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86-529: Vladimir Korolenko was born in Zhytomyr , Ukraine ( Volhynian Governorate ), then part of the Russian Empire . His Ukrainian Cossack father, Poltava -born Galaktion Afanasyevich Korolenko (1810-1868), was a district judge who, "amongst the people of his profession looked like a Don Quixote with his defiant honesty and refusal to take bribes", as his son later remembered. His mother Evelina Skórewicz (1833-1903)

172-468: A Jesuit school and monastery were opened here. By 1765, Zhytomyr had five churches, including 3 Roman Catholic and 2 Orthodox, and 285 houses. In 1793 Zhytomyr was incorporated into the Russian Empire , and in 1804 was named capital of the Volhynian Governorate. During a period of Ukrainian independence (1917-1920) in 1918, the city was the national capital of Ukrainian People's Republic for

258-520: A Slavic tribe of Drevlians . This date, 884, is cut into a large stone of the ice age times, standing on the hill where Zhytomyr was founded. Zhytomyr was one of the prominent cities of Kievan Rus' . The first records of the town date from 1240, when it was sacked by the Mongol hordes of Batu Khan . In 1320 Zhytomyr was captured by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and received Magdeburg rights in 1444. After

344-515: A bout of creativity and, having finished his Siberian short story cycle, published his third volume of Sketches and Stories in 1903. By this time Korolenko was well established amongst Russian writers. He was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences but resigned in 1902 when Maxim Gorky was expelled as a member because of his revolutionary activities. (Anton Chekhov resigned from the Academy for

430-614: A collective act of abuse, "desecrating his pure grave." Mark Aldanov, who considered Korolenko the founder of his own new school of literature, a 'fine landscape painter' and in this respect a precursor to Ivan Bunin , was still ambivalent about Korolenko's literary legacy as a whole, describing him as an "uneven writer who authored some true masterpieces alongside dismally weak stories, one of his most famous ones, 'Chyudnaya', among them." While praising his style of writing, "devoid of modernist ornamentations," as well as "very simple, seemingly ordinary spoken language almost completely free from

516-509: A fellow Narodnik he first met years ago in Moscow. She was arrested twice, in 1876 and 1879, and spent 1879-1883 in exile before being allowed to settle in Nizhny Novgorod where she met and married her old friend Korolenko. In this marriage, described as very happy and fulfilling, two daughters, Natalya and Sophia, were born (two more died in infancy). Natalya Lyakhovich-Korolenko (1888—1950) was

602-477: A few weeks. Ultimately, the Ukrainian fight for independence failed and Ukrainian People's Republic became occupied by Soviet Union . A new Soviet Ukraine state was formed under Soviet rule - Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic . From 1920 Zhytomyr was a part of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic . Due to one of Stalin 's 5-year plans, the city suffered from the man-made famine Holodomor of 1932-1933 . In 2008,

688-483: A large Jewish community, and was a center of the Hasidic movement. Jews formed nearly one-third of the 1861 population (13,299 of 40,564); thirty years later, they had somewhat outpaced the general growth of the city, with 24,062 Jews in a total population of 69,785. By 1891 there were three large synagogues and 46 smaller batei midrash . The proportion of Jews was much lower in the surrounding district of Zhytomyr than in

774-543: A locksmith in a small workshop he co-owned with a friend. Later, residing in Nizhny and working as an insurance company inspector, he travelled a lot and, having met in Astrakhan Nikolai Chernyshevsky , became instrumental in both authors' meeting. He is portrayed in two of Korolenko's autobiographical stories, "At Night" (Ночью) and "Paradox" (Парадокс). Maria Korolenko (7 October 1856 - 8 April 1917) graduated

860-628: A meagre income. Korolenko started his education in a Polish Rykhlinsky boarding school to continue it in the Zhitomir and later Rovno gymnasiums , graduating the latter with silver medal. In his final year, he discovered the works of Nikolai Nekrasov and Ivan Turgenev . "It was then that I found my true 'native land' and that was the world of, first and foremost, Russian literature ," he later wrote. He also cited Taras Shevchenko and Ukrainian folklore as major influences. In 1871 Korolenko enrolled into Saint Petersburg Technological Institute but after

946-434: A part of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic again. On 24 August 1991 Ukrainian parliament announced Declaration of Independence of Ukraine . From 1991, Zhytomyr has been part of the independent and sovereign Ukraine . During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , Zhytomyr and the surrounding area were subjected to several Russian air and missile strikes, such as the 2 March airstrike which damaged residential buildings,

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1032-528: A philologist and literary historian, who edited some of the post-1921 editions of her father's books. Her husband Konstantin Ivanovich Lyakhovich (1885—1921) was a Russian Social Democrat, the leader of the Poltava's Mensheviks in 1917-1921. Sofia Korolenko (1886—1957) worked for several years as a school teacher in rural area, then in 1905 became her father's personal secretary and was one of co-editors of

1118-892: A small one for 70 seats, a lobby with an area of 550 m2, rehearsal halls, dressing rooms, offices, production shops. Currently in the city work: Since 1973, the Zhytomyr Academic Dance Ensemble "Sun" exists in the city. The internationally renowned chamber choir OREYA is based in the city. Famous composers Borys Lyatoshynsky and Sviatoslav Richter were born in Zhytomyr. Museums The following museums operate in Zhytomyr: Libraries Architecture: sights and monuments Semyon Vengerov Semyon Afanasievich Vengerov (Russian: Семён Афанасьевич Венгеров; 17 April [ O. S. 5 April] 1855, Lubny , Poltava Governorate – 14 September 1920, Petrograd )

1204-707: A survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in April–May 2023, 82% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 14% spoke Russian. Zhytomyr had been a Latin Catholic bishopric since 1321, until The See was suppressed in 1789 in favor of the Diocese of Lutsk and Zytomierz , until that was split up again in 1925, when it was restored as the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zhytomyr ; that

1290-407: A thermal electricity plant, and two hospitals, killing at least two and injuring more than a dozen. The city is divided into two urban districts : Microdistrict The city of Zhytomyr contains the following areas ( microdistricts ): 31,000 Jews, 17,000 Russians, 9,000 Ukrainians, 7,000 Poles Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census : According to

1376-410: A writer was not an easy job," Maxim Gorky remembered later, in the essay "The Times of Korolenko". Throughout his writing career Korolenko advocated for human rights and against injustices and persecutions. Considering himself 'only a part-time-writer', as he put it, he became famous as a publicist who, never restricting himself to mere journalistic work, was continually and most effectively engaged in

1462-641: A year earlier) published the Manifest by the Petersburg Soviet of the Workers' deputies. As its editor-in-chief, Korolenko was repeatedly sued by the authorities, had his flat raided by the police and the materials deemed subversive confiscated. Starting in 1906, he headed the campaign against military law and capital punishment and in the late 1900s sharply criticised the governments' punitive actions ("Everyday Phenomenon", 1910, "Features of Military Justice", 1910, "In

1548-568: A year spent in utmost poverty had to leave in early 1873 due to financial problems. In 1874 he moved to Moscow and joined the Moscow College of Agriculture and Forestry . He was expelled from it in 1876 for having signed a collective letter protesting against the arrest of a fellow student, and was exiled to the Vologda region, then Kronstadt , where the authorities agreed to transfer him, answering his mother's plea. In August 1877 Korolenko enrolled in

1634-518: Is 261,624 (2022 estimate). Zhytomyr is a major transport hub. The city lies on a historic route linking the city of Kyiv with the west through Brest . Today it links Warsaw with Kyiv, Minsk with Izmail , and several major cities of Ukraine. Zhytomyr was also the location of Ozerne airbase , a key Cold War strategic aircraft base 11 kilometres (6.8 miles) southeast of the city. Important economic activities of Zhytomyr include lumber milling, food processing, granite quarrying, metalworking, and

1720-432: Is also historically known by different names in other languages – Russian : Житомир , romanized :  Zhitomir [ʐɨˈtomʲɪr] ; Polish : Żytomierz [ʐɨˈtɔ.mjɛʂ] ; Belarusian : Жытомір , romanized :  Žytomir [ʐɨˈtomʲɪr] ; Yiddish : זשיטאָמיר , romanized :  Zhitomir . Legend holds that Zhytomyr was established about 884 by Zhytomyr, prince of

1806-505: Is in equal degree the result of his fine, both humane and elegant literary gift, and the fact that he was "the 'knight of quill' in the best sense of the word," Vengerov wrote in 1911. "His life was the continuation of his literature and vice versa. Korolenko was honest. Things that he wrote and things that he did have merged into harmonic oneness for a Russian reader," the Modernist critic Yuly Aykhenvald wrote, looking for an answer as to why

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1892-464: Is more or less worthless". In Noise of Time , Osip Mandelshtam claimed that Vengerov had "understood nothing in Russian literature and studied Pushkin as a professional task". For Vengerov, the greatest merit of Russian literature was its essential didacticism : "For the Russian reader, literature has always been a holy thing; contact with it makes him purer and better, and he always relates to it with

1978-616: Is named for him. Zhytomyr Zhytomyr ( Ukrainian : Житомир [ʒɪˈtɔmɪr] ; see below for other names) is a city in the north of the western half of Ukraine . It is the administrative center of Zhytomyr Oblast ( province ), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Zhytomyr urban hromada ( commune ) and Zhytomyr Raion ( district ). Moreover Zhytomyr consists of two urban districts : Bohunskyi District and Koroliovskyi District (named in honour of Sergey Korolyov ). Zhytomyr occupies an area of 65 square kilometres (25 square miles). Its population

2064-402: Is no cosmos, no air, in fact, almost nothing except for lots and lots of people, all worried by their worldly problems, totally foreign to the notion of their mysterious unity with the great Universe," argued the critic, who described Korolenko's literary world as 'confined quartes' where 'horizons [were] narrow and well outlined' and everything was "portrayed in vague and simple lines." In fact,

2150-569: The Chișinău pogrom of 1903, was banned by the Russian censorship and appeared in print in 1905 for the first time. It was also published in English. As the 1905 Revolution started, Korolenko made a stand against the Black Hundred in Poltava. Numerous death threats he received by post have warranted the workers' picket guard to be put by his flat. In 1905 Russkoye Bogatstvo (which he had started editing

2236-604: The Polish writers like Henryk Sienkiewicz , Eliza Orzeszkowa and Bolesław Prus , but still mastered his own style of prose in which "the best sides of the two literatures merged harmoniously, the colourful romanticism of the Poles, the poetic soulfulness of Ukrainian and Russian writers." Numerous critics, Mirsky and Vengerov included, praised the author for ingenious depictions of the Northern Russia's nature as well as vivid portrayal of

2322-804: The Union of Lublin (1569) the city was incorporated into the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and in 1667, following the Treaty of Andrusovo , it became the capital of the Kiev Voivodeship . In the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 it passed to Imperial Russia and became the capital of the Volhynian Governorate . Following the Union of Lublin , Zhytomyr became an important center of local administration, seat of

2408-648: The anti-Semitic Beilis trial and wrote the powerful essay "Call to the Russian People in regard to the blood libel of the Jews" (1911–13). Korolenko never belonged to any political party, but ideologically was close to the Popular Socialists . None of the two extremes of the famous ' Stolypin dylemma ' attracted him, "he fancied neither 'great tribulations' in terms of 1918, nor the 'Great Russia' as of its 1914 model," according to Mark Aldanov . Vladimir Korolenko, who

2494-443: The starosta , and capital of Zhytomyr County. Here, sejmiks of Kiev Voivodeship took place. In 1572, the town had 142 buildings, a manor house of the starosta and a castle. Following the privilege of King Sigismund III Vasa , Zhytomyr had the right for two fairs a year. During Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648) Zhytomyr was incorporated into Cossack Hetmanate state. In 1667, Zhytomyr became capital of Kiev Voivodeship, and in 1724,

2580-621: The 1914 A.F. Marks' edition of the Complete Korolenko. Following her father's death Sofia Vladimirovna initiated the foundation of the Korolenko Museum in Poltava, of which for many years she has been the director. Her Book on My Father (Книга об отце, 1966-1968, posthumously) is a biography taken up exactly where his own The History of My Contemporary left of, in 1885 when, having just returned from exile, he settled in Nizhny Novgorod. D.S. Mirsky considered Korolenko to be "undeniably

2666-625: The Bolsheviks. According to Kogan, there is hardly anything more powerful [in Russian journalism] than Korolenko's articles denouncing the political and religious violence of the old regime. "His works on the Beilis and the Multan affairs, the Pogroms of the Jews amounted to the journalistic heroism," the critic argued. Korolenko, much in the way of Rousseau , whom Kogan saw him as being an heir to, "refused to follow

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2752-584: The Chapel of St. Stanislaus was built (now in ruins), and the cemetery was divided into nine districts, named after different saints. In the Soviet Union , the complex was devastated, now it is under the process of renovation. Among most famous people buried here are: Zhytomyr apparently had few Jews at the time of the Khmelnytsky Uprising (1648), but by the time it became part of Russia in 1778, it had

2838-625: The Chicago exhibition during 1893 as a correspondent for Russkoye Bogatstvo , Korolenko wrote the novella "Bez yazyka" (Без языка, Without Language, 1895) telling the story of an uneducated Ukrainian peasant, struggling in America, unable to speak a word in English. In 1896 Korolenko moved his family to Saint Petersburg. Suffering from some stress-induced psychological disorders, including insomnia , in September 1900 he returned to Poltava. There he experienced

2924-483: The Icon" and "The Eclipse", both 1887; "Pavlovsk Sketches" and "In Deserted Places", both 1890) inspired by his travels throughout Volga and Vetluga regions that he had made while living in Nizhny. One of his Siberian stories, "Sokolinets" was praised by Anton Chekhov , who in a 9 January 1888 letter called it "the most outstanding [short story] of the latest times" and likened it to perfect musical composition. After visiting

3010-769: The Moscow Ekaterininsky Institute and worked as a midwife . She married the Military Surguical Academy student Nikolai Loshkaryov and in 1879 followed him into exile to Krasnoyarsk . Upon the return both lived in Nizhny Novgorod. Evelina Korolenko (20 January 1861 - September 1905), graduated the midwife courses in Petersburg, and later worked as a proofreader. In January 1886 Vladimir Korolenko married Evdokiya Semyonovna Ivanovskaya (Евдокия Семёновна Ивановская, born 1855, Tula Governorate; 1940 in Poltava),

3096-874: The National Museum of the Holodomor Genocide published the National Book of Memory of the Victims of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine. Zhytomyr region - Zhytomyr. The book has 1116 pages and consists of three sections. According to historical records, more than 8015 people died during Holodomor in 1932–1933. During World War II Zhytomyr and the surrounding territory was, for two and a half years (first from 9 July 1941 to 12 November 1943, and again from 19 November 1943 to 31 December 1943 ) under Nazi German occupation and

3182-536: The Pacified Village", 1911). Of "Everyday Phenomenon" Leo Tolstoy wrote: "It ought to be re-printed and published in million copies. None of the speeches in Duma, or treatises, or dramas or novels would have one thousandth of the benign effect this article should have". Foreworded by Tolstoy, it was published abroad in Russian, Bulgarian , German, French and Italian languages. In 1913 he took strong public stand against

3268-543: The Saint Petersburg Mineral Resources Institute where he became an active member of a Narodnik group. Eight months later was reported on by a 3rd Section spy (whom he had exposed to friends), arrested and sent into exile, first to Vyatka , then Vyshnevolotsky District (where he spent six months in jail) and later Tomsk . He was finally allowed to settle in Perm . Korolenko's debut short story,

3354-540: The Soviet biographer V.B. Katayev, Korolenko was "a realist continually gravitating towards the romantic side of life" who has "walked his life the hard way of a hero." Writing in 1921, Anatoly Lunacharsky declared Korolenko "undoubtedly the biggest contemporary Russian writer" even if belonging wholly to the Russian historical and literary past, a "shining figure looming large between the liberal idealists and revolutionary narodniks ." Like many others he too chose 'humanism' as

3440-649: The Underground"), and "The Wood Murmurs" (Лес шумит), comprised his first collection Sketches and Stories (Очерки и рассказы), which, featuring pieces from both the Ukrainian and Siberian cycles, came out in the late 1886. Also in 1886 he published the short novel Slepoi Muzykant (Слепой музыкант), which enjoyed 15 re-issues during its author's lifetime. It was published in English as The Blind Musician in 1896-1898. Korolenko's second collection, Sketches and Stories (1893) saw his Siberian cycle continued ("At-Davan", "Marusya's Plot"), but also featured stories ("Following

3526-598: The Zhytomyr Jewish community numbers about 5,000. The community is a part of the "Union of Jewish Communities in Ukraine" and the city and district's rabbinate. Rabbi Shlomo Vilhelm, who came to the city as a Chabad emissary in 1994, serves as rabbi. Other Jewish institutions are also active in the city, including the Joint and its humanitarian branch "Chesed" and the Jewish Agency . The community has an ancient synagogue in

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3612-494: The author's humanism as such is "overbearing and in the end feels as if [the author] tries to exert some kind of violence over the reader's free will," according to the biographer. For Aychenvald, Korolenko is too "rational when observing human suffering; apparently seeing rational reasons behind it, he is invariably convinced that there must be some panacea for it, which will bring all pain to the end." For all his shortcomings, though, Korolenko, according to Aykhenvald, "remains one of

3698-648: The book V golodny god (В голодный год, In the Year of Famine, 1893) in which he provided the full account of the horrors that he witnessed, as well as the political analysis of the reasons of the crisis. In 1895-1896 he spent enormous amount of time supervising the court case of the group of the Udmurt peasants from Stary Multan village who were falsely accused of committing ritual murders. Writing continuously for numerous Russian papers (and in 1896 summarizing his experiences in "The Multan Affair", Мултанское дело) Korolenko made sure

3784-412: The city center which has a mikveh . Chabad operates in the city various educational institutions which have residence in a village next to the city. The city has 2 state theaters and a philharmonic, more than 10 museums, libraries and planetarium. One of the world-famous museums of cosmonautics Serhiy Pavlovych Korolyov Museum of Cosmonautics is located in the city. Theaters and music In 1809,

3870-472: The city itself; at the turn of the century (circa 1900) there were 22,636 Jews in a total population of 281,378. In Imperial Russia , Zhytomyr held the same status as the official Jewish center of southern part of the Pale of Settlement as Vilnius held in the north. The printing of Hebrew books was permitted only in these two cities during the monopoly of Hebrew printing from 1845 to 1862, and both were chosen as

3956-543: The complications of pneumonia on 25 December 1921. Vladimir Korolenko had two brothers and two sisters. His third sister Alexandra died in 1867, aged 1 year and 10 months, and was buried in Rovno. Yulian Korolenko (born 16 February 1851, died 15 November 1904) in the 1870s worked as a proofreader in Saint Petersburg. As a narodnik circle's member, he was arrested in 1879 and spent short time in jail. Later in Moscow he joined

4042-662: The exigencies of the war effort and mounting partisan warfare behind the lines prevented Nazi leaders from fully developing and realizing their colonial aims in Ukraine… In addition to the immediate destruction of all Jewish communities, Himmler insisted that the Ukrainian civilian population be brought to a 'minimum.' During 1942-1949 Zhytomyr region was a territory of mild Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) activity (UPA North), who fought for Independence of Ukraine against Nazi Germany and Soviet Union . After Soviet Union defeated Nazi Germany , Zhytomyr fell under Soviet rule and became

4128-480: The extensive autobiography The History of my Contemporary (История моего современника), fashioned to some extent after Alexander Hertzen 's My Past and Thoughts . Part one of it was published in 1910, the rest (Part 4 unfinished) came out posthumously, in 1922. In 1914 the Complete Works by V.G. Korolenko came out. Starting from 1887, Korolenko became actively involved with Severny Vestnik . In 1894, he joined

4214-404: The first stationary theater building was built in Zhytomyr on the initiative of Volyn governor M. I. Кomburley. In 1858, the first stone theater in Ukraine was built (now it houses the regional state philharmonic). M. Kropyvnytskyi , M. Zankovetska , V. Komisarzhevska, I. Aldridge , P. Viardot performed here. In 1966, a new theater building was built with a large auditorium for 943 seats and

4300-436: The grand Brockhaus-Efron edition of Pushkin's works (1907–16) in 6 large quarto volumes; D. S. Mirsky refers to this edition as "a monument of infinite industry and infinite bad taste". Vengerov's interest in academic biographism gained him a reputation of being a positivist compiler of biographical data. According to Mirsky, his works contain "a great mass of prefatory, commentatory, and biographical matter, most of which

4386-485: The hackneyed jargon of intelligentsia," Aldanov argued: "He was too gentle a man, who admired and respected the people too much to grow into a great writer," noting: "his stories are full of thieves, gamblers and murderers, with not a single evil man among them." Aykhenvald who lauded Korolenko's role as a purveyor of humanism in Russia, was less complimentary to his stories which he found, 'overcrowded', lacking in space. "There

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4472-703: The human nature." Up until his dying day, suffering from a progressive heart disorder, he was busy collecting food packages for children in famine-stricken Moscow and Petrograd, took part in organizing orphanages and shelters for the homeless. He was elected the honourable member of the Save the Children League, and the All-Russia Committee for Helping the Famine Victims. Vladimir Korolenko died in Poltava , Ukraine , of

4558-482: The largest private collection of Dostoyevsky 's letters and manuscripts. He was a great admirer of Ivan Turgenev , the subject of his first major work of criticism (approved by Turgenev himself). Vengerov also presided over an influential Pushkin seminar and the Russian Book Chamber (which he had helped found). In the early 20th century he issued a detailed overview of recent Russian literature and edited

4644-417: The latter camp and praised him for having "...enriched the Russian literature with true gems, one of the best in the Russian canon." The majority of the critics, regardless of which political camp they belonged to, saw Korolenko the social activist at least as important and influential as Korolenko the writer. In his 1922 tribute Lev Gumilevsky, lauding the writer's style for "striking simplicity which added to

4730-413: The local social activism, attracting radicals to fight all kinds of wrongdoing committed by the authorities, according to the biographer Semyon Vengerov . Xavier got drafted to the russian military as a heavy guns man which got Korolenko brothers nicknamed [тачанка] Tachanka, but korolenko's brother disappeared without any clues, people said he disappeared like a ghost and was gone to find a better future in

4816-491: The majority of Russian nation". S. Poltavsky, calling his 1922 essay the "Quiet Hurricane", defined Korolenko as "the knight of the high image of Justice" who conducted his 'tournaments' with 'quiet humaine gentleness'. Semyon Vengerov called Korolenko "a humanist in the most straightforward sense of the word" whose sincerity was so overwhelming as to "win [people] over no matter which political camp they belonged." "The high position Korolenko occupies in our contemporary literature

4902-562: The manufacture of musical instruments. Zhytomyr Oblast is the main center of the Polish minority in Ukraine , and in the city itself there is a Latin Catholic cathedral and large Roman Catholic Polish cemetery, founded in 1800. It is regarded as the third biggest Polish cemetery outside Poland, after the Lychakivskiy Cemetery in Lviv and Rasos Cemetery in Vilnius . The city of Zhytomyr

4988-625: The most attractive figures in the contemporary Russian literature," quick to enchant the reader with "his touchingly soft romanticism and tender melancholy gently lightening a dim world where misguided, orphaned souls and charming images of children roam." Korolenko is generally considered to be a major Russian writer of the late 19th century and early 20th century. Russian singer and literature student Pavel Lion (now Ph.D.) adopted his stage name Psoy Korolenko due to his admiration of Korolenko's work. A minor planet 3835 Korolenko , discovered by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1977

5074-401: The most attractive representative of the idealist radicalism in Russian literature." "Should it not be for Chekhov , he would have been the first among the writers and poets of his time," the critic argued. The important part of Korolenko's artistic palette was his "wonderful humor... often intertwined with poetry," according to Mirsky. "Completely devoid of the intricacies that usually come with

5160-454: The most striking feature of Korolenko's legacy and argued that "in all our literature, so marked with humanism there has never been a more vivid proponent of the latter." Seeing the whole Russian literature as divided into two distinct sections, the one that tended towards simplicity ( Dostoyevsky , Leo Tolstoy ) and another that went for "the musical quality, for outward perfection ( Pushkin , Turgenev )", Lunacharsky placed Korolenko firmly into

5246-449: The next three years in Amga , a small settlement 275 versts from Yakutsk, where he did manual work, but also studied local customs and history. His impressions from his life in exile provided Korolenko with rich material for his writings, which he started to systematize upon arriving at Nizhny Novgorod , where in 1885 he was finally allowed to settle in. In Nizhny, Korolenko became the center of

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5332-439: The power of his word," called him Russia's "social... and literary conscience." Mark Aldanov also considered him "the symbol of civil consciousness and lofty ideals in literature." The Soviet biographer F. Kuleshov praised Korolenko as "the defender of the oppressed" and a "truth-seeker, ardent and riotous, who with the fervency of a true revolutionary fought the centuries-long traditions of lawlessness." According to this critic,

5418-432: The practical issues he saw as demanding immediate public attention. In 1891-1892, when famine struck several regions of Central Russia, he went to work on the ground, taking part in the relief missions, collecting donations, supervising the process of delivering and distributing food, opening free canteens (forty five, in all), all the while sending to Moskovskiye Vedomosti regular reports which would be later compiled in

5504-516: The revolution, but he's been always within it, and this way, the part of it." All the while, many Russian authors in emigration expressed disgust at what they saw as the hypocrisy of the Bolsheviks who hastened to appropriate Korolenko's legacy for their propagandistic purposes. Mark Aldanov, for one, declared the excessive flow of official 'tributes', including the Lunacharsky's obituary, Demyan Bedny 's poetic dedication and Grigory Zinoviev 's speech

5590-520: The same reason). In 1905, he spoke at rallies in Poltava to prevent Jewish pogroms in the city. Condemned the activities of the authorities during the Sorochynsky tragedy of 1905. He gave a speech in 1911 at the opening of the monument to Mykola Gogol in Sorochyntsy. He created the series "Domestic Phenomenon" to oppose military courts and mass death sentences. In the autumn of 1905 he started working upon

5676-399: The satire, it is natural, unforceful and has this levity which is rarely met with Russian authors," the critic opined. For Mirsky, Korolenko's style and language, full of "emotional poeticism and Turgenevesque pictures of nature," was "typical for what in the 1880s-1890s was considered to be 'artistry' in Russian literature." According to Semyon Vengerov , Korolenko had a lot in common with

5762-438: The seats of the two rabbinical schools which were established by the government in 1848 in pursuance of its plans to force secular education on the Jews of Russia in accordance with the program of the Teutonized Russian Haskalah movement. The rabbinical school of Zhytomyr was considered the more Jewish, or rather the less Russianized, of the two ( Ha-Meliẓ , 1868, No. 40, cited in Jewish Encyclopedia ). Its first head master

5848-416: The semi-autobiographical "Episodes from the Life of a Searcher" telling the story of a young Narodnik desperately looking for his social and spiritual identity, was published in the July 1879 issue of Saint Petersburg's Slovo magazine. Another early story, "Chudnaya" (Чудная, Weird Girl), written in a prison cell, spread across Russia in its hand-written form and was first published in London in 1893. Xavier

5934-422: The staff of Russkoye Bogatstvo (the magazine he stayed with until 1918) where he discovered and encouraged, among others, the young Alexey Peshkov (as he was still known in 1889) and Konstantin Balmont . "Korolenko was the first to explain to me the significance of form and the phrase structuring, and, totally surprised by how simply and clearly he managed to do this, for the first time did I realize that being

6020-483: The staff of Russkye Vedomiosti newspaper and contributed to its Moscow Chronicles sections. In his early life Yulian was interested in literature, wrote poetry and co-authored (with Vladimir) the translation of "L'Oiseau" by Jules Michelet , published in 1878 and signed, collectively, "Коr-о". Illarion Korolenko (21 October 1854 - 25 November 1915), also a Narodnik activist, was sent into exile in 1879 and spent five years in Glazov , Vyatka Governorate where he worked as

6106-462: The students who later became famous in the Jewish world. The Jewish community of Zhytomyr suffered pogroms : The Jewish community of the region was largely destroyed in the Holocaust . In the four months beginning with Himmler 's 25 July 1942 orders, "all of Ukraine's shtetls and ghettos lay in ruins; around 3,000 Jewish men, women, and children were murdered by stationary and mobile SS -police units with local Ukrainian auxiliaries." Today,

6192-407: The upcoming years that will come. "Makar's Dream" (Сон Макара) established his reputation as a writer when it was published in 1885. The story, based on a dying peasant's dream of heaven, was translated and published in English in 1892. This, as well as numerous other stories, including "In Bad Company" (В дурном обществе, better known in Russia in its abridged version for children called "Children of

6278-752: The ways of the locals "in all their disturbing detail," as well as some "unforgettable human portraits of great psychological depth" (Vengerov). Mark Aldanov also saw Korolenko as belonging to the Polish school of literature, while owing a lot to the early Nikolai Gogol ("some of his stories would have fitted fine into the Dikanka Evenings cycle"), who all the while happened to be "totally untouched by" neither Lev Tolstoy , nor Chekhov . The critic and historian Natalya Shakhovskaya considered Korolenko's most distinct feature to be "the way romanticism and harsh realism gelled both in his prose and his own character." For

6364-486: The whole country became aware of the trial, exposed the fabrications, himself performed as barrister in court and almost single-handedly brought about the acquittal, thus "practically saving the whole little nation from the horrible stain which would have remained for years should the guilty verdict have been passed," according to the biographer. Stary Multan has been subsequently renamed Korolenko village, in his honour and memory. "The House No.13", his historic description of

6450-400: The writer's unique persona united in itself "a brilliant story-teller..., astute psychologist, great publicist, energetic, tireless social activist, a true patriot and very simple, open and modest man with crystal clear, honest soul." Maxim Gorky , while crediting Korolenko with being a "huge master and fine stylist," also opined that he did a lot to "awaken the sleeping social self-awareness of

6536-464: The years of the Civil War, risking his life, Korolenko pleaded against atrocities, of which there were many from all sides of the conflict. While trying to save from death the Bolsheviks arrested by the 'whites', he appealed for the 'reds' against reciprocating with terror, arguing (in his letters to Anatoly Lunacharsky ) that the process of "moving towards Socialism should be based upon the better sides of

6622-513: Was Heinrich Himmler 's Ukrainian headquarters. The Nazi regime in what they called the "Zhytomyr General District" became what historian Wendy Lower describes as a laboratory for… Himmler's resettlement activists… the elimination of the Jews and German colonization of the East—transformed the landscape and devastated the population to an extent that was not experienced in other parts of Nazi-occupied Europe besides Poland. [While]… [u]ltimately,

6708-566: Was Jacob Eichenbaum , who was succeeded by Hayyim Selig Slonimski in 1862. The latter remained at the head of the school until it was closed (together with the one at Vilnius) in 1873 because of its failure to provide rabbis with a secular education who would be acceptable to the Jewish communities. Suchastover , Gottlober , Lerner , and Zweifel were among the best-known teachers of the rabbinical school at Zhytomyr, while Abraham Goldfaden , Salomon Mandelkern , and Abraham Jacob Paperna were among

6794-428: Was Korolenko so "deeply, so profoundly loved in his lifetime by people belonging to different classes and groups." Lauding Korolenko for being "Russia's pre-1905 one-man constitution," and the one who "just could not pass by without responding to any serious wrong-doing or social injustice," the critic noted: "He meddled with lots of things and those who disliked that were tempted to liken him to Don Quixote , but valiance

6880-509: Was Korolenko's younger brother; he was 23 at the time, when he heard the news about his brother coming out of his exile he was reunited with Korolenko. In August 1881, while in Perm, Korolenko and Xavier refused to swear allegiance to the new Russian Tsar Alexander III (the act that some political prisoners and exiles were demanded to perform, after the assassination of Alexander II ) and was exiled again, this time much farther, to Yakutia . He spent

6966-617: Was a lifetime opponent of Tsarism and described himself as a "party-less Socialist", reservedly welcomed the Russian Revolution of 1917 which he considered to be a logical result of the whole historical course of things. However, he soon started to criticize the Bolsheviks as the despotic nature of their rule became evident. During the Russian Civil War that ensued, he condemned both Red Terror and White Terror . While in Poltava in

7052-652: Was formally suppressed in 1998 to establish the Diocese of Kyïv–Žytomyr , but actually the city retains the episcopal see in its Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom , while Kyiv (although first in the title and the national capital) only has a co-cathedral . The Zhytomyr cemetery was opened in 1800. At first, it served Polish nobility from Volhynia , such as the Czeczel and the Woronicz families. Later, other Catholics were buried here, including Germans, Ukrainians and Russians. In 1840,

7138-456: Was not just one single virtue of our Russian knight, for he was also highly reasonable and never spared his fighting powers for naught." The early Soviet critic Pavel Kogan argued that Korolenko was in a way contradicting himself by denouncing the revolutionary terror for it was him who had collected "the immense set of documents damning the Tsarist regime" which completely justified the cruelties of

7224-558: Was of Polish origin. In his early childhood Korolenko "did not very well know to which nationality he belonged and learned to read Polish before he did Russian," according to D.S. Mirsky . It was only after the 1863 January Uprising that the family did have to 'choose' its nationality and decided to 'become' Russians. After the sudden death of her husband in Rovno in 1866, Evelina Iosifovna, suffering enormous hardships, somehow managed to raise her five children, three sons and two daughters, on

7310-616: Was the pater familias of an artistic clan that included his sisters Isabelle Vengerova , a co-founder of the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia, and Zinaida Vengerova , a noted literary critic, as well as nephew Nicolas Slonimsky , a Russian-American composer. Vengerov studiously researched the careers of "second-tier" Russian authors of the 19th and (especially) 18th centuries. His materials proved indispensable for several generations of Russian literary historians. His archives contain

7396-426: Was the preeminent literary historian of Imperial Russia . Vengerov was the son of Chonon (Afanasy) Vengerov and memoirist Pauline Wengeroff , a prominent Jewish family. His parents were of the few acculturated Russian Jews, and sent him to a Christian school, of which he once was expelled for refusing to kneel before an icon. As academic careers were barred to Jews, he converted to Orthodoxy after matriculating. He

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