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70-465: The xeremia has a distinctively bright and piercing sound, which has traditionally accompanied festivals and other activities in the islands throughout history. The name xeremia is of French origin. The Old French word chalemie over time became charemie . This is related to the influence of Occitania during the Kingdom of Aragon , as Catalan was quite strong from the year 531 to approximately 1131, as

140-514: A doublet of the word Occident formed in the Lower Empire , giving it the original meaning of "western regions", and not a region where (necessarily) the Occitan language was spoken. Like the Occitan language, Occitania has been designated under various successive names. The terms are not exclusive: one can find authors who use different terms in the same time period. Occitania or Pays d'Oc are

210-530: A collection of laws of the ancien régime , it only becomes current at 19th century. Thus, the duke of Angoulême conspired with a view to the establishment of a Kingdom of Occitania or of a Vice-Royalty of Occitania at the time of the Restoration. The term was popularized by the publications of Raynouard and Rochegude , and known in its contemporary sense by the English historian Sharon Turner . It appeared in

280-623: A contiguous and compact Occitan-speaking territory is currently the most widespread. Northern Italy and the Catalan Countries were also homes of troubadour using the Koiné Occitan literary. In the same way, the Basque Country and Aragon benefited from Occitan stands , old or newer, which notably gave rise to the appearance of an Occitan dialect south of the Pyrenees. We can also note

350-904: A linguistic and cultural concept since the Middle Ages . The territory was united in Roman times as the Seven Provinces ( Latin : Septem Provinciae ) and in the Early Middle Ages ( Aquitanica or the Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse , or the share of Louis the Pious following Thionville divisio regnorum in 806 ). Currently, the region has a population of 16 million, and between 200,000 and 800,000 people are either native or proficient speakers of Occitan. More commonly, French , Piedmontese , Catalan , Spanish and Italian are spoken. Since 2006,

420-448: A procession of Saint Dionysius contained "two trumpeters, two tabalers , and bagpipe." After 1335, there are frequent mentions of the xeremia in records. Following this period, the pipes became even more widespread, becoming popular among shepherds and beggars, although in a primitive form. During the reign of Alfonso V of Aragon and IV of Catalonia, called The Magnanimous the instrument spread, along with other cultural trappings, to

490-533: A simple and primitive instrument. Though it faded from popularity in other Catalan territories, this was not the case of the Balearic Islands where isolation and a predominantly rural population preserved the instrument within the culture. The xeremia , close relative of the sac de gemecs , maintains its popularity in the culture of the Baleares even as native bagpiping traditions across Europe went into decline. At

560-701: A southern third of France (commonly known as Midi , including Monaco ), the Occitan Valleys and Guardia Piemontese , in Italy , as well as the Val d'Aran , in Spain . The practice of Occitan is not the same uniformly throughout the territory. In addition, there is a linguistic transition area in the north called Croissant where the terms of d'oil and Occitan interfere strongly (see Croissant ). Instead, some territories are not generally considered to be part of Occitania according to

630-400: Is a flabiol made to be played with the same fingering as the gralla , an instrument used in traditional music such as that played during castells performances. This is helpful for children and others as it is easier to play than the gralla, helping them learn skills that can be transferred to the gralla later. It is also useful for gralla players to practise at home or otherwise indoors where

700-663: Is a small part of Occitania. The extent of Occitania may vary according to the criteria used: On the other hand one always speaks Occitan in the French Basque Country and in the Catalan Countries (the Val d'Aran and the Fenolheda ), and internal allophone enclaves (Petite Gavacharie of Poitevin-Saintongeais language, ancient Ligurian enclaves of eastern Provence, the quasi-Ligurian-Occitan enclave of Monaco ...). This leads to variations in whether small internal or external enclaves are taken into account. The definition of

770-596: Is defined by language for 95% of people, culture (94%), characterization by a common history (69%), an ethnic group (50%), a nation (20%). Occitania, as defined by the modern Occitan linguistic territory, covers most of the current Southern France , the Alpine valleys of the Western Piedmont , in Italy , Val d'Aran in Spain and Monaco an area of approximately 190,000 km2. It had about fifteen million inhabitants in 1999 with about 20% inhabitants born outside

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840-553: Is defined by the diffusion and learning of these same tunes. There are pieces documented shortly following the conquest of the island by the kingdom of Aragón such as the danzas de los cossiers de Montuïri , Algaida , Manacor and Pollença or the Cavallets danced in Felanitx , Pollença and Artà . There are also the dances of Sant Joan Pelós (or Sant Joan Pelut ), the Moratons ,

910-504: Is known as sac de gemecs . The first reliable evidence of bagpipes in the Iberian Peninsula dates to the Middle Ages . The first written reference dates to the 9th century, in a letter from Saint Jerome to Dardanus : "The chorus is a simple leather hide with two brass tubes. The player blows into one, and the chorus emits the sound through the other". The influence of the court of Aragon and particularly that of Catalonia in

980-459: Is normally played by the left hand while the player uses the right hand to beat a small drum (called tamborí ) attached to the left elbow. All sardanes played by a cobla begin with a short introduction ( introit ) from the flabiol which is terminated by a single tap of the tamborí . Its traditional geographic zone extends from the south of Catalonia to the Roussillon area of France, and from

1050-415: Is not a monolithic language with for example a single dictionary where each speaker finds exactly their vocabulary, but a juxtaposition of dialects. Also, many studies have focused on the differences between Provençal, Languedoc, etc. We must also remember the many common features of the Occitan cultural space , which are generally considered partisans. Robert Lafont develops this idea in the introduction of

1120-448: Is obvious is his general inscription in the Occitan family[...] that loves vertical structures, the state or the church." Finally, for André Armengaud, these common social characteristics make it possible to write a historical synthesis. But since 1979, no other "History of Occitan" has been undertaken. If the term Occitania appeared in French from the mid-16th century, then in 1732 in

1190-584: Is probably an imitation of the name [Aqu] itania (Aquitaine). The term Occitania is a synonym for Languedoc and the Mediterranean coast in the Middle Ages. The first attestation of the use of Occitanie in French dates from 1556. The first certificate of Occitania in Italy dates 1549. In German , the word Occitania was found in 1572. All of the Occitan language countries have had various designations throughout history. The word Occitania has been

1260-733: Is that of Roman Law which is better maintained in the Occitan Early Middle Ages society than in Northern France thanks to the promulgations of Visigoth and Burgundians laws. From the mid-11th century, the teaching of the Corpus Juris Civilis taken shortly after Bologna in the universities of Toulouse, Montpellier, Avignon, Perpignan... will promote a massive renaissance of Roman Law in Occitania. With regard to education: Pierre Goubert and Daniel Roche write, to explain

1330-530: Is the historical region in Southern Europe where the Occitan language was historically spoken and where it is sometimes used as a second language. This cultural area roughly encompasses much of the southern third of France (except the French Basque Country and French Catalonia ) as well as part of Spain ( Aran Valley ), Monaco , and parts of Italy ( Occitan Valleys ). Occitania has been recognized as

1400-613: Is used particularly in a historical sense and anthropological by designating a region extending north to the Loire , ignoring contemporary linguistic boundaries. In a book written by experts in medieval history, are included in Occitania of the year 1000 both the provinces of the north (now mainly in Poitou-Charentes) and Catalonia (without the Balearic Islands and the Valencian country) – p. 484 . The seven-pointed star , adopted as emblem by

1470-404: Is usually abbreviated to a mitja cobla ("half cobla") or colla consisting of only a xeremia and a flabiol (regional tabor pipe ) and tambor or tamboret (drum). Coblas may take the form of: Given the long history of the instrument, the repertoire of the xeremia is likewise wide, even more so in the context of the colla . There are two distinct periods of xeremia repertoire: during

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1540-623: The Treasury of Felibritge and in the statutes of this organization in 1911. In the Interwar period , a Felibritgan school, the Escòla Occitana was created in 1919 in the Toulousean Languedoc. The Institute of Occitan Studies was born in 1930. These initiatives (as well as others) remain closely linked, notably because of the dual membership of their main animators at Felibritge . After

1610-510: The Ardèche , the southern Isère and some fringes of the Loire ) and Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur . In the Centre-Val de Loire Occitan is spoken in some communes in southern Cher and Indre. Occitanie Maps The geographical delimitation of Occitania most commonly accepted was specified between 1876—beginning of research on the linguistic boundaries —and the 20th century. Occitania roughly covers

1680-501: The Felibritge symbolized the seven provinces of Occitania, one of which was Catalan. Occitanie is indeed divided by this association into seven maintenances (sections) of which one was that of Catalonia-Roussillon. In 2016, the name Occitanie is used for the French administrative region Languedoc-Roussillon-Midi-Pyrénées which is located on part of the traditional Occitania and includes

1750-463: The Frankish Empire , Occitania was split into different counties , duchies and kingdoms , bishops and abbots . Since then, the country has never been politically united, although Occitania remained intact through a common culture. Nonetheless, Occitania suffered a tangle of varying loyalties to nominal sovereigns: from the 9th to the 13th centuries, the dukes of Aquitaine , the counts of Foix ,

1820-672: The Indis and the Balls de Cintes , these last of which have almost disappeared. Along with these, there are other tunes such as jotas and boleros such as pasodobles , rumbas , waltzes , etc. The term " xeremia " has a role in the popular speech of Majorca. Several phrases and proverbs refer to the instrument: Occitania Occitania ( Occitan : Occitània [utsiˈtanjɔ, uksiˈtanjɔ] , locally [u(k)siˈtanjɔ] , [ukʃiˈtanja] or [u(k)siˈtanja] ; French : Occitanie [ɔksitani] )

1890-510: The Occitan language has been an official language in Catalonia , which includes the Aran Valley , where Occitan gained official status in 1990. At the time of the Roman empire, most of Occitania was known as Aquitania . The territories conquered early were known as Provincia Romana (see modern Provence ), while the northern provinces of what is now France were called Gallia ( Gaul ). Under

1960-545: The Papacy in the beginning of the 13th century. The great defeat resulting from the Battle of Muret (1213) and the subsequent Treaty of Corbeil (1258) ratified the loss of Catalan influence in Occitania and its gradual replacement by the French dynasty of the House of Capet . Regarding to linguistic affinity and closeness, after some early Romance-language scholars considered them to be

2030-595: The Principality of Catalonia nor the Catalan Countries have ever been part of Occitania. On the contrary, from the 11th century the Catalan expansion towards the Occitan regions of Languedoc and Provence (through family ties of feudal nobility) gave rise to a long-term confrontation between the countal dynasties of Barcelona and Toulouse , but finally they had to ally against the Cathar Crusade promoted by France and

2100-574: The Roussillon . Occitania comes from the medieval Latin Occitania . The first part of the name, Occ- , comes from Occitan òc and the expression langue d'oc , in Italian lingua d'oc . It is an appellation promoted by Dante Alighieri of Occitan by the way of saying "yes" in Old Occitan-Catalan ; as opposed to the "langue de si" (Italian) and the "langue d'oïl" (Old French). The ending -itania

2170-678: The Second World War , the creation of the Institute of Occitan Studies was presided over by a resistant (at a time when the Felibritge like the SEO were tainted by lawsuits of collaboration), but above all its action in terms of linguistic reform, particularly its desire to adapt the classical norm to Provençal , marked a break with a large fraction of the Felibritge François Fontan created

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2240-503: The counts of Toulouse and the Counts of Barcelona competed for control over the various pays of Occitania. Occitan literature flourished during this time period: in the 12th and 13th centuries, the troubadours invented courtly love ( fin'amor ), and the Lenga d'Òc spread throughout European cultivated circles; the terms Lenga d'Òc , Occitan , and Occitania first appeared at the end of

2310-409: The "History and Anthology of Occitan Literature". The reference to troubadours is essential. This socio-linguistic argument is modulated according to the authors but it is accepted by all the current scholarship, including the authors who speak of "domain d'oc", since by definition, their study of the d'oc domain rests on the consciousness of the existence of a common culture. The different speakers of

2380-495: The 13th century. From the 13th to the 17th centuries, the kings of France gradually conquered Occitania. By the end of the 15th century, the nobility and bourgeoisie had started learning French, while the peasantry generally continued to speak Occitan; this process began from the 13th century in the two northernmost regions, northern Limousin and Bourbonnais. In 1539, Francis I issued the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts that imposed

2450-546: The Balearic Islands and the cultural exchanges on both sides of the Pyrenees together with Catalan hegemony in Occitania , which had been a strong cultural center, caused an increase the number of bards and minstrels increased. In 1209 there was a massive migration of bards and minstrels fleeing Occitania, due to repression by the northern French monarchs, encouraged by Pope Innocent III . Bagpipes became prominent in those areas where

2520-523: The Catalan nation. Occitania includes the following regions: Occitan or langue d'oc ( lenga d'òc ) is a Latin -based Romance language in the same way as Spanish , Italian or French . There are six main regional varieties, with easy inter-comprehension among them: Provençal (including Niçard spoken in the vicinity of Nice ), Vivaroalpenc , Auvernhat , Lemosin , Gascon (including Bearnés spoken in Béarn ) and Lengadocian . All these varieties of

2590-531: The Early Middle Ages, under the Visigothic Kingdom and several Merovingian and Carolingian sovereigns. In the year 805 in Thionville , Charlemagne declared the partition of his empire into three autonomous territories along linguistic and cultural boundaries: what is now modern Occitania was to be formed from the reunion of a broader Provence and Aquitaine. Instead, however, at the 9th century division of

2660-518: The Eastern strip of Aragon to the Balearic islands , where it is used as solo instrument with its own melodies. Apart from being in the cobla for the performance of sardanes, the flabiol is also found in the reduced version of the cobla known as cobla of three quarters formed of one tarota or tible , a flabiol and a sac de gemecs ( bagpipes ). A specific type of flabiol is the flabiol de gralla . This

2730-517: The Occitan cultural centre expanded through the means of minstrels and bards, throughout the territory that would later be known as Catalonia . The instrument's name may be used in the singular or in the plural and has several variants, depending on the location. In Ibiza the instrument exists only without a bag, but is called also Xeremia . In the Balearic Islands it is called xeremia , xirimia , xeremies or xirimies while in Catalonia it

2800-1052: The Occitan language are written and valid. Standard Occitan is a synthesis which respects soft regional adaptations. Catalan is a language very similar to Occitan and there are quite strong historical and cultural links between Occitania and Catalonia . The regions of Ancien Régime that make up Occitania are the following: Auvergne (Auvèrnhe), Forez (west and south fringe), Bourbonnais (southern half), Couserans (Coserans), Dauphiné (southern half), County of Foix (County of Fois), County of Nice (County of Nissa), Périgord (Peiregòrd), Gascony , Guyenne (Guiana), Languedoc (Lengadòc), Angoumois (eastern end), Limousin (Lemosin), Poitou (Poetou) (southeastern extremity), La Marche (la Marcha), Provence (Provença), Comtat Venaissin (lo Comtat Venaicin), Velay , Vivarais (Vivarés). Traditional Occitan Provinces (currently in France): X. Bourbonnais (southern half) – approx. 3,200 km2 (est.) The administrative regions covering Occitania are

2870-465: The administration until the French Revolution of 1789. It was taken up again in the 19th century by the literary association of Felibritge then it is again claimed since the 20th century, especially since the end of the 1960s. According to Frédéric Mistral's dictionary " Treasury of Felibritge ", the term Occitania is sometimes used by scholars to describe Southern France in general but mainly for

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2940-586: The courts of Aragon and Catalonia had influence. When James I the Conqueror , conquered Majorca and Ibiza and repopulated those lands with his vassals of Catalan origin, they brought the bagpipes with them: the sac de gemecs , from which the Mallorcan xeremia ( xeremia mallorquina ) is derived. In the archive of the Crown of Aragon there is a document from the year 1343 that names one Joan Mascum, bagpipe minstrel to

3010-442: The end of the 20th century, several folkloric and cultural groups were working for the instrument's continued survival and expansion. The evolution of the xeremia may be divided into two periods. Between the 12th and 16th centuries conviven instrumentos con "trompa" o sin ella. From the 16th century onwards its form resembled that of the modern variant, with the drones atop the instrument. The direct relation between this pipe and

3080-419: The family known as fipple flutes . It is one of the 12 instruments of the cobla . The flabiol measures about 25 centimeters in length and has five or six holes on its front face and three underneath. The two main types are the dry flabiol without keys, usually made of a hardwood such as bubinga , and the keyed flabiol, used in coblas for sardana dances and in other folk music ensembles. The flabiol

3150-452: The first overtly Occitan nationalist party in 1959. In France, Occitania has been confronted with a problem of recognition of Occitan since 1992; the French is the only "language of the Republic". In 1994, it was made compulsory in the public space (places of commerce and work, public transport, etc.) and in the administration (laws, regulations, documents, judgments, etc.). In 2015, with

3220-428: The first transmission of tunes was "closed", with each pair of pipers maintaining a fixed repertoire and without introducing new pieces, which also impeded other pipers from adopting their own, to the degree that pipers would refuse to play in front of other collas , in order to prevent their songs from being copied. This period caused the wide divergence of musical styles between communities of pipers. The second period

3290-621: The following: Occitanie region (except the Pyrénées-Orientales where a majority speak Catalan , although the Fenouillèdes region, in the North-West of the department, that is to say of Occitan language and culture), Nouvelle-Aquitaine (except the peripheries where one speaks basque , poitevin and saintongeais ), Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (in the southern half, namely almost all the Drôme and

3360-489: The former province of Languedoc. The langue d'oc is a territorialized language, that is to say, spoken mainly on a territory whose boundaries can be described. This part attempts to describe the origins of the Occitanie concept, the different names that this territory has taken and the creation of the modern concept of Occitania. The speakers of the Occitan language do not use a single meaning of their language because Occitan

3430-417: The historical use of an Occitan scripta as official language. The name Occitanie appeared in the Middle Ages on the basis of a geographical, linguistic and cultural concept, to designate the part of the French royal domain speaking the langue d’oc. Its current definition is variable. In the most common usage, Occitania designates the territory where the Occitan has remained in use until today, within

3500-564: The king, from Majorca in reference to king James III . Further, it is known that the minstrels of the king of Mallorca brought to the court of Peter IV the ceremonial playing of the bagpipe through the city of Tortosa in the year 1353. There are further reports that bagpipers from a variety of nations would congregate, especially during Lent . Similar pipes are attested in Barcelona as early as 1119, and in Valencia in 1258. Reports state that

3570-408: The kingdom's possessions in the Mediterranean. Reports from 1420 indicate that the court of Naples included players of the xalamies . It is in the 19th century that the instrument was modified, becoming more like the xeremia we know today. The evolution of other instruments had marginalized the bagpipes, whose range was only a single octave. As it was difficult to modernize the pipes, they remained

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3640-594: The language share many common traits (tonic accentuation, close vocabulary, frequent use of the subjunctive, etc.) that allow mutual understanding. For Occitanists, this intercomprehension means that Occitan is one language; for others, it means that these languages are very close but all agree that the speakers in this defined space understand each other. The social characteristics of Occitania are not eternal and intangible because factors of endogenous mutations and European influences, especially of Northern France, can blur these social peculiarities. The best studied example

3710-412: The late 13th century. The somewhat uncommon ending of the term Occitania is most likely from a French clerk who joined the òc [ɔk] and Aquitània [ɑkiˈtanjɑ] in a portmanteau term, thus blending the language and the land in just one concept. On 28 September 2016, Occitanie became the name of an administrative region that succeeded the regions of Midi-Pyrénées and Languedoc-Roussillon ; it

3780-460: The late Roman empire, both Aquitania and Provincia Romana were grouped in the Seven Provinces or Viennensis. Provence and Gallia Aquitania (or Aquitanica ) have been in use since medieval times for Occitania (i.e. Limousin , Auvergne , Languedoc and Gascony ). The historic Duchy of Aquitaine should not be confused with the modern French region called Aquitaine : this is a reason why

3850-408: The limits defined between 1876 and the 20th century. If Occitan language and culture are almost always associated with it, we also find references to a common history, an ethnic group, a homeland, to a people or to a nation . The first sociological study in the Occitan language to learn how the Occitan define themselves was started in 1976. The survey shows that the Occitan reality

3920-415: The loud sound of the gralla would disturb others. The flabiol is a transposing instrument in the key of F, and the played notes sound an eleventh ( octave and a perfect fourth ) higher than those written. The Flabiol requires special playing skill, because it is generally played only with the left hand, using the thumb and the first three fingers, with the little finger able to play a tone hole under

3990-399: The low literacy in Occitania in the 18th century, that there exists in these territories a confidence maintained in the old vulgar languages. The relations to education are today completely reversed between Northern and Southern France thanks to the anthropological imprint of the family strain . From a demographic point of view, the influence of the family was still felt in 2007 because of

4060-451: The modern definition: Written texts in Occitan appeared in the 10th century: it was first used in legal texts, and then in literary, scientific, and religious texts. Spoken dialects of Occitan are many centuries older and appeared as soon as the 8th century, at least, as revealed through toponyms and Occitanized words left in Latin manuscripts. Occitania was often politically united during

4130-546: The most frequently used terms today. However the term Provence is still used when the Felibritge sing the Copa Santa for example during the annual festival of Estello . The term "Occitania" now covers a linguistic region. This meaning was used in medieval times attested since 1290. On 29 May 1308, during the Council of Poitiers, it appears that the king of France was declared to reign over two nations: one of lingua gallica and

4200-542: The name of the region, organized by the Regional Council Languedoc-Roussillon-Midi-Pyrénées took place in spring 2016 to give a name to the new region regrouping Midi-Pyrenees and Languedoc-Roussillon . Occitanie came first (44.90% of the vote), with 91,598 voters. Second was Languedoc-Pyrenees with 17.81% of the votes, then Pyrenees-Mediterranean (15.31%), Occitanie-Catalan Country (12.15%) and finally Languedoc (10.01%). This new region

4270-575: The other of lingua occitana. This partition between Occitan language and langue d'oïl in the Gallo-Roman space is very ancient since it started with Romanisation itself. In 1381, the King Charles VI of France considered that his kingdom comprised two parts: the country of langue d'oc , or Occitania, and the oil-language country or Ouytanie " Quas in nostro Regno occupare solebar tam in linguae Occitanae quam Ouytanae ". "Occitania" remained in force in

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4340-404: The prospect of creating a large region gathering " Midi-Pyrénées " and " Languedoc-Roussillon ", the name "Occitanie" came at the head of an online survey organized by the regional press (23% of the 200,000 voting, in front of "Occitanie-Pays catalan" 20%). Note, however, a variable support rate depending on the geographical origin of the voters. As part of the territorial reform, a consultation on

4410-445: The sac de gemecs is still reflected in that the only major difference between the two pipes is that all the drones of the sac de gemecs sound, whereas two of the three xeremia drones are often dummy drones for aesthetic purposes, with only one of the three actually functional. The xeremia is generally played within an ensemble known as the cobla de tres quartans , known popularly through the Ses Xeremies . In actuality, this ensemble

4480-424: The same language, Catalan intellectuals (among them Pompeu Fabra and Joan Coromines ) solemnly proclaimed in a 1934 manifesto that Catalan was a distinct language from Occitan, as established by the common consensus of current scientific linguistics. Moreover, the Parliament of Catalonia passed in 2015 a law recognizing Aran Valley 's "national identity", understood as an "Occitan national reality" apart from

4550-415: The small number of families with many children. In politics, many debates have also taken place around the expression Red Southern coined by Maurice Agulhon to find out if the "pays d'oc" was more " republic " than the northern half of France. Emmanuel Todd analyzing the regions that voted for Jean-Luc Mélenchon , calling himself a "Republican" in the 2012 presidential elections, declares that " what

4620-420: The subject of whimsical etymologies (for example, Languedoc was formerly understood as "land of the Goths" or "language of the Goths" ), as well as the rapprochement to the Occitan language exemplified in the names of the regions Languedoc and Occitania, we find in La Minerve Française , a collective work published in Paris in 1818, a history of name-changes of the provinces which reveals the word Occitanie to be

4690-420: The term Occitania was revived in the mid-19th century. The terms "Occitania" and "Occitan language" ( Occitana lingua ) appeared in Latin texts from as early as 1242–1254 to 1290 and during the early 14th century; texts exist in which the area is referred indirectly as "the country of the Occitan language" ( Patria Linguae Occitanae ). The name Lenga d'òc was used in Italian ( Lingua d'òc ) by Dante in

4760-418: The territory and about 20% of natives who left. On the other hand, in the absence of a linguistic census, we only imperfectly know the number of speakers of Occitan. If the preceding notions are generally limited to the modern linguistic boundaries of Occitan, this term can also be used to designate a larger territory. The term "Occitania" becomes commonplace more and more in the vocabulary of scientists. It

4830-431: The use of French in administration. But despite measures such as this, a strong feeling of national identity against the French occupiers remained as Jean Racine wrote on a trip to Uzès in 1662: "What they call France here is the land beyond the Loire , which to them is a foreign country." Flabiol The flabiol ( Catalan pronunciation: [fləβiˈɔl] ) is a Catalan woodwind musical instrument of

4900-416: Was renamed Occitanie (with the subtitle Pyrenees-Mediterranean ), according to the vote of the regional councillors on June 24, 2016, and after final validation by the Government of France and Conseil d'État . Despite the historic and political dependencies between the 10th and 13th centuries that eventually led to the creation of a common Occitan-Catalan cultural environment during Middle Ages, neither

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