The Volturno (ancient Latin name Volturnus , from volvere , to roll) is a river in south-central Italy .
71-630: It rises in the Abruzzese central Apennines of Samnium near Castel San Vincenzo ( province of Isernia , Molise ) and flows southeast as far as its junction with the Calore Irpino near Caiazzo and runs south as far as Venafro , and then turns southwest, past Capua , to enter the Tyrrhenian Sea in Castel Volturno , northwest of Naples . The river is 175 kilometres (109 mi) long. After
142-466: A Mediterranean climate with hot dry summers and mild winters. Inland hilly areas have a sublittoral climate with temperatures decreasing progressively with increasing altitude. Precipitation is also strongly affected by the presence of the Apennines mountain range. Rainfall is abundant on slopes oriented to the west, and lower in east and east-facing slopes. The Adriatic coast is shielded from rainfall by
213-533: A POW camp in World War I ; much of the facility is still intact and attracts tourists interested in military history . Despite the high level of destructions and victims caused by the Second World War , there was remarkable development in the second half of the 20th century, which particularly favored Fucino and Adriatic coastal areas. In the 1948 Italian Constitution , these were unified with Molise into
284-444: A centre-left government and confirmed by popular referendum), which granted them residual policy competence. A further federalist reform was proposed by the regionalist party Lega Nord and in 2005, the centre-right government led by Silvio Berlusconi proposed a new reform that would have greatly increased the power of regions. The proposals, which had been particularly associated with Lega Nord , and seen by some as leading
355-570: A course of some 120 kilometres (75 mi) it receives, about 8 kilometres (5 mi) east of Caiazzo, the Calore River. The united stream now flows west-southwest past Capua, where the Via Appia and Latina joined just to the north of the bridge over it, and so through the Campanian plain, with many windings, into the sea. The direct length of the lower course is about 50 kilometres (31 mi), so that
426-615: A regional constitution, determining the form of government and the fundamental principles of the organization and the functioning of the region, as prescribed by the Constitution of Italy ( Article 123 ). Although all the regions except Tuscany define themselves in various ways as an "autonomous Region" in the first article of their Statutes, fifteen regions have ordinary statutes and five have special statutes, granting them extended autonomy. These regions, whose statutes are approved by their regional councils, were created in 1970, even though
497-551: Is sub-montane vegetation, with mixed woodlands of oak and turkey oak, maple and hornbeam ; shrubs include dog rose and red juniper . Elevations between 1,000 and 1,900 metres (3,300 and 6,200 ft) are dominated by beech. In the Apennine Mountains at elevations above 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) species include alpine orchid , mountain juniper, silver fir , black cranberry and the Abruzzo edelweiss . The fauna of Abruzzo
568-484: Is a region of Southern Italy with an area of 10,763 square km (4,156 sq mi) and a population of 1.3 million. It is divided into four provinces: L'Aquila , Teramo , Pescara , and Chieti . Its western border lies 80 km (50 mi) east of Rome . Abruzzo borders the region of Marche to the north, Lazio to the west and north-west, Molise to the south and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Geographically, Abruzzo
639-712: Is divided into a mountainous area in the west, which includes the highest massifs of the Apennines , such as the Gran Sasso d'Italia and the Maiella , and a coastal area in the east with beaches on the Adriatic Sea . Abruzzo is considered a region of Southern Italy in terms of its culture, language, economy, and history, though in terms of physical geography, it may also be considered part of Central Italy . The Italian Statistical Authority ( ISTAT ) deems it to be part of Southern Italy, partly because of Abruzzo's historic association with
710-425: Is nearly at the center of Italian peninsula , stretching from the heart of the Apennines to the Adriatic Sea , and includes mainly mountainous and wild land. The mountainous land is occupied by a vast plateau, including Gran Sasso , at 2,912 metres (9,554 ft) the highest peak of the Apennines, and Mount Majella at 2,793 metres (9,163 ft). The Adriatic coastline is characterized by long sandy beaches to
781-547: Is one of the most industrialized areas of Italy and of the region, with numerous small and medium-sized companies, then follows the province of Chieti and that of Pescara , which is also supported by tourism ; the Val Vibrata ( province of Teramo ), on the border with the Marche region, is home to a myriad of small and medium-sized enterprises, especially in the textile and footwear sectors. The Val di Sangro (province of Chieti), on
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#1732845549128852-692: Is presided over by the president of the region ( presidente della Regione ) who is elected for a five-year term. The government is composed of the president and eight ministers ( assessori ), including a vice president ( vicepresidente ) and an undersecretary ( sottosegretario ). Although an earlier presence cannot be ruled out, findings in the region related to archaic humans date from up to around 700,000 years ago ( Acheulean Culture ). Thousands of flint tools and weapons have been collected on fluvial terraces (e.g. Madonna del Freddo at Chieti ) and near former lakes (e.g. Valle Giumentina at Caramanico Terme and Valle Peligna at Popoli ). These testify to
923-403: Is still elected on a regional basis, but the number of senators was reduced from 315 to 200, who are now elected by all citizens aged 18 or older, just like deputies (themselves being reduced from 630 to 400). Italians residing abroad now elect 4 senators (and 8 deputies). The remaining 196 senators are assigned to each region proportionally according to their population. The amended Article 57 of
994-484: Is very diverse, including the region's symbol, the Abruzzo chamois ( Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata ), which has recovered from near-extinction. Common species include Marsican brown bear , Italian wolf , deer, lynx, roe deer, snow vole, fox, porcupine, wild cat, wild boar, badger, otter, and viper. The natural parks of the region are the Abruzzo National Park , the Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park ,
1065-641: The 8th century , Transamund II of Spoleto rebelled against Liutprand, King of the Lombards , but was able to recover his duchy and also to include other remaining territories of former Valeria province. After the beginning of domination by the Franks , in 801, Teate (today's Chieti ) also passed from the Lombardic Duchy of Benevento to the Frankish Duchy of Spoleto . In 843, some territories were separated from
1136-453: The Abruzzi e Molise region, though in the first draft Abruzzo and Molise were separate, and in 1963 Abruzzi e Molise was separated into the two regions of Abruzzo and Molise. Abruzzo Citeriore is now the province of Chieti . The province of Teramo and province of Pescara now comprise what was Abruzzo Ulteriore I. Abruzzo Ulteriore II is now the province of L'Aquila . Geographically, Abruzzo
1207-573: The Abruzzo (or Abruzzese) chamois , the Apennine wolf and the Marsican brown bear . Abruzzo's parks and reserves host 75% of Europe's animal species. The region is also home to Calderone , one of Europe's southernmost glaciers . Nineteenth-century Italian diplomat and journalist Primo Levi [ it ] (1853–1917) chose the adjectives forte e gentile ("strong and kind") to capture what he saw as
1278-689: The Byzantine Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom , looting and devastation of monasteries and towns followed the arrival of Germanic Lombards in the region. Around 572, the Lombards divided Abruzzo into the Duchy of Benevento and of Spoleto , with Faroald I of Spoleto becoming the first Duke of Spoleto . His successor, Ariulf of Spoleto , annexed other territories: the former territories controlled by Aequi , Marsi , Peligni and Vestini . In
1349-889: The Constitution of Italy originally established that the Senate of the Republic was to be elected on a regional basis by Italian citizens aged 25 or older (unlike the Chamber of the Deputies , which was elected on a national basis and by all Italian citizens aged 18 or older). No region could have less than 7 senators, except for the two smallest regions: Aosta Valley (1 senator) and Molise (2 senators). From 2006 to 2020, 6 out of 315 senators (and 12 out of 630 deputies) were elected by Italians residing abroad . After two constitutional amendments were passed respectively in 2020 (by constitutional referendum ) and 2021, however, there have been changes. The Senate
1420-504: The Constitution of Italy , each region is an autonomous entity with defined powers. With the exception of the Aosta Valley (since 1945) and Friuli-Venezia Giulia (2018–2020), each region is divided into a number of provinces . During the Kingdom of Italy , regions were mere statistical districts of the central state. Under the Republic, they were granted a measure of political autonomy by
1491-571: The Crown of Aragon and the Southern Italian Peninsula (including Abruzzo) still to the Capetian House of Anjou . The region was profoundly affected during the wars that followed a conspiracy which resulted in the assassination of Andrew, Duke of Calabria , the husband of Queen Joanna I of Naples . Different towns ( L'Aquila , Penne , Chieti , Lanciano , Ortona ) sided at first with
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#17328455491281562-558: The Fucino depression and Montebello di Bertona , the latter giving its name to a distinctive stoneworking technique called "Bertonian". After the Mesolithic transition, which was characterized by climate change and a lack of food resources, agriculture was introduced in Abruzzo by Neolithic farmers from the Middle East . A skeleton from Lama dei Peligni in the province of Chieti
1633-619: The Imperial period favoured economic activities such as trade and pastoralism . On the basis of a division by Augustus , the territory of what is now Abruzzo was part of "Regio V Picenum " and especially "Regio IV Sabina et Samnium ". Much later, the region corresponded to the Valeria province, according to Diocletian decisions, and was among the first to see the arrival of Christianity . Evidence from archeological sites shows that many cities in Abruzzo date back to ancient times. Corfinio
1704-487: The Italian Constitution grants home rule to five regions, namely the Aosta Valley , Friuli-Venezia Giulia , Sardinia , Sicily , and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol , allowing them some legislative, administrative and financial power to a varying extent, depending on their specific statute. These regions became autonomous in order to take into account cultural differences and protect linguistic minorities. Moreover,
1775-719: The Italian fascism period, Pescara became an important center for its homonymous port , tourism and trade . With the Second World War , Abruzzo was on the Gustav Line , part of the German Winter Line . One of the most brutal battles was the Battle of Ortona . Abruzzo was the location of two prisoners of war camps , Campo 21 in Chieti, and Campo 78 in Sulmona. The Sulmona camp also served as
1846-465: The Kingdom of Naples with its viceroys . In Abruzzo, the aristocracy vainly tried to regain more control when there was a rebellion in the Kingdom of Naples led by a fisherman named Masaniello in 1647. At the beginning of the 18th century, the region was affected by destructive earthquakes, which also devastated L'Aquila ( 1703 Apennine earthquakes ) and Sulmona ( 1706 Abruzzo earthquake ), and
1917-431: The Kingdom of Sicily , Abruzzo was involved in the conflicts following the death of William II of Sicily in 1189, and the territories sided with Constance, Queen of Sicily and Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor , but after the death of the former in 1198, they were invaded by Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor . They were also involved in the conflicts between Frederick II (son of Queen Costance ) and Pope Gregory IX , including
1988-505: The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . Almost half of the region's territory is protected through national parks and nature reserves, more than any administrative region on the continent, leading it to be dubbed "the greenest region in Europe." There are three national parks, one regional park, and 38 protected nature reserves. These ensure the survival of rare species, such as the golden eagle ,
2059-604: The Maiella National Park and the Sirente-Velino Regional Park , as well as many other natural reserves and protected areas. In 2017, the ancient beech forests of the Abruzzo Lazio and Molise National Park of Europe were recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, with the region thus gaining its first prestigious site. Until a few decades ago, Abruzzo was a backward region of Southern Italy . Since
2130-500: The War of the Keys . The administrative region of Abruzzo was formed in the 1230s, when Frederick II divided his realms into justiciarates , with Abruzzo forming one of them. The newly founded L'Aquila was destroyed by Manfred, King of Sicily (son of Frederick II ) in 1259, and supported in the Battle of Tagliacozzo (1268) the defeat of his nephew Conradin against Charles I of Anjou ,
2201-683: The War of the Spanish Succession , with the Austrian siege at Pescara in 1707. In 1734, Charles III of the House of Bourbon , King of Spain, ended the short Hasburg Austrian domination, which contributed to large land concentrations in Abruzzo. In accordance with a general diffidence against the Enlightenment ideas, the Abruzzo population of different social classes rebelled in an improvised way against French invasion in 1798 and 1799. After
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2272-472: The giunta , and nominates or dismisses its members, called assessori . If the directly elected president resigns, new elections are called immediately. In the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol region, the regional council is made up of the joint session of the two provincial councils of Trentino and of South Tyrol. The regional president is one of the two provincial commissioners. Article 57 of
2343-619: The unification of Italy , in 1860, Abruzzo became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia and, in 1861, the Kingdom of Italy . Some supporters of the Bourbons fought against volunteers of Garibaldi , and later banded with simple criminals to participate for political reasons in brigandage , which would be eradicated years later. However, many accepted the new order with neither enthusiasm nor opposition. Since 1870, due to its economic conditions, Abruzzo saw massive emigration to other regions and countries, which contributed to Italian diaspora . During
2414-551: The 1948 Italian Constitution . The original draft list comprised the Salento region (which was eventually included in Apulia ); Friuli and Venezia Giulia were separate regions, and Basilicata was named Lucania . Abruzzo and Molise were identified as separate regions in the first draft, but were later merged into Abruzzi e Molise in the final constitution of 1948, before being separated in 1963. Implementation of regional autonomy
2485-423: The 1950s, Abruzzo has showed steady economic growth. In 1951, per capita income or GDP was 53% of that of wealthier Northern Italy . The gap has since narrowed, being 65% in 1971 and 76% by 1994. The region reached the highest per capita GDP of Southern Italy through the highest growth rate of every other region of Italy . The unemployment rate stood at 9.3% in 2020. Abruzzo is the 16th most productive region in
2556-586: The Byzantine general Narses defeated a Frankish - Alamannic army near this river, during the Gothic War . Following the invasion of southern Italy by revolutionary forces led by Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1860, Francis II of the Two Sicilies fled from Naples and took up a defensive position on the south bank of the Volturno, near S. Maria di Capua Vetere . The Piedmontese troops and those of Garibaldi inflicted on
2627-486: The Italian Constitution dates back to 1948. Since the constitutional reform of 2001 they have had residual legislative powers: the regions have exclusive legislative power with respect to any matters not expressly reserved to state law ( Article 117 ). Yet their financial autonomy is quite modest: they keep just 20% of all levied taxes, mostly used to finance the region-based healthcare system . Article 116 of
2698-766: The Neapolitan forces at the battle of the Volturno , on 1 and 2 October, a defeat which led to the fall of Capua. The Volturno also gave its name to the Volturno Line , a German defensive position in Italy during World War II . Abruzzi Abruzzo ( US : / ɑː ˈ b r uː t s oʊ , ə ˈ -/ , UK : / æ ˈ b r ʊ t s oʊ / ; Italian: [aˈbruttso] ; Abruzzese Neapolitan : Abbrùzze [abˈbruttsə] , Abbrìzze [abˈbrittsə] or Abbrèzze [abˈbrɛttsə] ; Aquilano : Abbrùzzu ), historically known as Abruzzi ,
2769-588: The North and pebbly beaches to the South. Abruzzo is well known for its landscapes and natural environment, parks and nature reserves, characteristic hillside areas rich in vineyards and olive groves. Many beaches have been awarded the Blue Flag beach status. In Abruzzo there are two climatic zones. The coastal strip and sub-Apennine hills have a climate markedly different from that of the mountainous interior. Coastal areas have
2840-657: The alliance with the Romans, whereas others surrendered after the Samnite Wars. Following progressive Romanization , they supported the Romans and contributed to many victories in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC . They fought again with Rome during the Social War (91–87 BC) to gain political rights and created the ephemeral state called Italia with Corfinio as the capital. After the Social War, they obtained Roman citizenship and in
2911-519: The barrier effect created by the Apennines. The minimum annual rainfall is found in some inland valleys, sheltered by mountain ranges, such as Peligna or Tirino ( Ofena , Capestrano ), where as little as 500 millimetres (19.7 inches) were recorded. Rainfall along the coast almost always never falls below 600 millimetres (23.6 inches). Pescara has relatively less rainfall (about 700 millimetres (27.6 inches)) than Chieti (about 1,000 millimetres (39.4 inches)). The highest rainfall occurs in upland areas on
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2982-629: The border with Lazio ; they are especially vulnerable to Atlantic disturbances. Around 1,500 to 2,000 millimetres (59 to 79 inches) of precipitation is typical. The flora of Abruzzo is typically Mediterranean. Along the coastal belt Mediterranean shrubland Is the dominant natural vegetation, with species including myrtle , heather and mastic . Inland are found olive , pine , willow , oak , poplar , alder , arbutus , broom , acacia , capers , rosemary , hawthorn , licorice and almond trees, interspersed with oak trees. At elevations between 600 and 1,000 metres (2,000 and 3,300 ft) there
3053-479: The brother of the victim, Louis I of Hungary . In 1443, Alfonso V of Aragon , King of Sicily , conquered the Kingdom of Naples . In the same years, Abruzzo saw many battles, including the ones associated with the War of L'Aquila . Under the Aragonese rulers, L'Aquila started to become a military center, giving up its political and economic importance to Chieti . This period was characterized by economic decline and
3124-446: The character of the region and its people. " Forte e gentile " has since become the motto of the region. Abruzzo is divided into four administrative provinces: Abruzzo is governed as a presidential representative democracy with a multi-party system . Executive power is exercised by the regional government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the regional council. The regional government ( Giunta regionale )
3195-430: The country , and is the 15th for GRP per capita among Italian regions. As of 2003, Abruzzo's per capita GDP was €19,506 or 84% of the national average of €23,181, compared to the average value for Southern Italy of €15,808. In 2006, the region's average GDP per capita was approximately 20,100 EUR. The construction of motorways from Rome to Teramo ( A24 ) and Rome to Pescara ( A25 ), which provided better access to
3266-473: The duchy (all the region together with the district of Rieti and except that of Teramo according to Liber provincialis ), with Celano as capital. So counts of Marsi from different lineages ruled "Marsia" from 843 to 926. In 871, Louis II of Italy founded, as the Carolingian Emperor , a monastery, which would become very powerful in the history of Abruzzo ( Abbey of San Clemente a Casauria ). With
3337-549: The end of the Iron Age , Abruzzo was inhabited by different tribes, including those defined by ancient Roman tradition as Sabelli : Oscan-speaking Pentri , Carricini and Frentani , and, more generically, Osco-Umbrian Aequi , Praetutii , Vestini , Marrucini , Marsi and Peligni . Considered strong warriors by ancient writers, they fought against the Romans in the Samnite Wars (from 343 to 290 BC). Some tribes accepted
3408-523: The government wanted to prevent them from potentially seceding or being taken away from Italy after the defeat in World War II . Each region has an elected parliament, called Consiglio Regionale (regional council), or Assemblea Regionale (regional assembly) in Sicily, and a government called Giunta Regionale (regional committee), headed by a governor called Presidente della Giunta Regionale (president of
3479-415: The industrial district of Val Pescara in the province of Chieti). Agriculture, based on small holdings, has modernised and produces high-quality products. The mostly small-scale producers are active in wine, cereals , sugar beet , potatoes, olives, vegetables, fruit and dairy products . Traditional products are saffron and liquorice . By the late 20th and early 21st centuries, Montepulciano d'Abruzzo ,
3550-576: The main cereal, followed by soft wheat (one million quintals), then barley (0.5 million quintals ); other crops are also grown, among them beetroot (2,500,000 quintals), and tobacco (45,000 quintals). Regions of Italy The regions of Italy ( Italian : regioni d'Italia ) are the first-level administrative divisions of the Italian Republic , constituting its second NUTS administrative level. There are twenty regions, five of which are autonomous regions with special status . Under
3621-472: The new king of Sicily . Since the last half of the 13th century, L'Aquila took a central role in the region. Abruzzo was divided into Abruzzo Citra (nearer Abruzzo) and Abruzzo Ultra (further Abruzzo) by Charles I of Anjou in the 1270s. After the rebellion called Sicilian Vespers and the subsequent war , in 1302 the Peace of Caltabellotta divided the former Kingdom of Sicily as follows: Sicily to
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#17328455491283692-519: The other hand, is home to important multinationals and a factory belonging to the Fiat ( Sevel ) group. The area of Valle Peligna (province of L'Aquila) is also home to industries (the famous one of Sulmona sugared almonds), while other areas such as Pescara and Theatine are home to numerous industries, including multinationals (for example De Cecco , Procter & Gamble , Monti & Ambrosini Editori, Brioni, Ennedue and Miss Sixty , mostly concentrated in
3763-452: The predominance of small and medium enterprises. In the applied research field, there are major institutes and enterprises involved in the fields of pharmaceutics , biomedicine , electronics , aerospace and nuclear physics . The industrial infrastructure is dispersed throughout the region in industrial zones. The most important of these are: Val Pescara, Val di Sangro, Val Trigno, Val Vibrata and Conca del Fucino. The province of Teramo
3834-602: The presence of different Homo species over time, ranging from Homo erectus and Neanderthals to modern humans. A site located at Popoli (Svolte di Popoli) also contained animal bones, which in that case was of a hippopotamus . The most important evidence of Neanderthals presence in the region was found in caves in Calascio and dates back to the Middle Paleolithic . Significant evidence of Upper Paleolithic human populations has been found in various places, including
3905-405: The proclamation of the ephemeral Parthenopean Republic , they continued to be hostile to French invaders ( Sanfedismo ). During the client kingdom (1806–1815) of Napoleon , in 1806, Abruzzo Ultra was divided into two, as Abruzzo Ultra I and Abruzzo Ultra II (being divided at the Gran Sasso d'Italia ); the same Citra/Ultra I/Ultra II scheme was used for Calabria. The return of the Bourbons
3976-529: The red and cerasuolo (rosé) varieties, Trebbiano d'Abruzzo , Pecorino and the Chardonnay; oil production, on the other hand, stands at 1,350,000 quintals of olives and 240,000 quintals of oil ( Aprutino Pescarese , Pretuziano delle Colline Teramane and Colline Teatine ), figures that put Abruzzo in sixth place among the Italian regions; as regards cereals, the durum wheat with over 1.5 million quintals constitutes
4047-434: The region's most famous wine, had become one of the most widely exported DOC-classed wines in Italy. The region produces about 850,000 quintals of fruit, 5 million quintals of vegetables, 1,600,000 quintals of potatoes, and 5,000,000 quintals of grapes, produced both for eating and for winemaking; the latter is estimated at between 3 and 4 million hectoliters, with the production of wines such as Montepulciano d'Abruzzo in
4118-413: The region, is credited as a driver of public and private investments. The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake led to a sharp economic slowdown. However, according to statistics at the end of 2010, some signals of recovery were noted. Regional economic growth was recorded as 1.47%, which actually placed Abruzzo fourth among Italy's regions after Lazio , Lombardy and Calabria . In 2011, Abruzzo's economic growth
4189-400: The regional committee) or Presidente della Regione (regional president). The latter is directly elected by the citizens of each region, with the exceptions of Aosta Valley and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol regions where the president is chosen by the regional council. Under the 1995 electoral law, the winning coalition receives an absolute majority of seats on the council. The president chairs
4260-557: The rule of Hugh of Italy from 926, the territories were divided: Penne and Teate to Atto I [ it ] , and today's province of L'Aquila to Berardo . After two attempted conquests from two Norman princes of Capua in Abruzzo, two other Normans, Robert Guiscard and Robert I of Loritello , conquered Teate , Valva and Penne . Later, all Abruzzo was definitively conquered by Norman Roger II of Sicily , and in 1156 his son William I of Sicily had these victories officially recognized by Pope Adrian IV . As part of
4331-525: The settlements that are still inhabited, while others are no longer so, such as Cluviae near Casoli . The region was known as Aprutium in the Middle Ages and, according to a hypothesis, it is a combination of Praetutium, or rather of the name of the people, Praetutii, applied to their chief city, Interamnia, the old Teramo . After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the Gothic War between
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#17328455491284402-509: The south bank by the Romans ; it is now about one mile inland. A fort had already been placed there during the Roman siege of Capua to serve, with Puteoli, for the provisioning of the army. Augustus placed a colony of veterans here. The Via Domitiana from Sinuessa to Puteoli crossed the river at this point, and some remains of the bridge are visible. The river was navigable as far as Capua. In 554,
4473-473: The spread of brigandage , but coastal centers were favored by trade with the Republic of Venice 's overseas territories. Shortly after the Italian War of 1494–1495 carried out by Charles VIII of France , the Kingdom of Naples returned to Ferdinand II of Aragon . In this and in the following conflict between the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Spain over the Kingdom of Naples , Abruzzo sided with France, but Spain won in 1503 and started to dominate
4544-415: The way to a federal state, were rejected in the 2006 Italian constitutional referendum by 61.7% "no" to 38.3% "yes". The results varied considerably among the regions, ranging from 55.3% in favour in Veneto to 82% against in Calabria . Number of regions governed by each coalition since 1995: Macroregions are the first-level NUTS of the European Union . Every region has a statute that serves as
4615-413: The whole is slightly longer than that of the Liri-Garigliano , and its basin far larger. Its main tributaries are San Bartolomeo , Lete , Torano , Rivo Tella , Titerno , Calore Irpino and Isclero . The river has always had a considerable military importance, and the colony of Volturnum (no doubt preceded by an older, possibly even Etruscan , port of Capua) was founded in 194 BC at its mouth on
4686-435: Was +2.3%, the highest percentage among the regions of Southern Italy. From the early 1950s to the mid-1990s, Abruzzo's industrial sector expanded rapidly, especially in mechanical engineering , transportation equipment and telecommunications. The structure of production in the region reflects the transformation of the economy from agriculture to industry and services. The industrial sector relies on few large enterprises and
4757-460: Was dated back to 6,540 BC using radiometric dating. In Abruzzo and Marche , villages typical of Ripoli culture [ it ] in the 5 – 6th millennium BC consisted of huts , and were generally located on fluvial terraces or hills overlooking rivers . In some cases they were defended by a moat . Caves were often used for rituals . They practiced agriculture , husbandry , hunting , fishing , and production of pottery , which
4828-425: Was granted by the Congress of Vienna , while Abruzzo was plagued by decline and brigandage . The House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies established the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1816, and ruled until Italian unification (also known as the Risorgimento ). Many rebelled again in 1821, 1841 and 1848 , but the ideologies of insurgents were different, and included liberal , Jacobin , or reactionary ideas. During
4899-539: Was known as Corfinium when it was the chief city of the Paeligni , and it became the capital of "Italia" against the Romans during the Social War . Today's Chieti has been inhabited since the Chalcolithic era, and was an important center of Marrucini (Teate Marrucinorum). Atri was known as Hatria and Teramo was known variously in ancient times as Interamnia and Teramne. Pinna (today Penne ), Anxanum ( Lanciano ), Hortona ( Ortona ), Histonium ( Vasto ), Sulmona and Marruvium ( San Benedetto dei Marsi ) are among
4970-575: Was painted or decorated. Other older Neolithic cultures present in Abruzzo are called Impressed Ceramic and Catignano . The Bronze Age saw the spread of Apennine culture and Subapennine culture in central- southern Italy , including in Abruzzo. The former has been associated with pastoralism , and the latter with agriculture . During the Late Bronze Age , Proto-Villanovan culture emerged in Abruzzo. There are sites of Iron Age necropoli at Fiorano ( Loreto Aprutino 's frazione ), Campovalano ( Campli ), Alfedena and Capestrano . At
5041-400: Was postponed until the first Regional elections of 1970. The ruling Christian Democracy party did not want the opposition Italian Communist Party to gain power in the regions where it was historically rooted (the red belt of Emilia-Romagna , Tuscany , Umbria and the Marches ). Regions acquired a significant level of autonomy following a constitutional reform in 2001 (brought about by
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