Christianity • Protestantism
30-705: The Westminster Larger Catechism , along with the Westminster Shorter Catechism , is a central catechism of Calvinists in the English tradition throughout the world. In 1643 when the Long Parliament of England called the Westminster Assembly to produce the Westminster Confession , it also asked for a directory of "catechising". The Assembly asked Herbert Palmer to produce a draft of
60-549: A Sabbath afternoon session be set aside for examination of young children in catechism, and this practice eventually was adopted in the Kirk . Catechizing became a part of life in the Scottish Churches with itinerant catechists being employed to instruct the people—a practice that continued into the 19th century. In 1643, the Westminster Assembly , which was designed to bring the two national churches into greater conformity,
90-630: A great many Presbyterian children) is the first: Q. What is the chief end of man? A. Man's chief end is to glorify God, and to enjoy him forever. The Church of Scotland approved the Westminster Shorter Catechism in 1648, and thereafter it was the manual for instruction. However, because a significant portion of the Scottish Highland population spoke only Gaelic , the Synod of Argyll in 1649 instructed seven of its ministers to translate
120-695: A little over a month after the Larger Catechism. Scripture citations were added on 14 April 1648. It was passed Parliament 22–25 September and ordered to be printed with the title The Grounds and Principles of Religion Contained in a Shorter Catechism . The Church of Scotland approved it in July 1648, and it passed the Scottish Parliament in February of the next year. The purpose of the Shorter Catechism
150-572: A popular exposition called The Shorter Catechism Explained . Later, Reformed catechisms such as the 1693 Baptist Keach's Catechism mimic the Westminster catechism on most points except infant baptism. The Westminster Catechism is mentioned in Nathaniel Hawthorne 's The Scarlet Letter , chapter eight, in reference to Pearl's ability to bear a fair examination by this catechism. Continental Reformed Continental Reformed Protestantism
180-688: A way to help children learn the meaning of the material, rather than simply memorizing the Lord's Prayer , Ten Commandments , and Apostles' Creed as had been the practice prior to the Reformation. Being the larger of the two catechisms, the questions and answers go into much greater detail than the Shorter Catechism is summarizing the chief points of doctrine explained in the Westminster Confession. The Larger Catechism consists of 196 questions and answers. The first set of questions and answers, 1-5, concern
210-538: Is a catechism written in 1646 and 1647 by the Westminster Assembly , a synod of English and Scottish theologians and laymen intended to bring the Church of England into greater conformity with the Church of Scotland . The assembly also produced the Westminster Confession of Faith and the Westminster Larger Catechism . A version without Scripture citations was completed on 25 November 1647 and presented to
240-938: Is a part of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism that traces its origin in the continental Europe . Prominent subgroups are the Dutch Reformed , the German Reformed the Swiss Reformed , the French Huguenots , the Hungarian Reformed , and the Waldensian Church in Italy. The term is used to distinguish these churches from Presbyterian , Congregational or other Calvinist churches, which can trace their origin to
270-504: Is to educate children and others "of weaker capacity" (according to a preface written by the Church of Scotland) in the Reformed faith. It is based on the Larger Catechism, which was intended for use by ministers as they taught the faith to their congregations in preaching. The Catechism is in a question and answer format, which had been popularized by Martin Luther as a way to help children learn
300-661: The British Isles or elsewhere in the world. Notably, their theology is largely derived from the Swiss Reformation , as Switzerland (specifically Geneva and Zürich ) was a base for the most influential Reformed theologians of the era. It was inaugurated by Huldrych Zwingli , who formulated the first expression of the Reformed faith. Swiss Reformation was more fully articulated by Martin Bucer , Heinrich Bullinger and John Calvin . In
330-468: The Long Parliament , and Scripture citations were added on 14 April 1649. Catechesis is a practice of teaching the Christian faith. New converts to Christianity were taught through lectures during the first four centuries of the Church's existence, but this practice was largely abandoned with the rise of Christendom . Christian humanists and Protestant Reformers sought to revive the practice, including
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#1732851237394360-532: The Puritans , who wished to reform the Church of England along continental lines. The following is a chronological list of confession and theological doctrines of the Reformed churches: In contrast to the episcopal polity of the Anglican and many Lutheran and Methodist churches, Continental Reformed churches are ruled by assemblies of "elders" or ordained officers. This is usually called Synodal government by
390-533: The Reformed . John Calvin 's Genevan Catechism was especially influential among the British Reformed. The most popular British catechisms included works by John Craig , James Ussher , Herbert Palmer , John Ball , and Anthony Tuckney . On John Knox 's return to Scotland after long exile because he was deemed by the authorities a heretic, the First Book of Discipline (1560) was drafted. It required that
420-782: The Continental Reformed, but is essentially the same as presbyterian polity , with the elders forming the consistory , the regional governing body known as the classis , and the highest court of appeal being the general synod . The Reformed Church in Hungary , its sister church in Romania , the Hungarian Reformed Church in America, and the Polish Reformed Church are the only continental Reformed churches to have retained
450-605: The Elder , and Stanley Gower . When Palmer died soon after the constitution of this committee, another committee was formed with only Anthony Tuckney, Stephen Marshall , and John Ward, along with Samuel Rutherford (one of the Scottish commissioners, who could not vote). Anthony Tuckney is believed to be the most influential of the committee members on the Catechism. The previously published catechisms of James Ussher and John Ball, as well as
480-628: The Forme of the Kirk of Scotland in 1644, it was aimed particularly at children and youth, and was not adopted by the Westminster Assembly of Divines. Twelve or fourteen of the members of the Westminster Assembly had produced catechisms themselves prior to the Assembly. Herbert Palmer was one of the most respected catechists in the country, and it was expected that his catechism, first published in 1640, would be
510-493: The Larger Catechism was to help ministers prepare their own catechesis , as they taught the faith to their congregations in preaching, while the purpose of the Shorter Catechism was to educate children and others "of weaker capacity" (according to a preface written by the Church of Scotland) in the Reformed faith. Both the Larger and Shorter Catechisms are in a question and answer format, which had been popularized by Martin Luther as
540-470: The Larger Catechism. Robert Baillie and other Scottish delegates found the work disappointing. In December 1643 a committee was formed to write the Catechism. In January 1647 the Assembly gave up writing one catechism and split it into two. The Westminster Shorter Catechism was to be "easier to read and concise for beginners" and the Larger Catechism was to be "more exact and comprehensive". The Catechism
570-692: The U.S.A. in the formulation of their Book of Confessions . However, it was embraced by the successor denominations such as the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) in that church's Book of Confessions as well as the more conservative successors, the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA), the Orthodox Presbyterian Church , the Evangelical Presbyterian Church , and the Bible Presbyterian Church . The purpose of
600-670: The Westminster Shorter Catechism into that language. The result was published that same year, and the Gaelic Shorter Catechism continued to play a part in church life for decades after it had ceased to be used in the English speaking churches. The Free Church of Scotland still presents a Bible to a child who can answer all 107 questions accurately at one sitting. In 1675, the Presbyterian Thomas Vincent in London published
630-488: The basis for the Assembly's. It appears that this idea was abandoned by the committee assigned to the catechism after some work in 1645, followed by another failed attempt at a single catechism from the Summer of 1646 to 14 January 1647 At this point, the committee decided that it would need to produce two catechisms rather than one, as the needs of ministers and children were very different. The committee also decided to wait until
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#1732851237394660-526: The benefits that flow from redemption. The next set of questions, 39–84, discuss the Ten Commandments . Questions 85–97 teach concerning the Sacraments of Baptism and Holy Communion . The final set of questions, 98–107, teach and explain the Lord's Prayer . This organization mimics the earlier Heidelberg Catechism used by many Continental Reformed churches. The most famous of the questions (known to
690-601: The chief and highest end of man, the existence of God, and the Holy Scriptures as the Word of God. The next set of questions and answers, 6-90, concern God as Creator , original sin , the fallen state of man's nature, Christ the Redeemer, and the benefits that flow from redemption. Following that, the next set of questions, 91-152, discuss the duty God requires of man, as summarized in the Ten Commandments . Questions 153-177 concern
720-503: The completion of the Confession of Faith , and to base the catechisms off this document rather than the Apostles' Creed. The Larger Catechism was completed and forwarded to Parliament on 22 October 1647, and another committee was set up for the Shorter Catechism composed of Herbert Palmer as chairman, Charles Herle , Thomas Temple , John Lightfoot , John Greene, Philip Delme, Edmund Calamy
750-411: The meaning of the material, rather than simply memorizing the Lord's Prayer , Ten Commandments , and Apostles' Creed as had been the practice prior to the Reformation. The catechism is composed of 107 questions and answers. The first 12 questions concern God as Creator . Questions 13–20 deal with original sin and the fallen state of man's nature. Questions 21–38 concern Christ the Redeemer and
780-428: The outward and ordinary means of grace , especially the preaching of the Word of God and the Sacraments of Baptism and Holy Communion . The final set of questions, 178–196, teach and explain prayer, using the Lord's Prayer as a model. This organization mimics the earlier Heidelberg Catechism used by many Continental Reformed churches. Westminster Shorter Catechism The Westminster Shorter Catechism
810-780: The sixteenth century, the movement spread to most of continental Europe, sometimes with the protection of monarchs or members of the nobility, as in the Netherlands, Switzerland, Hungary, some German states, and France. The first Calvinist churches were established in Europe after 1519 and were part of the Protestant Reformation . Calvinist doctrine is expressed in various confessions . A few confessions are shared by many denominations. Different denominations use different confessions, usually based on historical reasons. The continental Reformed churches had an impact on Anglicanism through
840-476: The theology of William Perkins were also relied upon, however many of the similarities between the Assembly's Shorter Catechism and earlier ones may be explained by the common theological vocabulary of the time. The Shorter Catechism was largely based on the Larger Catechism, though the Shorter may have incorporated more of the earlier abandoned catechism than the Larger. It was sent to Parliament on 25 November 1647,
870-596: Was completed by the Westminster Assembly in 1647. It was then adopted by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1648 and (with modifications relating to the civil magistrate) by the Presbyterian Synod of New York and Philadelphia in 1788, and by the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. , upon its formation the following year. In 1967, it was dropped by the United Presbyterian Church in
900-658: Was convened at the height of the English Civil War to reform the Church of England . When the Solemn League and Covenant was as a result signed between the English and Scots the Assembly's work also became the framing of "four points or parts of uniformity": a Confession of Faith, Form of Church Government, Directory for Worship, and Catechizing. Although the church in Scotland (the Kirk) had produced The New Catechisme according to
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