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27-684: Western Liang may refer to the following states and territories in imperial China: Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms) (西涼) (400–421), one of the Sixteen Kingdoms located in modern Western China Western Liang (555–587) (西梁), a state during the Southern and Northern Dynasties period, located in modern Central China Liang Province in northwestern China See also [ edit ] Liang dynasty (disambiguation) Later Liang (disambiguation) Southern Liang (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

54-524: A Qin vassal. In 406, Qin rewarded Rutan's loyalty by handing him control over Guzang, which he later made his capital. He also entered an alliance with the Western Liang to counter Northern Liang. In 407, Tufa Rutan decided to break off relations with Later Qin, but his rule would enter a gradual decline from this point on. That year, he invaded the Northern Liang but was badly routed, and afterwards, he

81-700: A few commanderies along the Huangshui River . In 414, the Yifu, Tuoqihan (唾契汗) and other tribes in Qinghai rebelled. At the same time, the Southern Liang had also been suffering from poor harvest and famines for many years. Desperate to escape his situation, Rutan campaigned against the tribes, but while he was away, the Western Qin attacked and captured Ledu, prompting the rest of Southern Liang's territory to surrender. Rutan

108-480: A general amnesty and changed the era name in his territory. Historiographers refer to his state as Western Liang to distinguish it with the other rival Liang states at the time. Li Gao's state was backed by local Han Chinese gentry clans, and all the cities west of Yumen Commandery submitted to him. In 401, both Jiuquan and Liangning (陇西郡; northwest of present-day Yumen City , Gansu ) commanderies also surrendered to him from Northern Liang. To apply more pressure on

135-588: A heavy defeat to Western Qin in 397, Tufa Wugu proclaimed himself the Prince of Xiping and changed the era name , signifying a breakaway. Soon, the Northern Liang was also established by Duan Ye at Jiankang (建康, in modern Zhangye , Gansu ), while a revolt broke out at the Later Liang capital, Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu ) led by Guo Nun, throwing Later Liang into a state of civil war. In 398, after defeating

162-513: A prominent minister. The famed Tang dynasty poets, Li Bai and Li Shangyin were also both believed to be descendants of Li Gao. Jianchu (建初) 406–417 Southern Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms) The Southern Liang ( Chinese : 南涼 ; pinyin : Nán Liáng ; 397–404, 408–414) was a dynastic state of China listed as one of the Sixteen Kingdoms in Chinese historiography . Members of

189-406: A vassal. Western Liang also had to defend themselves against the nomadic Rouran and Tuyuhun . In 417, Li Gao died and was succeeded by his son, Li Xin , who records describe as a cruel ruler who drained the state's resource with construction projects. Taking advantage of the situation, the Northern Liang intensified their efforts to conquer Western Liang. In 420, Li Xin was enticed into attacking

216-406: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Western Liang (Sixteen Kingdoms) All of Western Liang's rulers declared themselves as gōng s (公), which is translated to "Dukes". Their territory encompassed modern-day northwestern Gansu , and for this reason, they were given the prefix of "Western" in historiography to distinguish them with

243-791: The Battle of Fei River . In 386, their chieftain, Tufa Sifujian (禿髮思復鞬) allied with Zhang Dayu , who sought to restore the Former Liang, but Dayu was defeated and executed by the Later Liang . At the time, the Tufa were living around Guangwu Commandery (廣武郡; around present-day Yongdeng County , Gansu ) in Liang province. After Sifujian died, his son, Tufa Wugu succeeded him. Wugu expanded his influence by encouraging agriculture among his followers and drilling them for war while recruiting new talents to join him. He caught

270-631: The Cao Wei period, they surrendered to the general, Deng Ai and were relocated to what later became known as Qin province . In 270, their chieftain Tufa Shujineng led a massive tribal rebellion against the Western Jin dynasty . Although he captured Liang province in 279, the rebellion ended after he was killed that same year. The Tufa returned to prominence during the Former Qin collapse that followed

297-735: The Liu Song dynasty in the south before returning north to the Northern Wei . For this reason, the Tang posthumously honoured Li Gao as Emperor Xingsheng and refer to him in the Book of Jin by his courtesy name due to naming taboo . Another grandson of Li Gao, Li Bao , was captured by Northern Liang but fled to Yiwu County with his uncle, Tang Qi (唐契), becoming vassals to the Rouran. In 444, Li Bao surrendered and served under Northern Wei, where his son Li Chong became

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324-565: The Lushuihu Juqu tribe, broke away from the Later Liang and founded the Northern Liang . Li Gao served as a magistrate under Northern Liang, and in 400, at the recommendation of the local Han elites, he was made the Administrator of Dunhuang . That same year, the Administrator of Jinchang, Tang Yao (唐瑤) rebelled in his commandery and acclaimed Li Gao as his leader, offering him the title of Duke of Liang. Li Gao accepted him, and he declared

351-577: The Western Regions , along with promoting Confucianism through the establishment of new schools. Like the Former Liang before him, Li Gao considered himself a vassal to the Eastern Jin in the south and sent envoys to have his titles recognized by them. However, due to the distance between the two states, it would not be until Liu Yu's second northern expedition when the Jin formally recognized Western Liang as

378-554: The King of Liang, but his state had been greatly weakened by these series of crises. In the next few years, Rutan launched several campaigns on Northern Liang but was repeatedly defeated. The defeat in 410 saw more rebellions breaking out in his territory, leading to the capital being shifted back south to Ledu while Guzang fell to Northern Liang. He also faced attacks from the Tuyuhun and Western Qin. By 413, Southern Liang had been reduced to only

405-587: The Northern Liang capital, Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu ), and fell into a trap. He died in battle, and Northern Liang forces soon captured Jiuquan. His brother, Li Xun succeeded him in Dunhuang and continued to hold out, but the city eventually fell and Li Xun committed suicide in 421, putting an end to Western Liang. Li Gao's descendants survived the fall of Western Liang, with the Tang dynasty claiming descent from him through Li Xin's son, Li Chong'er (李重耳), who fled to

432-512: The Northern Liang, he moved his capital east to Jiuquan in 405 and allied with the Southern Liang . He also nominally submitted to the Later Qin and sent tributes to Northern Wei . The Western Liang sought to take control of Liang and Qin provinces, but it was relatively weak compared to its neighbours. Li Gao maintained a stable economy within his state by encouraging agriculture and trade with

459-540: The attention of the Later Liang ruler, Lü Guang who granted him offices and the title of Duke of Guangwu. In 394, he subjugated the Yifu (乙弗), Zhejue (折掘) and other tribes in Qinghai , where he built a fort in Lianchuan (廉川堡, in modern Haidong Prefecture , Qinghai) and made it his capital. Wugu refused to acknowledge Lü Guang's claim as Heavenly King in 396, although did not outwardly rebel just yet. After Later Liang suffered

486-609: The capital to the major city of Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei, Gansu ). The Xianbei Tufa tribe was an offshoot of the Tuoba . In the early 4th-century, their chieftain, Pigu (匹孤), led his followers west to the Hexi Corridor from the Yin mountains after his brother, Tuoba Liwei , succeeded their father. They lived among the Han Chinese and Qiang people , and adopted the Tufa family name. During

513-479: The other Liang states at the time. Western Liang's founder, Li Gao was from the Li clan of Longxi , a prominent Han Chinese family that claimed descent from figures such as Laozi , Li Xìn and Li Guang . Under the Western Jin and Former Liang dynasties, his family members served as administrators in the Hexi Corridor . In 397, the Administrator of Jiankang (建康, in modern Zhangye , Gansu ), Duan Ye , with support of

540-423: The powerful Qiang leader, Liang Ji (梁飢), many governors and tribes around Later Liang began submitting to him. Wugu changed his title to Prince of Wuwei and moved the capital to Ledu (樂都, in modern Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai) before dying of illness resulting from a horse riding accident. After Tufa Lilugu succeeded his brother, he shifted the capital to Xiping (西平郡; around present-day Xining , Qinghai) and claimed

567-473: The ruling Tufa clan were of Xianbei ethnicity and distant relatives of the Tuoba imperial house of the Northern Wei dynasty . According to the Book of Jin , the surname of the ruling house was changed from Tuoba to Tufa because one of the Tufa ancestors was born on a blanket, and in the Xianbei language, "Tufa" meant "blanket." All rulers of the Southern Liang proclaimed themselves wang (king). The state

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594-423: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Western Liang . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Liang&oldid=1172832021 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

621-464: The title of Prince of Hexi. During his reign, the situation in Later Liang had worsened after Lü Guang's death due to infighting among the ruling family. Lilugu concentrated military efforts against Later Liang, defeating them twice and entering an alliance with Northern Liang. As the Later Qin in Guanzhong encroached on Hexi, he avoided conflict and submitted to them as a vassal. Lilugu died in 402 and

648-497: Was briefly discontinued in 404 after Tufa Rutan surrendered to the Later Qin , but restored in 408. As the state grew in power, the Tufa rulers also elevated their peerages before claiming the title of King of Liang in 402. It was hence only known as "Liang" (涼) from 402 to 404 and 408 to 414. They are given the prefix of "Southern" in historiography as they were based south of the other Liang states in northeastern Qinghai , although after occupying central Gansu , they briefly shifted

675-530: Was forced to surrender, thus ending the Southern Liang. Tufa Rutan was initially treated with honor in Western Qin, but by the end of 414, he was poisoned to death by their ruler, Qifu Chipan . In 423, Rutan's children, Princess Tufa and Tufa Hutai (禿髮虎台) attempted to assassinate Chipan but were caught and executed. The Tufa fled to Northern Liang and then to the Northern Wei , where the ruling Tuoba clan recognized them as family due to their lineage from Tuoba Jiefen. In particular, Rutan's son, Tufa Poqiang, became

702-549: Was heavily defeated by the Helian Xia in the Ordos where many of his key officials died in battle. Confidence in the state began to wane as rebellions soon broke out, although they were quickly put down. In 408, capitalizing on Southern Liang's troubles, Later Qin attacked them and laid siege on Guzang, during which there was a revolt attempt within the city. Rutan repelled the attack and made peace with Later Qin, later re-declaring himself

729-426: Was succeeded by his brother Tufa Rutan , who took the title of King of Liang. Rutan moved the capital back to Ledu and intensified attacks on the Later Liang. Eventually, Later Liang surrendered over their territory to Later Qin in 403. Rutan assured his vassalage to Qin by adopting their era name within his territory in 404. Still, he remained largely independent and continued attacking Northern Liang despite also being

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