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45-499: It refers to a silver chalice the Catalan félibres offered their Provençal counterparts on July 30, 1867 during a Banquet held in Avignon to thank them for hiding Victor Balaguer , a poet from Barcelona who'd sought political asylum out of Spain. The cup was made by Guillaume Fulconis and the silversmith Jarry. The cup is traditionally entrusted to the capolièr , who presides over

90-538: A chalice is a standing cup used to hold sacramental wine during the Eucharist (also called the Lord's Supper or Holy Communion). Chalices are often made of precious metal, and they are sometimes richly enamelled and jewelled . Generally they have no handles. Chalices have been used since the early Church . Because of Jesus ' command to his disciples to "Do this in remembrance of me." ( Luke 22:19 ), and Paul 's account of

135-667: A derivation of "taking the Lord's name in vain". With reference to the Hussite movement in the Kingdom of Bohemia , besides religious use, the chalice also became one of the unofficial national symbols of the Czechs . It is frequently used in Czech national symbolism and it is part of many historical banners. Ambrosia In the ancient Greek myths , ambrosia ( / æ m ˈ b r oʊ z i ə , - ʒ ə / , Ancient Greek : ἀμβροσία 'immortality' )

180-655: A flame inside a chalice. A flaming chalice is the most widely used symbol of Unitarianism and Unitarian Universalism (UU), and the official logo of the Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA) and other Unitarian and UU churches and societies. The design was originated by the artist Hans Deutsch, who took his inspiration from the chalices of oil burned on ancient Greek and Roman altars . It became an underground symbol in occupied Europe during World War II for assistance to help Unitarians, Jews, and other people escape Nazi persecution. The chalice

225-601: A food (such as honey ). The consumption of ambrosia was typically reserved for divine beings. Upon his assumption into immortality on Olympus, Heracles is given ambrosia by Athena , while the hero Tydeus is denied the same thing when the goddess discovers him eating human brains. In one version of the myth of Tantalus , part of Tantalus' crime is that after tasting ambrosia himself, he attempts to steal some to give to other mortals. Those who consume ambrosia typically have ichor , not blood, in their veins. Both nectar and ambrosia are fragrant, and may be used as perfume : in

270-507: A foot or base; handles were probably optional. The Greek kylix , at least as defined by modern authorities, was a far wider and more shallow bowl on some sort of stem, with two horizontal handles. It is the most common wine cup seen in paintings of symposium drinking parties. Gradually the term became more or less restricted to cups for liturgical use. In Roman Catholicism , Eastern Orthodox Church , Oriental Orthodoxy , Anglicanism , Lutheranism and some other Christian denominations ,

315-473: A goblet shape, with Paris goblet as a trade term for basic rounded wineglasses. The modern French term gobelet has developed differently, and is used for different shapes such as the Gobelet André Falquet and Roman Lyon Cup , both stemless. The ancient Roman calix was a cup or drinking vessel, probably rather vaguely defined as to its exact shape. But most consisted of a bowl on a stem over

360-1761: A plen bòrd Vueja abòrd Leis estrambòrds E l'enavans dei fòrts D'un vièlh pòble fièr e liure Siam bensai la finicion E se tomban lei felibres Tombarà nòstra nacion D'una raça que regrelha Siam bensai lei promiers greus Siam bensai de la patria Lei cepons e mai lei prieus Vueja-nos leis esperanças E lei raives dau jovent Dau passat la remembrança E la fe dins l'an que ven Vueja-nos la coneissença Dau verai e mai dau bèu E leis autei joïssenças Que se trufan dau tombèu Vueja-nos la Poesia Pèr cantar tot çò que viu Car es ela l'ambrosia Que tremuda l'òme en dieu Pèr la glòria dau terraire Vautres enfin que siatz consents Catalans de luenh, ò fraires Comuniem toteis ensems Provençaux, voici la coupe Qui nous vient des Catalans. Tour à tour buvons ensemble Le vin pur de notre cru. Chorus Coupe sainte Et débordante Verse à pleins bords, Verse à flots Les enthousiasmes Et l'énergie des forts! D'un ancien peuple fier et libre Nous sommes peut-être la fin; Et, si tombent les félibres, Tombera notre nation. D'une race qui regerme Peut-être sommes-nous les premiers jets; De la patrie, peut-être, nous sommes Les piliers et les chefs. Verse nous les espérances Et les rêves de la jeunesse, Le souvenir du passé Et la foi dans l'an qui vient. Verse-nous la connaissance Du Vrai comme du Beau, Et les hautes jouissances Qui se rient de la tombe. Verse-nous la Poésie Pour chanter tout ce qui vit, Car c'est elle l'ambroisie Qui transforme l'homme en Dieu. Pour la gloire du pays Vous enfin qui êtes consentants nos alliés, Catalans, de loin, oh frères, Tous ensemble communions! Provençal people, this

405-553: A technical term in contexts of cookery, medicine, and botany. Pliny used the term in connection with different plants, as did early herbalists. Additionally, some modern ethnomycologists , such as Danny Staples , identify ambrosia with the hallucinogenic mushroom Amanita muscaria : "it was the food of the gods, their ambrosia, and nectar was the pressed sap of its juices", Staples asserts. W. H. Roscher thinks that both nectar and ambrosia were kinds of honey, in which case their power of conferring immortality would be due to

450-524: A token of amity; Catalonia holds her right hand on her heart and seems to be thanking her. At the bottom of each figurine, dressed in the Latin manner and with their breasts naked, lie their respective coat of arms in an escutcheon. Around the cup and outside it, written on a braid intertwined with laurels, the following words can be read (in Catalan ): "Souvenir offered by the Catalan Patricians to

495-530: Is found to be bad. The idea was referred to by Benedict of Nursia in one of his exorcisms , found on the Saint Benedict Medal : Vade retro Satana! Nunquam suade mihi vana! Sunt mala quae libas. Ipse venena bibas! ('Begone Satan! Never tempt me with your vanities! What you offer me is evil. Drink the poison yourself!'). William Shakespeare uses the expression in Act I Scene VII of Macbeth . It occurs in

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540-475: Is not unusual, especially in ecclesiastical heraldry . A number of cities and regions also make use of the chalice. For instance, the coat of arms of the municipality of Fanas in the district of Prättigau/Davos in the Swiss canton of Graubünden bears a gold chalice on a solid blue background. The coat of arms of Staufen im Breisgau contains the three golden chalices (i.e. drei staufen in ancient German) of

585-561: Is now used almost exclusively for the cups used in Christian liturgy as part of a service of the Eucharist , such as a Catholic mass . These are normally made of metal, but neither the shape nor the material is a requirement. Most have no handles, and in recent centuries the cup at the top has usually been a simple flared shape. Historically, the same shape was used for elite secular vessels, and many individual examples have served both secular and liturgical uses over their history, for example

630-501: Is often shown surrounded by two linked rings. The two linked rings were used as an early symbol for the Unitarian Universalist Association, signifying the joining of Unitarianism and Universalism. There is no standardized interpretation of the flaming chalice symbol. In one interpretation, the chalice is a symbol of religious freedom from the impositions of doctrine by a hierarchy and openness to participation by all;

675-645: Is permitted to touch the holy vessels, but only if they are wrapped in cloth. In Christian tradition , the Holy Chalice is the vessel which Jesus used at the Last Supper to serve the wine. New Testament texts make no mention of the cup except within the context of the Last Supper and give no significance whatsoever to the object itself. Herbert Thurston in the Catholic Encyclopedia 1908 concluded that "No reliable tradition has been preserved to us regarding

720-494: Is semantically linked to the Sanskrit अमृत ( amṛta ) as both words denote a drink or food that gods use to achieve immortality. The two words appear to be derived from the same Indo-European form * ṇ-mṛ-tós , "un-dying" ( n- : negative prefix from which the prefix a- in both Greek and Sanskrit are derived; mṛ : zero grade of * mer- , "to die"; and -to- : adjectival suffix). A semantically similar etymology exists for nectar ,

765-549: Is the French word for chalice) can be an alternate form of cursing. Somewhat equivalent to the American word "goddam" or the phrase "God damn it", the use of "câlice" or "tabarnak" (a variation of tabernacle) as an interjection is not uncommon in Quebec. For example: "Câlice! I forgot to lock the front door" or muttering "tabarnak" under one's breath after they get a flat tire. This is presumably

810-494: Is the cup That the Catalans gave us Let us drink in turn The wine from our wineyards Chorus Holy cup And overflowing May you pour abundantly May you pour in streams The enthusiasm And the energy of the strong Of an old and proud people We may be the very last And should the félibres fall So will our nation fall Of a race germinating again We may be

855-507: Is the food or drink of the Greek gods , and is often depicted as conferring longevity or immortality upon whoever consumed it. It was brought to the gods in Olympus by doves and served either by Hebe or by Ganymede at the heavenly feast . Ancient art sometimes depicted ambrosia as distributed by the nymph named Ambrosia , a nurse of Dionysus . Ambrosia is very closely related to

900-564: Is the only blessing necessary; in others, there is a special rite of blessing. In some Eastern traditions, this blessing may be done only by a bishop, in some it may be done by a priest. In any case, in both the East and the West, once a chalice has been blessed, it may only be touched by an ordained member of the higher clergy (bishop, priest or deacon). In the Russian Orthodox Church , a subdeacon

945-548: The Odyssey Menelaus and his men are disguised as seals in untanned seal skins, "and the deadly smell of the seal skins vexed us sore; but the goddess saved us; she brought ambrosia and put it under our nostrils." Homer speaks of ambrosial raiment, ambrosial locks of hair, even the gods' ambrosial sandals. Among later writers, ambrosia has been so often used with generic meanings of "delightful liquid" that such late writers as Athenaeus , Paulus and Dioscurides employ it as

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990-552: The Body of Christ and the Blood of Christ . To accomplish this, a portion of the Lamb ( host ) is placed in the chalice, and then the faithful receive Communion on a spoon . For this reason, eastern chalices tend to have larger, rounded cups. In the Russian Orthodox Church , the faithful will often kiss the "foot" (base) of the chalice after receiving Holy Communion. In other traditions, they will kiss

1035-561: The Félibrige . It is showcased every year at the society's annual congress, called la Santa Estèla . The banquet is officially closed when the Copa Santa gets sung. It was initially written by Frédéric Mistral to commemorate the fraternal bond that unites the Occitan and Catalan nations, and the music was taken from a Christmas carol from Friar Serapion: Guilhaume, Tòni, Pèire . It stands among

1080-510: The Lacock Cup and Royal Gold Cup , both late medieval cups. Cups owned by churches were much more likely to survive, as secular drinkware in precious metal was usually melted down when it fell out of fashion. The same general cup shape is also called a goblet (from Old French gobellet , diminutive of gobel 'cup'), normally in secular contexts. This remains current as a term for wineglasses and other stemware , most of which have

1125-502: The Lords of Staufen  [ de ] , advocates of the monastery of St. Trudpert . A golden chalice (or in some instances three or five) on blue background has been used as coat of arms for the Kingdom of Galicia since at least the late Middle Ages, and is still central in its renewed heraldry. In French-Canadian culture, particularly in and around Quebec, the use of the names of holy objects such as "câlice" (a variation of calice, which

1170-461: The elevation easier. In Roman Catholicism, chalices of recent centuries tend to have quite narrow cups. Roman Catholic priests will often receive chalices from members of their families when first ordained . In Eastern Christianity (Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches), chalices will often have icons enameled or engraved on them, as well as a cross. In Orthodoxy and Eastern Catholicism, all communicants receive both

1215-508: The Eucharistic rite in 1 Corinthians 11:24–25 , the celebration of the Eucharist became central to Christian liturgy . Naturally, the vessels used in this important act of worship were highly decorated and treated with great respect. A number of early examples of chalices have a large bowl and two vertical handles, reflecting classical cup shapes such as the kantharos and skyphos . Over time,

1260-1506: The Provençal Félibres for the hospitality given to the Catalan poet Victor Balaguer, 1867." And on the pedestal these other finely engraved inscriptions can be found: "They say it is dead, But to me, it's still alive. V. Balaguer Ah! if only they could hear me! Ah! if only they would follow me! F. Mistral" Prouvençau, veici la Coupo Que nous vèn di Catalan A-de-rèng beguen en troupo Lou vin pur de nostre plan Chorus Coupo Santo E versanto Vuejo à plen bord, Vuejo abord Lis estrambord E l'enavans di fort! D'un vièi pople fièr e libre Sian bessai la finicioun; E, se toumbon li felibre, Toumbara nosto nacioun D'uno raço que regreio Sian bessai li proumié gréu; Sian bessai de la patrìo Li cepoun emai li priéu. Vuejo-nous lis esperanço E li raive dóu jouvènt, Dóu passat la remembranço, E la fe dins l'an que vèn, Vuejo-nous la couneissènço Dóu Verai emai dóu Bèu, E lis àuti jouïssènço Que se trufon dóu toumbèu Vuejo-nous la Pouësìo Pèr canta tout ço que viéu, Car es elo l'ambrousìo, Que tremudo l'ome en diéu Pèr la glòri dóu terraire Vautre enfin que sias counsènt. Catalan, de liuen, o fraire, Coumunien tóutis ensèn! Provençaus, vaicí la copa Que nos ven dei Catalans A de rèng beguem en tropa Lo vin pur de nòstre plant Chorus Copa santa E versanta Vueja

1305-603: The Roman Catholic Church and some Anglo-Catholic churches, it was the custom for a chalice to be consecrated by being anointed with chrism , and this consecration could only be performed by a bishop or abbot (only for use within his own monastery ). Among the Eastern Churches, there are varying practices regarding blessing. In some traditions, the very act of celebrating the Sacred Mysteries ( Eucharist )

1350-472: The best-known anthems of Occitania alongside Se Canta and De cap tà l'immortèla . The audience is supposed to stand up for the last verse. Frédéric Mistral described the cup with these words in L'Armana prouvençau : It is a cup of antique shape, supported by a palm tree. Against the palm tree, standing up and facing each other, two gentle figurines that depict Catalonia and Provence as sisters. Provence wraps its right arm around her friend's neck, as

1395-539: The beverage of the gods (Greek: νέκταρ néktar ) presumed to be a compound of the PIE roots *nek- , "death", and -*tar , "overcoming". Lycurgus, king of Thrace, forbade the cult of Dionysus , whom he drove from Thrace , and attacked the gods' entourage when they celebrated the god. Among them was Ambrosia, who turned herself into a grapevine to hide from his wrath. Dionysus, enraged by the king's actions, drove him mad. In his fit of insanity he killed his son, whom he mistook for

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1440-612: The cup of the Last Supper . In this highly muddled though better-known version, the vessel is known as the Holy Grail . In this legend, Jesus used the cup at the Last Supper to institute the Mass . Other stories claim that Joseph of Arimathea used the cup to collect and store the blood of Christ at the Crucifixion. At the opening of Unitarian Universalist worship services, many congregations light

1485-461: The cup. Although Orthodox monks are not permitted to hold personal possessions, the canons permit a hieromonk (i.e., a monk who has been ordained to the priesthood) to keep a chalice and other vessels necessary to celebrate the Divine Liturgy . In the early and medieval church, when a deacon was ordained, he would be handed a chalice during the service as a sign of his ministry. In the West

1530-529: The deacon carries the chalice to the altar at the offertory ; in the East, the priest carries the chalice and the deacon carries the paten ( diskos ). Only wine, water and a portion of the Host are permitted to be placed in the chalice, and it may not be used for any profane purpose. The chalice is considered to be one of the most sacred vessels in Christian liturgical worship, and it is often blessed before use. In

1575-562: The effects of years had been stripped away, and they were inflamed with passion at the sight of her. On the other hand, in Alcman , nectar is the food, and in Sappho and Anaxandrides , ambrosia is the drink. A character in Aristophanes ' Knights says, "I dreamed the goddess poured ambrosia over your head—out of a ladle." Both descriptions could be correct, as ambrosia could be a liquid considered

1620-408: The first shoots We may be of our motherland The pillars and the leaders May you pour us the hopes And the dreams of the youth Of the past the memories And the faith in next year May you pour us the knowledge Of truth and beauty And the other pleasures That defy the tomb May you pour us the poetry To sing all that lives For this is the ambrosia That turns man into a god For

1665-463: The flame is interpreted as a memorial to those throughout history who sacrificed their lives for the cause of religious liberty. In another interpretation, the flaming chalice resembles a cross, symbolic of the Christian roots of Unitarian Universalism. In Wicca , a chalice, as a feminine principle, is often used in combination with the Athame (ceremonial black-handled knife), as male principle. Combining

1710-407: The genitalia of the goddess or female deity. Rastafaris sometimes smoke ganja in a chalice (waterpipe or bong ) during an activity called reasoning intended to put participants in touch with peaceful feelings, unity, and "consciousness." The term "poisoned chalice" is applied to a thing or situation which appears to be good when it is received or experienced by someone, but then becomes or

1755-462: The glory of the land You our allies at last Catalans from afar, o brothers Let us receive communion together Notice: For both norms of Provençal orthography, pronunciation is almost the same. Chalice (cup) A chalice (from Latin calix 'cup', taken from the Ancient Greek κύλιξ ( kylix ) 'cup') is a drinking cup raised on a stem with a foot or base. The word

1800-448: The gods' other form of sustenance, nectar . The two terms may not have originally been distinguished; though in Homer 's poems nectar is usually the drink and ambrosia the food of the gods; it was with ambrosia that Hera "cleansed all defilement from her lovely flesh", and with ambrosia Athena prepared Penelope in her sleep, so that when she appeared for the final time before her suitors,

1845-406: The opening soliloquy of the scene when Macbeth is considering the ramifications of the murder he is plotting. But in these cases We still have judgment here; that we but teach Bloody instructions, which, being taught, return To plague the inventor: this even-handed justice Commends the ingredients of our poison'd chalice To our own lips. [1.7.7-12] The use of chalices as heraldic devices

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1890-408: The size of the bowl diminished and the base became larger for better stability. Eventually, official church regulations dictated the construction, blessing, and treatment of chalices. Some religious traditions still require that the chalice, at least on the inside of the cup, be gold-plated. In Western Christianity , chalices will often have a knop, pommel or node where the stem meets the cup to make

1935-448: The supposed healing and cleansing powers of honey, and because fermented honey ( mead ) preceded wine as an entheogen in the Aegean world; on some Minoan seals, goddesses were represented with bee faces (compare Merope and Melissa ). The concept of an immortality drink is attested in at least two ancient Indo-European languages: Greek and Sanskrit . The Greek ἀμβροσία ( ambrosia )

1980-559: The two evokes the act of procreation, as a symbol of universal creativity. This is a symbol of the Great Rite in Wiccan rituals. A chalice is also used in the Small Rite . Some other forms of Neo-Paganism make use of chalices in their rituals as well. A chalice may be placed on an altar or on the ground. The chalice may contain wine, whiskey , water, or other liquids. It is used to represent

2025-548: The vessel used by Christ at the Last Supper. In the sixth and seventh centuries pilgrims to Jerusalem were led to believe that the actual chalice was still venerated in the church of the Holy Sepulchre, having within it the sponge which was presented to Our Saviour on Calvary." Several surviving standing cups of precious materials are identified in local traditions as the Chalice. An entirely different and pervasive tradition concerns

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