68-429: Stephen James Mitchell Yulex Corporation makes products from Guayule ( Parthenium argentatum ) a residual agricultural material. In 2008, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Yulex biorubber gloves for medical uses. Yulex is the first company to produce biobased, medical-grade latex that is safe for people with latex allergy. In 2012, Yulex received a $ 6.9 million USDA-DoE grant as part of
136-614: A barracks, but faced strong Federal resistance while advancing towards the city center, retreating the next day. In April 1914, after a prolonged conflict, Carrancistas captured the city center, installing Antonio Villarreal , a radical liberal, as governor, who implemented controversial measures like expelling foreign priests, demolishing temples, and destroying religious images. Villista forces briefly captured Monterrey in early 1915, with Pancho Villa visiting Monterrey for fundraising efforts. By May 1915, Carrancistas regained control and installed Idelfonso Vázquez as interim governor. For
204-601: A defeat in the Battle of Saltillo , the insurgency ended. By August 1846, the restoration of the 1824 Mexican Constitution reinstated statehood to Nuevo León. On 21 September 1846, during the Mexican-American War, the Battle of Monterrey was fought, a three-day assault on Nuevo León's capital by U.S. forces. The Mexican forces, commanded by Pedro de Ampudia , faced off against the U.S. troops led by Zachary Taylor , whose objective
272-517: A department, with the territory regaining its statehood upon the republic's restoration in 1867. During the Porfiriato, Bernardo Reyes was sent to Nuevo León by Porfirio Díaz , where Reyes was governor from 1885 to 1887 and from 1889 to 1909. Reyes suppressed small insurrections and banditry in multiple municipalities while also starting infrastructure projects, such as the State Penitentiary,
340-638: A lifecycle analysis. Also in 2012, Yulex released the first alternative to the traditional neoprene wetsuit in partnership with Patagonia , the first guayule-based mattresses and pillows in partnership with Pure LatexBliss , and the first plant-based, latex allergy-friendly dental dam in partnership with 4D Rubber. In 2013, Yulex formed a partnership with ENI's Versalis to expand the reach of guayule into European markets. [REDACTED] Media related to Parthenium argentatum at Wikimedia Commons [REDACTED] Data related to Yulex at Wikispecies Guayule Parthenium argentatum , commonly known as
408-526: A new territory in northern New Spain . He returned to the territory in 1580 and founded the New Kingdom of León in 1582, with its capital, San Luis Rey de Francia , established where Santa Lucía once stood, marking Monterrey's second founding. However, colonization efforts failed once again in 1588, when Carvajal was reported to the Inquisition , accused of being a descendant of New Christians . Since then,
476-505: A population of 5,784,442 by 2020. The process of verticalization in Greater Monterrey intensified, marked by the construction of increasingly numerous and taller skyscrapers, notably Torre Avalanz , Torre KOI , and Torres Obispado , among others. By the late 2010s and 2020s, the state was experiencing a nearshoring boom, characterized by significant foreign investment from automotive companies like Kia and Tesla . However, due to
544-506: A referendum approved the annexation. The annexation provided the state government with control over a significant portion of the customhouses along the US-Mexico border. Leveraging the increased revenues, Vidaurri invested in state development initiatives, including public gardens, Plaza de la Llave , and the Teatro del Progreso , which was the first theater in the state. Additionally, he used
612-464: A referendum to join the Second Mexican Empire instead. In retaliation, Juárez labeled Vidaurri a traitor and divided Nuevo León and Coahuila, reinstating them as separate states. Juárez led the republic's remnants from Nuevo León until 15 August 1864, when the approaching French forces forced him to relocate. In 1865, the empire dissolved Mexico's federal structure, reorganizing Nuevo León as
680-529: A research consortium. Partnering with the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and Cooper Tire , Yulex will research enhanced manufacturing processes, testing and utilization of guayule natural rubber as a strategic source of raw material in tires, and evaluate the remaining biomass of the guayule plant as a source of bio-fuel for the transportation industry, as well work on improving agronomic practices, developing genetic information and undertaking
748-530: A state of Mexico following the country's successful war for independence . The state began industrializing in the late 19th century and early 20th century, establishing various large companies, which accelerated after the Mexican Revolution . Today, Nuevo León is a major manufacturing hub with one of Mexico's largest economies. The origins of Nuevo León's name can be traced back to the late-16th century, when Spanish explorer Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva named
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#1732859091697816-442: A world-wide increase in demand for latex gloves in response to heightened precautions to prevent the spread of diseases, such as AIDS and Hepatitis B. While Hevea -derived rubber contains proteins that can cause severe allergic reactions in some people, guayule does not. Although there are synthetic alternatives for medical device products, they are not as elastic as natural rubber. Guayule performs like Hevea but contains none of
884-563: Is hypoallergenic , unlike the normal Hevea rubber, can also be extracted. While Castilla elastica was the most widely used rubber source of Mesoamericans in pre-Columbian times, guayule was also used, though less frequently. The name "guayule" derives from the Nahuatl word ulli/olli , "rubber". Guayule grows in rocky, limestone desert areas in full sun. The plant's outer branches and leaves are covered in fine silvery hairs called trichomes, and yellow-white flowers grow from stems at
952-558: Is 90 people per square kilometer, making it the fourteenth most dense state in Mexico . It is one of the sixteen states that surpass the country's average population density, which is 64 people per square kilometer. Much of the state's density is found in the Monterrey metropolitan area , where about 92% of the population resides, and where there is a population density of about 700 people per square kilometer. There are 1,655,256 housing units in
1020-617: Is a rare occurrence in the entire state, it has been documented during winter storms and cold fronts. One notable event happened on January 9, 1967, when 50 cm of snow fell within an 8-hour period. Additional instances of snowfall in the state include a February 1895 winter storm during the Great Freeze , the 2004 Christmas Eve winter storm , and the February 2021 North American winter storm . While rare, hurricanes and tropical storms can impact Nuevo León, bringing high levels of rainfall to
1088-627: Is complicated by its breeding system, which is primarily apomixis (asexual cloning via gametes). This breeding system is somewhat variable and considerable genetic variation exists within wild populations. Selection of high-yielding lines has been successful. Parthenium argentatum is adapted for hot desert environments and grows well in well-drained, desert-like soil. It has been cultivated under both dryland and irrigated conditions. It can be grown in areas where annual rainfall ranges between 380 and 635 millimetres (15–25 in) and with temperatures rarely falling below −9 °C (16 °F). Due to
1156-609: Is dominated by the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range, covering 50.9% of the state's territory. Notable features formed by the mountain range include the Galeana and Doctor Arroyo plateaus, the Iguana, Picachos, Papagayos, and Santa Clara mountain ranges, and the Pilón, Ascensión, and Río Blanco valleys. Cerro Potosí , which is the state's highest elevation at 3,710 meters above sea level,
1224-545: Is part of the mountain range. The Great Plains is considered to start in the northernmost regions of Nuevo León, constituting 34.6% of the state's land. This area is characterized by gentle hills along the Rio Grande . In the east, the Northern Gulf Coastal Plains cover 14.5% of the state, featuring low-altitude lands classified as an "inclined plain" due to the alluvial terrain. The San Juan River , one of
1292-478: Is the thirteenth-largest federal entity by area and the seventh-most populous as of 2020. Monterrey , the state's capital, is the most populous city in Nuevo León and the ninth-largest in Mexico. Monterrey is part of the Monterrey metropolitan area , the second-largest metropolitan area in the country with an estimated population of 5.3 million people in 2020. About 92% of the state's population lives in
1360-430: The 13th largest federal entity by size in Mexico. The state is located in the northeastern part of Mexico and is bordered by Tamaulipas to the east, Coahuila to the west, both Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi to the south, and the U.S. state of Texas to the north. The state boasts a diverse geography, encompassing three key physiographic provinces in the northeast region. The state's southern and western scenery
1428-568: The Bridgestone Corporation announced the creation of the first tires made entirely of guayule rubber, having built an experimental farm and biorubber research center in Mesa, Arizona the previous year. The guayule is grown in Mesa and Eloy, Arizona . In 2022, IndyCar announced the use of eco-friendly guayule-derived rubber tires. In the 1980s, a surge of Type 1 latex allergy coincided with
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#17328590916971496-530: The Free and Sovereign State of Nuevo León ( Spanish : Estado Libre y Soberano de Nuevo León ) is a state in northeastern Mexico . The state borders the Mexican states of Tamaulipas , Coahuila , Zacatecas , and San Luis Potosi , and has an extremely narrow international border with the U.S. state of Texas . Covering 64,156 square kilometers (24,771 square miles) and with a population of 5.78 million people, Nuevo León
1564-491: The Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range, had access to fishing and limited agriculture. Due to their nomadic lifestyle, the communities never laid claim to land permanently, and they did not develop political hierarchies similar to the ones found in Mesoamerican societies. Consequently, governance within these tribes was absent, reflecting a decentralized social structure. In 1535, Alvaro Núñez Cabeza de Vaca led one of
1632-630: The State of Mexico . In this same period, 91,433 emigrated from Nuevo León to other states, where 14% went to San Luis Potosí, 12% to Coahuila, 11% to Tamaulipas, 8% to Veracruz, and 6% to the State of Mexico. Additionally, 22,271 emigrated to another country, with 75% opting for the United States. The three most common motivations for migration in the state were family reunification, employment opportunities, and marriage. (as of 2020) During pre-Hispanic times,
1700-560: The Trans Pecos region of southwestern Texas. It can also be found in the low desert regions of Arizona, New Mexico, and some parts of Southern California and the Mexican states of Zacatecas , Coahuila , Chihuahua , San Luis Potosí , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas and is able to be cultivated in similar climates around the world. Guayule breeding programs have been facilitated in order to domesticate, commercialize, and develop higher yielding cultivars. Selection of high-yielding guayule
1768-501: The deadliest hurricane in the state's history struck, resulting in around 3,000 deaths in Monterrey and at least $ 50 million (1909 USD; $ 1.7 billion 2024 USD) in damages. During the Mexican Revolution , Monterrey witnessed multiple attempts to seize control by different factions. In October 1913, Carrancista forces initially succeeded in seizing key locations such as the Obispado and
1836-738: The guayule ( / ɡ w aɪ ˈ uː l iː / or / w aɪ ˈ uː l eɪ / , as in Spanish ), is a perennial woody shrub in the family Asteraceae that is native to the rangeland area of the Chihuahuan Desert ; including the southwestern United States and northern Mexico . It was first documented by J.M. Bigelow in 1852 through the Mexican Boundary Survey and was first described by Asa Gray . Natural rubber, ethanol , non-toxic adhesives , and other specialty chemicals can be extracted from guayule. An alternative source of latex that
1904-552: The 800 million people with cars against the 800 million people with hunger problems," meaning that biofuels derived from food crops (like maize ) raise world food prices . Guayule can be an economically viable biofuel crop that does not increase the world's hunger problem. Guayule has another benefit over food crops as biofuel - it can be grown in areas where food crops struggle. Nuevo Le%C3%B3n [REDACTED] Blanca Judith Díaz Delgado Nuevo León ( Spanish: [ˈnweβo leˈon] ), officially
1972-480: The Brazilian rubber industry. Guayule would again become a replacement for Hevea tree-produced latex during World War II when Japan cut off America's Malaysian latex resources. The war ended before large-scale farming of the guayule plant began, and the project was scrapped, as it was cheaper to import tree-derived latex than to crush the shrubs for a smaller amount of latex. Currently, PanAridus and Yulex are
2040-553: The Nuevo León government in order to aid in the execution of the Plan of Ayutla , later supplying military assistance to the Liberals during the Reform War . As a means of consolidating power in northeastern Mexico, in 1856, Vidaurri unilaterally announced the annexation of Coahuila, forming the state of Nuevo León and Coahuila, which was later ratified into the 1857 Mexican Constitution after
2108-691: The Rio Grande's major tributaries , is one of the most important rivers in the state, as it supplies the El Cuchillo reservoir, which in turn provides water for the Monterrey metropolitan area . It is fed by many of its own tributaries, such as the Pesquería River and the Santa Catarina River [ es ] , with the latter flowing through the metropolitan area. The state also houses additional reservoirs to provide water to its residents. Among
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2176-458: The Southern region. The Monterrey metropolitan area, which is the most populous and dense region in the state, is made up of twelve municipalities: Monterrey , Apodaca , Guadalupe , General Escobedo , Juárez , San Nicolás de los Garza , García , Santa Catarina , San Pedro Garza García , Cadereyta Jiménez , Salinas Victoria , and Santiago . The ten largest cities in the state are located in
2244-589: The United States to export goods. Taking advantage of its small border with Texas, Colombia, Nuevo León was founded as a port of entry. By the end of the 20th century, the absolute political dominance of the Institutional Revolutionary Party , which had started in 1929, began to wane, resulting in the election of Fernando Canales Clariond of the National Action Party as governor in 1997. The early 21st century saw continued growth, with
2312-687: The Viceroy of New Spain to reorganize the New Kingdom of León, which established Nuevo Santander , resulting in the loss of present-day Tamaulipas. During the establishment of the Provincias Internas , the New Kingdom of León became part of the Eastern Internal Provinces, alongside the provinces of Coahuila, Nuevo Santander, and Texas. On 16 September 1810, the Cry of Dolores occurred, signaling
2380-672: The construction of the Government Palace , and the renovation of numerous plazas and markets. Additionally, in 1892, Reyes negotiated a land swap with Coahuila so that Nuevo León had access to the international border with Texas. Reyes' policies rapidly industrialized the state, overseeing the establishment of significant companies, including Cuauhtémoc brewery, later known as Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery , in 1900; Monterrey Foundry , now Fundidora Park , in 1904; Cementos Hidalgo, later known as Cemex , in 1905; and Vidrios y Cristales de Monterrey, later known as Vitro , in 1909. In 1909,
2448-558: The enactment of Las Siete Leyes in 1835, which dissolved the federal structure, replacing the state of Nuevo León with a department. In response to these centralist policies, a secessionist movement arose, resulting in the establishment of the Republic of the Rio Grande in 1840. This unrecognized republic encompassed the territories of Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and parts of southern Texas, with its capital in Laredo, Texas . However, after
2516-420: The first expeditions into Nuevo León territory. Colonization attempts began in 1577 under Alberto del Canto , who founded Santa Lucía in present-day Monterrey. However, these efforts failed due to indigenous raids, who were labeled as Indios Bárbaros by the colonizers. In 1579, Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva , a member of del Canto's expedition, returned to Spain and negotiated with King Philip II to establish
2584-537: The governor of Nueva Vizcaya removed the New Kingdom of León's jurisdiction over Coahuila and Texas, with the case citing Carvajal's illegal attempts to invade territories belonging to Nueva Vizcaya in the 1580s. The second loss was caused by pressure from the French incursions in Louisiana and requests from the New Kingdom of León to colonize the northeastern Mexican coast in order to pacify and convert its natives, prompting
2652-556: The guayule plant's production of terpene resins, which are natural pesticides, it is resistant to many pests and diseases. Nonetheless, its slow growth from seed means herbicides are needed for stand establishment. In the 1920s, the plant saw a brief and intense amount of agricultural research when the Intercontinental Rubber Company in California produced 1400 tons of rubber after South American Leaf Blight decimated
2720-625: The insurgency in the Provincias Internas. Despite these efforts, various counter-insurgency movements emerged in the territories, leading to the capture of key figures at the Wells of Baján in Coahuila. Afterwards, the movement encountered resistance among the population of the territory, as many were royalists. Some attribute this to the region's stronger ties to Spain and its high proportion of people of white or criollo ancestry, constituting 63% of
2788-453: The metropolitan area. Prior to European colonization, Nuevo León was home to various nomadic groups, known as chichimecas to the Spaniards. Stemming from Luis Carvajal y de la Cueva's expedition in 1580, the New Kingdom of León was established, encompassing present-day Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Texas, but permanent settlement did not occur until 1592. In 1824, Nuevo León became
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2856-420: The metropolitan area. The 2020 census determined that the population of Nuevo León was at 5,784,442, making it the seventh most populous state in the country . The state has experienced steady growth since the 1930s, with an average annual addition of 78,000 people from 1960 onwards. The most significant growth occurred between 2010 and 2020, during which approximately 1,100,000 people were added. 96% percent of
2924-636: The money to pursue campaigns against the Lipan Apache people . Revenues increased further during the American Civil War , as the Confederacy traded cotton through Nuevo León and Coahuila due to the Union blockade of their ports. On 14 February 1864, during the French intervention in Mexico , Benito Juárez visited Vidaurri to request revenue from the state's customshouses, but Vidaurri refused, suggesting
2992-499: The move in search for food. Predominantly reliant on hunting and gathering, many peoples traveled in small bands, establishing temporary settlements known as rancherías , which typically housed one or two families. These settlements consisted of semispherical huts constructed from interwoven branches and thatched roofs. Those situated near rivers, such as the Salinas river, or in regions with more temperate climates, like areas near or within
3060-536: The national constituent congress. In the 1824 Constitution of Mexico, the name of the entity was shortened to Nuevo León, its present-day name, and it was made a state of the First Mexican Republic . Mier organized the establishment of the local legislature , which drafted and enacted the state's first constitution on 5 March 1825. Once the federal system was established, internal divisions between federalist and centralist factions emerged, eventually leading to
3128-474: The natives' resistance or deadly diseases spread by the Spaniards, while others thrived with Tlaxcalan reinforcement. The New Kingdom of León asserted claims over regions in present-day Coahuila , Nuevo León, Tamaulipas , and Texas . However, throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, the province experienced territorial losses. In 1643, a successful lawsuit brought to the Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara by
3196-697: The natives. Evangelization served as a key instrument of Spanish colonization and cultural assimilation, with numerous friars arriving in the New Kingdom of León during the 17th and 18th centuries to convert the natives. In 1602, the first Franciscan convent in Monterrey was established, named the convent of San Andrés. Throughout the colonial period, a total of twenty missions were established, of which ten are present-day municipalities of Nuevo León, including Salinas Victoria (Mission Guadalupe de las Salinas ), Agualeguas (Mission Nuestra Señora de Agualeguas ), and Guadalupe (Mission Valle de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe ), among others. Some missions failed due to
3264-432: The only commercial producers of guayule natural rubber in the world. Yulex have partnered with Patagonia who are now making its Yulex wetsuit from Guayule derived plant stems in a 60/40 blend (60% guayule, 40% neoprene ), reducing dependence on conventional neoprene. In 2011, Howard Colvin led a successful $ 6.9 million DOE-funded Biomass R&D Initiative to produce and test an all-guayule tire. In October 2015,
3332-463: The population according to the Revillagigedo census of 1790. The council of Monterrey, which was the capital and biggest city of the New Kingdom of León, remained loyal to Spain until Joaquín de Arredondo , the commandant of the Eastern Internal Provinces, endorsed the Plan of Iguala on 3 July 1821. After Mexican independence, Fray Servando Teresa de Mier represented the New Kingdom of León in
3400-529: The proteins related to latex allergies. In 1997, a process to make hypoallergenic guayule latex was licensed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to the Yulex Corporation . Guayule's viability as a potential biofuel has been enhanced recently in light of commentary from a variety of experts, including Lester R. Brown of the Earth Policy Institute , stating that "[food based] biofuels pit
3468-552: The rapid industrialization and urbanization, the state faced environmental concerns, such as poor air quality and water shortages, the latter caused by droughts. The Mexican drug war led to a significant decline in security within the state, marked by several massacres during the war's initial phases, notable examples being the 2011 Monterrey casino attack and the Cadereyta Jiménez massacre . Covering an area of 64,156 square kilometers (24,771 square miles), Nuevo León ranks as
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#17328590916973536-465: The region remained mostly uninhabited by the Spaniards. In 1596, Diego de Montemayor , accompanied by twelve families, sought to repopulate the New Kingdom of León. On 20 September, he established the Ciudad Metropolitana de Nuestra Señora de Monterrey , marking Monterrey's third and definitive founding. During this period, despite the majority of the population being concentrated in Monterrey,
3604-463: The region the New Kingdom of León , in honor of the Kingdom of León , as Carvajal noted various similarities between both territories, particularly their mountainous terrains. Following Mexican independence, the name was shortened to Nuevo León. Prior to European colonization, there was no established nation-state. Historians estimate that there were about 250 distinct indigenous nomad groups living in
3672-463: The rest of the 20th century, Nuevo León's economy underwent continued industrialization. Major families, holding majority shares in the state's largest companies, such as the Cuauhtémoc brewery, Monterrey Foundry, and Cementos Hidalgo, strategically reinvested their profits into diverse sectors, aiding in the expansion of both the industrial and banking sectors. By the 1980s, 91% of the employed population
3740-471: The significant ones are the Cerro Prieto, La Boca, Agualeguas, Sombreretillo, El Porvenir, and Loma Larga reservoirs. Nuevo León is located at the intersection of various climate zones , these being hot desert, hot semi-arid, cold semi-arid, and humid subtropical climates. The majority of the state, including most of the Monterrey metropolitan area , has a hot semi-arid climate , while the northern part of
3808-426: The start of Mexican War of Independence. However, it took until 29 September for news of this event to reach the New Kingdom of León due to its geographical isolation from the rest of New Spain. In January 1811, the governor of the New Kingdom of León, Manuel de Santa María, joined the insurgency after the royalist defeat at the Battle of Aguanueva and José Mariano Jiménez's arrival in Monterrey, who arrived to spread
3876-603: The state has a hot desert climate due to its proximity to the Chihuahuan desert . Some southern portions of the state have a humid subtropical climate due to the Sierra Madre Oriental mountain range. The state typically encounters arid, hot summers, with peak temperatures in the hottest regions soaring to 47 °C. As summer progresses, the climate transitions into a wet season, primarily observed in August and September, marked by increased rainfall. During these periods of rainfall,
3944-406: The state have been Tropical Storm Fernand in 2019 and Hurricane Hanna in 2020. Pinus pseudostrobus is the tree with largest volume per hectare in southern Nuevo León. Nuevo's León is divided into 51 municipalities (municipios) . These municipalities are categorized into five regions, these being the Monterrey metropolitan area , Peripheral region, Citrícola region, Northern region, and
4012-562: The state's territory, collectively known to the Spaniards as chicimecas . Archaeological remains, such as cave paintings and carved stones, enabled historians to identify four main indigenous groups that inhabited the state: the Coahuiltecans to the west, Alazapas to the north, the " Borrados " to the east, and the Guachichiles to the south. Like numerous groups across Aridoamerica , the indigenous peoples of Nuevo León were constantly on
4080-579: The state, placing it sixth nationwide. About 48% of these units have two bedrooms, and more than 95% of the units have running water, sewage systems, and electric power. In 2020, Nuevo León had 49,500 foreign-born residents, with 46.8% from the United States , 12% from Venezuela , and 8.9% from Honduras . Between 2015 and 2020, 277,369 people immigrated to Nuevo León from other Mexican states, with 24% originating from Veracruz , 15% from Tamaulipas , 11% from San Luis Potosí , 6% from Coahuila , and 5% from
4148-527: The state. The increased precipitation often results in the overflow of the state's rivers, most notably the Santa Catarina River, leading to fatalities and significant damage to urban infrastructure. Notable examples of this include the 1909 Monterrey hurricane , causing about 3,000 fatalities in Monterrey; Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 with approximately 150 fatalities; and Hurricane Alex in 2010, which caused 15 deaths. Additional storms that have impacted
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#17328590916974216-415: The temperature drops significantly, leading to lower than average temperatures. The state experiences mild winters with average high temperatures around 21 °C and lows around 8 °C. Notably, regions next to or situated on the mountain ranges have lower mean temperatures compared to the rest of the state during the winter months, which may cause occasional light snowfall in the winter. While snowfall
4284-418: The top of the plant. The densely haired leaves are covered with white wax to help prevent drying. The plant has an extensive root system, which lends to its drought resistance. One taproot extends down, while lateral roots extend from the taproot to the side. In some plants, lateral roots are longer than the taproot while in other plants, the opposite is true. U.S. indigenous populations of guayule occur in
4352-417: The total population occupies urban areas, significantly surpassing the national average of 79%, while only 4% live in rural areas. As of 2024, Nuevo León ranks first in the country by life expectancy , with a life expectancy of 77.7, surpassing the national average of 75.5. In 2019, the primary causes of death were heart disease, malignant tumors, and diabetes. Nuevo León's population density as of 2020
4420-423: The town remained small and isolated from other important towns like Saltillo and Zacatecas . Life for the early inhabitants was marked by poverty, with agriculture and livestock farming being the primary occupations, focused solely on self-consumption. The establishment of Spanish settlements in the northern part of the territory were hindered by Coahuiltecan attacks, mostly in response to Spanish slave raids on
4488-556: Was founded in 1983, resulting in the development of numerous shopping complexes throughout the region, such as Plaza Fiesta San Agustín in 1988. To meet the population's urban transport needs, the government inaugurated Metrorrey , Monterrey's light rapid transit system, in 1991. In 1994, the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement cemented Nuevo León's position as a manufacturing hub with an export-oriented economy, capitalizing on its close proximity to
4556-499: Was in the secondary and tertiary sectors. The industrial surge led to remarkable population growth, soaring from 417,491 in 1930 to 3,098,736 in 1990. Monterrey's urban sprawl surpassed city limits by the 1970s, extending into adjacent municipalities like Guadalupe, San Pedro Garza García, Santa Catarina, San Nicolás, General Escobedo, and Apodaca. The 1960s witnessed the construction of the state's first high-rise, Condominios Acero . The state's first shopping mall, Galerías Monterrey ,
4624-412: Was to take the city in order to advance toward Mexico City . The battle inflicted heavy casualties on both sides. By 24 September, a truce was brokered between the opposing generals, stipulating a two-month armistice and the withdrawal of Mexican forces from the city in exchange for its surrender. The state remained under U.S. occupation until 18 June 1848. In 1855, Santiago Vidaurri seized control of
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