inherited in full by the eldest son ( primogeniture ). Women were excluded from inheritance ( Salic Law ). Ordynacja could not be sold or mortgaged . Ordynacja

5016-422: Was due to efforts of the Polish officials that forests of the future Roztocze National Park were saved. During the war, the estate lost its collection of historic books, as its Warsaw library was destroyed, In mid-1944, when the Red Army entered the area of Zamość, the estate had the area of 59,054 hectares, and was a well-functioning, profitable enterprise. Its existence came to an end on 6 September 1944, when

5092-424: Was established during feudal times by landed gentry to attempt to ensure that the high social standing of the family, as represented by a single patriarch, continued indefinitely. The concentration of the family's wealth into the hands of a single representative was essential to support this process. Unless the heir had himself inherited the personal and intellectual strengths of the original great patriarch, often

5168-564: Was fought between Poland and Germany. The town was bombed by the Germans and eventually found itself under German occupation . The town's Jewish community, which numbered over 5,600 in 1939 at the start of the war, was persecuted by the occupiers in the Holocaust . The Nazi Germans first placed the Jews in a ghetto established in the town, then exterminated them in 1942 at Bełżec extermination camp located

5244-413: Was frequently resorted to. The beneficial owner (or tenant-in-possession) of the property in fact had only a life interest in it, albeit an absolute right to the income it generated, the legal owners being the trustees of the settlement, with the remainder passing intact to the next successor or heir in law; any purported bequest of the land by the tenant-in-possession was ineffective. Fee tail

5320-418: Was his illegitimate son, Sir Richard Wallace, 1st Baronet , to whom he left as much of his property as he could. The main land holdings and Ragley Hall were inherited by his distant cousin, Francis Seymour, 5th Marquess of Hertford , descended from a younger son of the 1st Marquess who had died in 1794. Most of the 4th Marquess's art collection had been acquired by himself or his father, went to Wallace, and

5396-437: Was marked by widespread looting by local peasants. In the late 1939 German occupational authorities established control over the estate. The 16th ordynat Jan Tomasz Zamoyski officially remained in his post, but all decisions were taken by the Germans, who were very efficient, introducing mechanization. Soon it turned out however, that above all the Germans were interested in exploitation of the fee tail, especially its forests. It

5472-572: Was renamed after Zamoyski's son, Tomasz . It obtained its city charter in 1621. It was administratively located in the Bełz Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province of Poland. The area around the city saw serious fighting in 1914 during World War I . On September 17–26, 1939, during the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland which started World War II , the Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski

5548-717: Was similar to the French law of majorat or German and Scandinavian fideicommis , and succession to such resembles that of British peerages . Many Polish magnates ' fortunes were based on ordynacja , among them those of the Radziwiłłs , Zamoyskis , Czartoryskis , Potockis and Lubomirskis . Most important ordynacja were veritable little principalities . The earliest and most extensive ordynacjas include: Other European legal systems had comparable devices to keep estates together, especially in Spain and Northern European countries like Prussia . They are derived from fideicommissum ,

5624-515: Was some 330,000 zlotys). According to another source, Jan Zamoyski's estates generated a revenue of over 200,000 zlotys in the early 17th century. The capital of the estate was established in the newly built private Renaissance town of Zamość, a private fortress of Jan Zamoyski with its own college, the Zamojski Academy , printing shop, and court. Due to its wealth, economic, and administrative independence Ordynacja Zamojska has been considered

5700-505: Was strictly arranged to be inherited by the next male heir . Had Mr. Bennet fathered a son it would have passed to him, but since he did not it could not pass to any of his five daughters. Instead, the next nearest male heir would inherit the property—Mr. Bennet's cousin, William Collins, a boorish minister in his mid-twenties. The inheritance of the Longbourn property completely excluded the five Bennet daughters, who were thus to lose their home and income upon their father's death. The need for

5776-521: Was the title of the principal heir of an ordynacja, and each new ordynat was obliged to uphold the statute of the fee tail. Chronologically, Ordynacja Zamojska was the second fee tail in the Commonwealth, after the Radziwiłł family estate. At the beginning, Jan Zamoyski had four villages, which he inherited from his father, Castellan of Chełmno Stanisław Zamoyski . At the moment of its creation, this estate consisted of two towns and thirty nine villages. At

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