85-506: 51°30′45.2″N 0°5′18.3″W / 51.512556°N 0.088417°W / 51.512556; -0.088417 Z/Yen is a commercial think-tank , consultancy and venture firm headquartered in the City of London . It works in the financial services, technology and voluntary sectors on research, performance review and strategic management. Founded in 1994, Z/Yen has developed the London Accord ,
170-507: A Cover tag to user-editable metadata tags for books, while removing other editable tags for Year, Category, Comments, and Description. This coincided with the Mac version of the app being ported from the iOS/iPadOS version using Catalyst . The Apple Books Store (formerly iBook Store) is an ePub content sales and delivery system that delivers eBooks to any iOS device such as the iPad , iPhone , and iPod Touch . It does not currently support either
255-476: A display screen. The patent's illustration shows three different images of a virtual page being turned. One with a corner of a page being turned slightly, the next image with the page halfway turned, and the third showing the page almost entirely turned over. The patent refers to O'Reilly Media and FlippingBook companies that use page-turning animation in eBooks. On June 10, 2013, Apple announced iBooks for OS X Mavericks . On October 24, 2013, Apple applied for
340-478: A forum dedicated to technology and disruption. In 2017, Z/Yen published Financial Centre Futures - The Global Financial Centres Index 21 and The Global Financial Centres Index 22, which rank the competitiveness of financial centres globally based on multiple factors including business environment, infrastructure, human capital, and reputation. The reports also include special reports on topics such as fintech, green finance, and Islamic finance. In 2018, Z/Yen launched
425-614: A government, and some are associated with particular political parties, businesses, or the military. Think tanks are often funded by individual donations, with many also accepting government grants. Think tanks publish articles and studies, and sometimes draft legislation on particular matters of policy or society. This information is then used by governments, businesses, media organizations, social movements or other interest groups. Think tanks range from those associated with highly academic or scholarly activities to those that are overtly ideological and pushing for particular policies, with
510-513: A larger mosaic that concentrates all the EPA's enemies against it at one time." According to the progressive media watchdog Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting , both left-wing and right-wing policy institutes are often quoted and rarely identified as such. The result is that think tank "experts" are sometimes depicted as neutral sources without any ideological predispositions when, in fact, they represent
595-401: A new Textbooks section of the iBookstore. iBooks Author introduced two proprietary file formats: TechRadar 's Steve Paris called iBooks Author "incredibly simple to use", but noted a few bugs in the first public release, and criticized the fact that it only supported H.264 video files, despite iPads being compatible with more formats. Macworld called it an "impressive" tool, but said it
680-638: A new variation of the San Francisco typeface known as "SF Serif", which was later revealed to be released in six optical weights under the " New York " name. iBooks was announced alongside the iPad at a press conference in January 2010. The store itself, however, was released in America three days before the iPad with the introduction of iTunes 9.1. This was supposedly to prevent too much traffic on Apple's servers, as they have been overloaded with previous releases of
765-1120: A number of categories and presents its findings in the Global Go-To Think Tanks rating index. However, this method of the study and assessment of policy institutes has been criticized by researchers such as Enrique Mendizabal and Goran Buldioski, Director of the Think Tank Fund, assisted by the Open Society Institute . Think tanks may attempt to broadly inform the public by holding conferences to discuss issues which they may broadcast; encouraging scholars to give public lectures, testifying before committees of governmental bodies; publishing and widely distributing books, magazines, newsletters or journals; creating mailing lists to distribute new publications; and engaging in social media. Think tanks may privately influence policy by having their members accept bureaucratic positions, having members serve on political advisory boards, inviting policy-makers to events, allowing individuals to work at
850-504: A number of think tanks that are in the form of governmental, non-governmental, and corporate organizations. In China a number of think tanks are sponsored by governmental agencies such as Development Research Center of the State Council , but still retain sufficient non-official status to be able to propose and debate ideas more freely. In January 2012, the first non-official think tank in mainland China, South Non-Governmental Think-Tank,
935-525: A part of a Marine Stewardship Council event in 2001. In January 2003, Z/Yen launched PropheZy, a predictive Dynamic, Anomaly & Pattern Response (DAPR) system, which received a £45,000 Smart Award from the Department of Trade and Industry . A year later, VizZy, a complementary visualization system for PropheZy, was launched. In 2005, Z/Yen was appointed by the Institute of Fundraising , with partner Business in
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#17328479746751020-702: A particular perspective. In the United States, think tank publications on education are subjected to expert review by the National Education Policy Center 's "Think Twice" think tank review project. A 2014 New York Times report asserted that foreign governments buy influence at many United States think tanks. According to the article: "More than a dozen prominent Washington research groups have received tens of millions of dollars from foreign governments in recent years while pushing United States government officials to adopt policies that often reflect
1105-486: A patent (since granted) for "Personalizing digital gifts", which describes a novel method for gifting e-books to friends. The patent describes how a user can select the appealing e-book snippet that will bring up a contextual menu containing an option to gift the media to another party. On November 15, 2013, Apple pushed version 3.2 of iBooks for iOS with a redesigned interface to match the "flat" style of iOS 7 , which dropped support for iOS 6 and earlier versions. On
1190-581: A range of economic and governance issues confronting Ghana and Sub-Saharan Africa . It has also been involved in bringing political parties together to engage in dialogue. In particular it has organised Presidential debates every election year since the Ghanaian presidential election, 1996 . Notable think tanks in Ghana include: Afghanistan has a number of think tanks that are in the form of governmental, non-governmental, and corporate organizations. Bangladesh has
1275-746: A technical framework for a cryptocurrency simulator. In addition, Z/Yen published Financial Centre Futures - The Global Financial Centres Index 23 and The Global Financial Centres Index 24 in March and September 2019, respectively, and the China Financial Centres Index 10. Think-tank A think tank , or public policy institute, is a research institute that performs research and advocacy concerning topics such as social policy , political strategy , economics , military , technology , and culture . Most think tanks are non-governmental organizations , but some are semi-autonomous agencies within
1360-505: A wide range among them in terms of the quality of their research. Later generations of think tanks have tended to be more ideologically oriented. Modern think tanks began as a phenomenon in the United Kingdom in the 19th and early 20th centuries, with most of the rest being established in other English-speaking countries. Prior to 1945, they tended to focus on the economic issues associated with industrialization and urbanization. During
1445-425: A £750,000 DTI Foresight Challenge award later that year. In the late 1990s, Z/Yen expanded its services to include not-for-profit sector work. The company worked with organizations such as Cancer Research Campaign, BEN, and The Children's Society. It also undertook a major pan-European study into the market for OTC derivatives outsourcing. A version of the company's bourse game was played at St James' Palace as
1530-586: Is a global think tank that works on issues such as Water Diplomacy , Peace and Conflict and Foresight (futures studies) . Think tanks with a development focus include those like the National Centre for Cold-chain Development ('NCCD'), which serve to bring an inclusive policy change by supporting the Planning Commission and related government bodies with industry-specific inputs – in this case, set up at
1615-685: Is collaboration between policy institutes in different countries. For instance, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace operates offices in Washington, D.C. , Beijing , Beirut , Brussels and formerly in Moscow , where it was closed in April 2022. The Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP) at the University of Pennsylvania , led by James McGann , annually rates policy institutes worldwide in
1700-452: Is done in public think tanks. There is a strong emphasis on the knowledge-based economy and, according to one respondent, think tank research is generally considered high quality. Japan has over 100 think tanks, most of which cover not only policy research but also economy, technology and so on. Some are government related, but most of the think tanks are sponsored by the private sector. Institute of World Economics and Politics (IWEP) at
1785-664: Is to maintain analytical and research support for the President of Kazakhstan. Most Malaysian think tanks are related either to the government or a political party. Historically they focused on defense, politics and policy. However, in recent years, think tanks that focus on international trade, economics, and social sciences have also been founded. Notable think tanks in Malaysia include: Pakistan's think tanks mainly revolve around social policy, internal politics, foreign security issues, and regional geo-politics. Most of these are centered on
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#17328479746751870-466: The Cold War , many more American and other Western think tanks were established, which often guided government Cold War policy. Since 1991, more think tanks have been established in non-Western parts of the world. More than half of all think tanks that exist today were established after 1980. As of 2023, there are more than 11,000 think tanks around the world. According to historian Jacob Soll , while
1955-775: The Global Financial Centres Index , the Global Intellectual Property Index for Taylor Wessing and Taskforce 2000 (the UK industry response to the Millennium Bug ). Z/Yen conducts market research and intelligence. It publishes most of its research freely on its own website. Z/Yen is split into 2 parts; Long Finance for Pro bono work and The Financial Services Club (FSC) which provides networking dinners and events for city professionals. During its early years, Z/Yen worked with companies such as British Gas,
2040-701: The Kindle Store 's website instead of using the Kindle app; users can still get free e-books or samples while using the app. Steve Jobs told biographer Walter Isaacson that: The process by which states certify textbooks is corrupt. But if we can make the textbooks free, and they come with the iPad, then they don't have to be certified. The crappy economy at the state level will last for a decade, and we can give them an opportunity to circumvent that whole process and save money. After Jobs's death, in 2012, Apple released iBooks 2, which added support for interactive textbooks on
2125-477: The 1950s, the phrase "think tank" did not refer to organizations. From its first appearances in the 1890s up to the 1950s, the phrase was most commonly used in American English to colloquially refer to the braincase or especially in a pejorative context to the human brain itself when commenting on an individual's failings (in the sense that something was wrong with that person's "think tank"). Around 1958,
2210-421: The 1980s as a result of globalization, the end of the Cold War , and the emergence of transnational problems. Two-thirds of all the think tanks that exist today were established after 1970 and more than half were established since 1980. The effect of globalisation on the proliferation of think tanks is most evident in regions such as Africa, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and parts of Southeast Asia, where there
2295-518: The 20th century, such institutes were found primarily in the United States, along with much smaller numbers in Canada, the United Kingdom, and Western Europe. Although think tanks had also existed in Japan for some time, they generally lacked independence, having close associations with government ministries or corporations. There has been a veritable proliferation of "think tanks" around the world that began during
2380-547: The Apple Books (under name iBooks) interface is a near-exact replica of Classics by Andrew Kaz and Phill Ryu, released over a year prior and even featured in Apple's own TV commercials. Apple has made no acknowledgment of this. In June 2011, Apple was sued by New York publisher John T. Colby over the use of the term "iBook". Colby claims to be the owner of a trademark on the term "ibooks" as applied to published books, after acquiring
2465-450: The Apple Books app to function. As of version 3, iBooks started to render text written in 18 different languages. Users of the application are able to change the font and text size displayed. Available English fonts are Baskerville , Cochin , Georgia , Palatino , Times New Roman , Verdana , Athelas , Charter , Iowan Old Style and Seravek . Version 5 removed Cochin and Baskerville. Users can adjust screen brightness from within
2550-415: The Apple Books store, but users can also add their own EPUB and Portable Document Format (PDF) files via data synchronization with iTunes . Additionally, the files can be downloaded to Apple Books through Safari or Apple Mail. It is also capable of displaying e-books that incorporate multimedia. According to product information as of March 2010, iBooks will be able to "read the contents of any page [to
2635-645: The Community, to run the enquiry line and information center for the Payroll Giving Centre program funded by the Home Office . In 2007, Z/Yen created its Global Financial Centres Index for the City of London Corporation , sold its investment banking cost-per-trade benchmarking unit to Aon , and launched the London Accord , which provides an open-source research resource on finance and environmental, social and governance ( ESG ) issues. In 2008, Z/Yen launched
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2720-613: The Foundation of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan was created in 2003. IWEP activities aimed at research problems of the world economy, international relations, geopolitics, security, integration and Eurasia, as well as the study of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan and its contribution to the establishment and strengthening of Kazakhstan as an independent state,
2805-592: The Global Green Finance Index (GGFI) in Brussels, which ranks financial centres around the world based on the quality and depth of their green finance offerings. The GGFI is a collaborative effort with the think tank Finance Watch. More recently, Z/Yen has been involved in the development of blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies through its Long Finance initiative. The Eternal Coin's "Economic Simulation And Control Of Cryptocurrencies" project aims to develop
2890-548: The Global Intellectual Property Index for the legal firm Taylor Wessing. Z/Yen also founded the ExtZy game, which creates a stock market from the internet through the Long Finance initiative. Z/Yen's research has included carbon bonds, non-monetary trade, and Confidence Accounting . Michael Mainelli and Ian Harris, co-founders of Z/Yen, launched their third book, The Price of Fish , published by Nicholas Brealey Publishing . The book
2975-660: The London Stock Exchange, Defense Evaluation and Research Agency ( DERA ), now DSTL and QinetiQ , and Bloomberg . Z/Yen was a key player in the founding of Taskforce 2000, a private sector initiative designed to alert people to the Millennium Bug. In 1996, Z/Yen launched the £1.9M Financial Laboratory in collaboration with BZW, Royal and Sun Alliance, The London Stock Exchange, DERA, City University , City University Business School , The Worshipful Company of Information Technologists, and Silicon Graphics. The project won
3060-578: The Philippines could be generally categorized in terms of their linkages with the national government. Several were set up by the Philippine government for the specific purpose of providing research input into the policy-making process. Sri Lanka has a number of think tanks that are in the form of governmental, non-governmental and corporate organizations. There are several think tanks in Singapore that advise
3145-461: The ability to annotate both PDFs and eBooks . As of July 1, 2010, Apple expanded iBooks availability to Canada . Upon its release for older devices running iOS 4, such as the iPhone 3GS and iPod Touch , iBooks received criticism for its slow performance. However, a July 19 update from Apple offered several improvements. On September 27, 2011, Apple expanded the premium store to the Republic of Ireland. On January 19, 2012, Apple announced
3230-538: The actions of think tanks and potentially bypass the political process, analysing the social background and values of those who work in think tanks. Pautz criticizes this viewpoint because there is in practice a variety of viewpoints in think tanks and argues it dismisses the influence that ideas can have. In some cases, corporate interests, military interests and political groups have found it useful to create policy institutes, advocacy organizations, and think tanks. For example, The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition
3315-501: The annual WWDC in 2014, Apple unveiled that iBooks will be a pre-installed app in the next version of the operating system, iOS 8 , along with the Podcasts app. On September 17, 2014, Apple bundled version 4.0 of iBooks for iOS with iOS 8.0. This includes slight changes with the bookstore button (into a persistent navigation bar at the bottom), grouping of books by series in the bookshelf, Auto-night mode theme, as well as small changes to
3400-513: The app Apple Books. On September 19, 2019, Apple included an Audiobooks app with watchOS 6 to play from the Apple Books Audiobook store. The supported e-book formats of Apple Books are EPUB and PDF . As of version 2.0, it also supports a proprietary iBook format (IBA), generated with the iBooks Author tool. This format is based upon the EPUB format but depends on a custom widget code in
3485-407: The application. Words can be selected and searched throughout the book. Definitions of words can also be found upon clicking on the word and selecting 'define' which will give the reader a brief description of what the word means and if there isn't a definition available, the reader can opt to either search on Misplaced Pages or the web for a definition, an option available even if there is a definition for
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3570-448: The assets of deceased publisher Byron Preiss , who had published a series of sci-fi and fantasy books under the term. Apple had previously used the term " iBook " to refer to a line of laptops that it sold until 2006, but Colby claims exclusive right to the term as applied to published books, including e-books. Apple began using the term "iBooks" in 2010 to refer to e-books sold for the iPad. Byron Preiss published more than 1,000 books under
3655-458: The behest of the government to direct cold chain development. Some think tanks have a fixed set of focus areas and they work towards finding out policy solutions to social problems in the respective areas. Initiatives such as National e-Governance Plan (to automate administrative processes) and National Knowledge Network (NKN) (for data and resource sharing amongst education and research institutions), if implemented properly, should help improve
3740-696: The capital, Islamabad . One such think tank is the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), which focuses on policy advocacy and research particularly in the area of environment and social development. Another policy research institute based in Islamabad is the Institute of Social and Policy Sciences (I-SAPS) which works in the fields of education, health, disaster risk reduction, governance , conflict and stabilization. Since 2007 - 2008, I-SAPS has been analyzing public expenditure of federal and provincial governments. Think tanks in
3825-566: The church spans from Charlemagne all the way to the 17th century, when the kings of France were still arguing about whether they had the right to appoint bishops and receive a cut of their income." Soll cites as an early example the Académie des frères Dupuy , created in Paris around 1620 by the brothers Pierre and Jacques Dupuy and also known after 1635 as the cabinet des frères Dupuy . The Club de l'Entresol , active in Paris between 1723 and 1731,
3910-616: The construction of a discourse coalition with a common aim, citing the example of deregulation of trucking, airlines, and telecommunications in the 1970s. Plejwe argues that this deregulation represented a discourse coalition between the Ford Motor Company , FedEx , neo-liberal economists, the Brookings Institution and the American Enterprise Institute . Elite theory considers how an "elite" influence
3995-533: The day of the product announcement, January 27, 2010. The Apple Books Store also provides access to the 30,000+ free books available from Project Gutenberg , and it provides content channeled through Draft2Digital or Smashwords , allowing independent authors and publishers to self-publish. The day before the iPad event, Terry McGraw , the CEO of McGraw-Hill , appeared to divulge information to Erin Burnett on CNBC about
4080-568: The development of international cooperation and the promotion of peace and stability. The Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies under the President of the RK (KazISS) was established by the Decree of the President of RK on 16 June 1993. Since its foundation the main mission of the Kazakhstan Institute for Strategic Studies under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as a national think tank,
4165-607: The donors' priorities." Ghana's first president, Kwame Nkrumah , set up various state-supported think tanks in the 1960s. By the 1990s, a variety of policy research centers sprang up in Africa set up by academics who sought to influence public policy in Ghana. One such think tank was The Institute of Economic Affairs, Ghana , which was founded in 1989 when the country was ruled by the Provisional National Defence Council . The IEA undertakes and publishes research on
4250-588: The downloading or reading of Apple Books directly on Windows or Linux distributions , but it does support the downloading and reading of Apple Books on OS X Mavericks and later. Prior to the unveiling of the iPad, publishers Penguin Books , HarperCollins , Simon & Schuster , Macmillan Publishers , and Hachette Book Group USA committed to producing content for the Apple Books Store (under name iBooks Store). Additional publishers were invited to participate on
4335-437: The experts they fund for future government jobs, while others want to push specific areas of research or education." McGann distinguishes think tanks based on independence, source of funding and affiliation, grouping think tanks into autonomous and independent, quasi-independent, government affiliated, quasi-governmental, university affiliated, political-party affiliated or corporate. A new trend, resulting from globalization,
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#17328479746754420-471: The financial viability of competing bookstore apps run by other book retailers is uncertain, even though in many countries, the Apple Books Store still does not provide consumers access to any e-books except for free works, such as ones that are in the public domain . Apple's competitor Amazon.com updated its iOS Kindle app in July 2013 to bypass the 30% revenue share by requiring the user to purchase content using
4505-761: The first organization to be regularly described in published writings as "the Think Tank" (note the title case and the use of the definite article ) was the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences . However, the Center does not count itself as and is not perceived to be a think tank in the contemporary sense. During the 1960s, the phrase "think tank" was attached more broadly to meetings of experts, electronic computers , and independent military planning organizations. The prototype and most prominent example of
4590-399: The government on various policies and as well as private ones for corporations within the region. Many of them are hosted within the local public educational institutions. Apple Books Apple Books (known as iBooks prior to iOS 12) is an e-book reading and store application by Apple Inc. for its iOS , iPadOS and macOS operating systems and devices . It was announced, under
4675-559: The iBooks Store was only downloaded 3,000 times in total, despite being free. In 2020, Apple abandoned iBooks Author, and recommended that authors use Apple's Pages word processor instead. In the intervening years, Apple had built most of iBook Author's functionality into Pages, and the latter can export these books in standard EPUB format rather than the proprietary iBooks Author format. However, as of 2020, Pages only supported image galleries, videos, and audio, and lacked iBooks Author's more advanced features. Some critics have stated that
4760-698: The iPad. These textbooks can display interactive diagrams, audio, video, quizzes, HTML, and 3D content, and support highlights, notes, and annotations, which can be viewed in an " index card "-like interface. Apple argued that these iPad textbooks would be more engaging for students than paper textbooks. Apple simultaneously released a free Mac app, iBooks Author, which could be used to create these interactive textbooks in WYSIWYG fashion. Apple's launch partners included education publishers Pearson , McGraw-Hill and Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , whose textbooks were available in
4845-504: The iPhone. On the day of its launch, on March 31, 2010, the iBooks Store collection comprised some 60,000 titles. On April 8, 2010, Apple announced that iBooks would be updated to support the iPhone and iPod Touch with iOS 4. As a result, iBooks was not supported on first-generation iPhones and iPod Touches. On June 8, 2010 at the WWDC Keynote it was announced that iBooks would be updated that month to read PDF files as well as have
4930-402: The introduction of iOS 8 in 2014, an additional "Auto-Night Theme" was introduced, which dynamically changes the theme from 'Normal' or 'Sepia' to 'Night' and vice versa based on the ambient light conditions. With the introduction of iOS 9 in 2015, a fourth background theme was added: Gray : light grey text on a dark gray background. Apple Books also stacks books that belong to a series when
5015-527: The more established think tanks, created during the Cold War , are focused on international affairs, security studies, and foreign policy. Think tanks vary by ideological perspectives, sources of funding, topical emphasis and prospective consumers. Funding may also represent who or what the institution wants to influence; in the United States, for example, "Some donors want to influence votes in Congress or shape public opinion, others want to position themselves or
5100-688: The name iBooks, in conjunction with the iPad on January 27, 2010, and was released for the iPhone and iPod Touch in mid-2010, as part of the iOS 4 update. Initially, iBooks was not pre-loaded onto iOS devices, but users could install it free of charge from the iTunes App Store . With the release of iOS 8 , it became an integrated app. On June 10, 2013, at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference , Craig Federighi announced that iBooks would also be provided with OS X Mavericks in Fall 2013. It primarily receives EPUB content from
5185-410: The page, animated to imitate the appearance of a paper book. In Scroll, there is no page turning, and the book appears as continuous text, read vertically like a web browser. Until May 2011 the Apple Books app (under name iBooks) included a free copy of Winnie-the-Pooh , the 1926 book by A. A. Milne , in order to get the user's library started. In macOS Monterey, released in late 2021, Apple added
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#17328479746755270-724: The quality of work done by think tanks. Some notable think tanks in India include: Over 50 think tanks have emerged in Iraq, particularly in the Kurdistan Region. Iraq's leading think tank is the Middle East Research Institute (MERI), based in Erbil. MERI is an independent non-governmental policy research organization, established in 2014 and publishes in English, Kurdish, and Arabic. It
5355-563: The questions of the federal government." In the early 1920s, fascist and other far-right think tanks appeared in the Netherlands . After 1945, the number of policy institutes increased, with many small new ones forming to express various issues and policy agendas. Until the 1940s, most think tanks were known only by the name of the institution. During the Second World War, think tanks were often referred to as "brain boxes". Before
5440-497: The release of iBooks 2, which supported interactive textbooks on the iPad; the release of iBooks 2 was accompanied by a new Mac app, iBooks Author. On October 23, 2012, Apple announced iBooks 3. On November 13, 2012, Apple was granted the patent "Display screen or portion thereof with animated graphical user interface" for page-turning animation. The page-turning animation was first filed for in December 2011 as ornamental design for
5525-525: The term "think tank" is modern, with its origin "traced to the humanist academies and scholarly networks of the 16th and 17th centuries," Soll writes that, "in Europe, the origins of think tanks go back to the 800s when emperors and kings began arguing with the Catholic Church about taxes. A tradition of hiring teams of independent lawyers to advise monarchs about their financial and political prerogatives against
5610-511: The think tank; employing former policy-makers; or preparing studies for policy makers. The role of think tanks has been conceptualized through the lens of social theory. Plehwe argues that think tanks function knowledge actors within a network of relationships with other knowledge actors. Such relationships including citing academics in publications or employing them on advisory boards, as well as relationships with media, political groups and corporate funders. They argue that these links allow for
5695-417: The third category was the RAND Corporation , which was founded in 1946 as an offshoot of Douglas Aircraft and became an independent corporation in 1948. In the 1970s, the phrase became more specifically defined in terms of RAND and others. During the 1980s and 1990s, the phrase evolved again to arrive at its broader contemporary meaning of an independent public policy research institute. For most of
5780-484: The transfer of sovereignty to China in 1997, more think tanks were established by various groups of intellectuals and professionals. They have various missions and objectives including promoting civic education; undertaking research on economic, social and political policies; and promoting "public understanding of and participation in the political, economic, and social development of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ". Think tanks in Hong Kong include: India has
5865-417: The underlying rendering engine. On October 20, 2014, Apple bundled version 4.1 of iBooks for iOS with iOS 8.1. On January 24, 2018, Apple renamed iBooks to Books in the iOS 11.3 beta. As well as in macOS 10.13.4 beta iBooks to Books on March 5, 2018. It was renamed back to iBooks in a next intermittent 10.13.4 macOS beta, showing some uncertainty about the marketing decision. In early 2019, Apple renamed
5950-411: The upcoming iPad release. This was quickly picked up and disseminated by rumor sites and eventually mainstream media outlets as revelation of features of the iPad. McGraw Hill was not included in the iPad presentation at the Apple media event and there was speculation that the exclusion was in response to this release of information. However, McGraw-Hill has stated that the information disclosed by McGraw
6035-553: The user is on the "All Books" screen. When selected, the books included in the series are shown in the order in which they were released, including books in the series that the user has not purchased. The prices of the unpurchased books are displayed on the upper right corner of the book "ear-marked" in green. Tapping the unpurchased book takes the user directly to the Apple Books store allowing for quick purchase. There are three page layouts: Book, Full Screen, and Scroll. In Book or Full Screen layout, pages are turned by tapping or dragging
6120-518: The user]" using VoiceOver . On January 19, 2012, at an education-focused special event in New York City, Apple announced the free release of iBooks 2, which can operate in landscape mode and allows for interactive reading. In addition, a new application, iBooks Author, was announced for the Mac App Store , allowing anyone to create interactive textbooks for reading in iBooks; and the iBooks Store
6205-474: The word. Readers can also highlight passages and when this is done, the part of the Ebook which deals with the chapters and notes will automatically save the words or sentences which were highlighted, as well as revealing any notes made after highlighting a certain passage, another feature. Originally, there were three viewing background themes to choose from, except when reading PDF documents. The themes were: With
6290-542: The world's second-largest number of think tanks . Most are based in New Delhi, and a few are government-sponsored. There are few think tanks that promote environmentally responsible and climate resilient ideas like Centre for Science and Environment , Centre for Policy Research and World Resources Institute . There are other prominent think tanks like Observer Research Foundation , Tillotoma Foundation and Centre for Civil Society . In Mumbai, Strategic Foresight Group
6375-960: Was "constrained" by its exclusive compatibility with iPads. iBooks Author's license agreement was controversial upon release, for stating that documents created with the tool could only be sold for a fee if they were accepted and exclusively distributed by Apple. Apple backtracked a few weeks later, in an updated license agreement. Its proprietary file format was also criticized by Ed Bott of ZDNet , who compared it to Microsoft's " embrace, extend, extinguish " strategy. In contrast, Serenity Caldwell of Macworld lauded iBooks Author's additional features over EPUB authoring software. Apple added support for EPUB export to iBooks Author in 2015, although textbooks exported in EPUB supported fewer features than iBooks textbooks. Notable books created using iBooks Author include How to Say Cheese , Physics in Motion , NASA's Destination: Jupiter. E.O. Wilson's Life On Earth
6460-534: Was a concerted effort by other countries to assist in the creation of independent public policy research organizations. A survey performed by the Foreign Policy Research Institute's Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program underscores the significance of this effort and documents the fact that most of the think tanks in these regions have been established since 1992. As of 2014 , there were more than 11,000 of these institutions worldwide. Many of
6545-517: Was also released for free as an interactive textbook. Between 2015 and 2017, an annual iBooks Author Conference was held; Tidbits reports that some authors called the tool "best in class", with no equivalent on any other platform, but that Apple had "let the entire iBooks Author ecosystem stagnate". Author Denise Clifton reported that despite the iBooks Author version of her book being the "best and most advanced", it "sold fewer copies than any other" edition. The most downloaded interactive textbook on
6630-531: Was another prominent example of an early independent think tank focusing on public policy and current affairs, especially economics and foreign affairs. Several major current think tanks were founded in the 19th century. The Royal United Services Institute was founded in 1831 in London , and the Fabian Society in 1884. The oldest United States –based think tank, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace ,
6715-697: Was awarded the Gold Medal in the Finance, Investment, and Economics category of the 2012 Independent Publisher Book Awards . In 2018, Z/Yen was also awarded the Diamond Quality Mark in recognition of the staff's continued contribution to charity through payroll giving. In 2014, Z/Yen published "City Walks: Finance At Your Feet" on iBooks . In 2015, the InterChainZ project developed several implementations of mutual distributed ledgers and launched Distributed Futures,
6800-603: Was established in the Guangdong province. In 2009 the China Center for International Economic Exchanges was founded. In Hong Kong, early think tanks established in the late 1980s and early 1990s focused on political development, including the first direct Legislative Council members election in 1991 and the political framework of " One Country, Two Systems ", manifested in the Sino-British Joint Declaration . After
6885-403: Was expanded with a textbook category. The iBooks Author Conference, an annual gathering of digital content creators around Apple's iBooks Author, has convened between 2015 and 2017. Apple discontinued iBooks Author in 2020, its functionality having been integrated into Pages . In September 2018, iBooks was renamed "Apple Books" upon the release of iOS 12 and macOS Mojave . It features
6970-561: Was formed in the mid-1990s to dispute research finding an association between second-hand smoke and cancer . Military contractors may spend a portion of their tender on funding pro-war think tanks. According to an internal memorandum from Philip Morris Companies referring to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), "The credibility of the EPA is defeatable, but not on the basis of ETS [ environmental tobacco smoke ] alone,... It must be part of
7055-412: Was founded in Washington, D.C. , in 1910 by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie . Carnegie charged trustees to use the fund to "hasten the abolition of international war, the foulest blot upon our civilization." The Brookings Institution was founded shortly thereafter in 1916 by Robert S. Brookings and was conceived as a bipartisan "research center modeled on academic institutions and focused on addressing
7140-613: Was listed in the global ranking by the United States's Lauder Institute of the University of Pennsylvania as 46th in the Middle East. There are many think tank teams in Israel, including: In South Korea , think tanks are prolific and influential and are a government go-to. Think tanks are prolific in the Korean landscape. Many policy research organisations in Korea focus on economoy and most research
7225-420: Was not privileged, and that the company had not intended to participate in the event. In 2011, an Apple spokesperson announced that "We are now requiring that if an app offers customers the ability to purchase books outside of the app, that the same option is also available to customers from within the app with in-app purchase." Due to the 30% revenue share that Apple receives from the in-app purchase mechanism,
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