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64-754: Vimieiro is the name of several places in Portugal: Vimiero (Arraiolos), a freguesia (civil parish) in Arraiolos Municipality Vimieiro (Braga) , a civil parish in the municipality of Braga Vimieiro (Santa Comba Dão) , a village in the municipality of Santa Comba Dão See also [ edit ] Vimeiro , a civil parish in the municipality of Lourinhã in Oeste (intermunicipal community) Battle of Vimeiro , an 1808 victory of British forces under Wellington over French forces under Junot during

128-620: A Hellenistic trend, the Corinthian order and its variant the Composite order were most common in surviving Roman temples, but for small temples like that at Alcántara , a simple Tuscan order could be used. Vitruvius does not recognise the Composite order in his writings, and covers the Tuscan order only as Etruscan; Renaissance writers formalized them from observing surviving buildings. The front of

192-472: A cathedral-like position in the official religion of Rome. It was destroyed by fire three times, and rapidly rebuilt in contemporary styles. The first building, traditionally dedicated in 509 BC, has been claimed to have been almost 60 m × 60 m (200 ft × 200 ft), much larger than other Roman temples for centuries after, although its size is heavily disputed by specialists. Whatever its size, its influence on other early Roman temples

256-440: A formal agreement was established that limited Álvaro Pires de Castro's demands: he could no longer requisition residents' homes or take their belongings, such as food and household items, without consent. As part of the compromise, the townspeople agreed to contribute labor toward the construction of a new residence for him in exchange for clear limits on his demands. In 1387, Nuno Álvares Pereira , Constable of Portugal , became

320-516: A four-columned Roman triumphal arch and added a pediment above; San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice , begun 1566, by Andrea Palladio , which has two superimposed temple fronts, one low and wide, the other tall and narrow; the Villa Capra "La Rotonda" , 1567 on, also by Palladio, with four isolated temple fronts on each side of a rectangle, with a large central dome. In Baroque architecture two temple fronts, often of different orders, superimposed one above

384-514: A hill, probably had many wide steps at the approach to the main front, followed by a flat area before the final few steps. After the eclipse of the Etruscan models, the Greek classical orders in all their details were closely followed in the façades of Roman temples, as in other prestigious buildings, with the direct adoption of Greek models apparently beginning around 200 BC, under the late Republic. But

448-548: A huge pilgrimage complex of the 1st century BC led visitors up several levels with large buildings on a steep hillside, before they eventually reached the sanctuary itself, a much smaller circular building. A caesareum was a temple devoted to the Imperial cult . Caesarea were located throughout the Roman Empire , and often funded by the imperial government, tending to replace state spending on new temples to other gods, and becoming

512-549: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Arraiolos Municipality The town is famous for its castle and its embroidered wool rugs and carpets. Arraiolos rugs have been made since at least the 16th century. In October 2003, Jorge Sampaio , the then President of Portugal, invited the Presidents of Finland , Germany , as well as of soon-to-be EU members Hungary , Latvia and Poland to Arraiolos in order to discuss

576-750: Is the Tempietto of Donato Bramante in the courtyard of San Pietro in Montorio in Rome, c. 1502, which has been widely admired ever since. Though the Pantheon's large circular domed cella, with a conventional portico front, is "unique" in Roman architecture, it has been copied many times by modern architects. Versions include the church of Santa Maria Assunta in Ariccia by Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1664), which followed his work restoring

640-594: The Peninsular War Battle of Vimeiro order of battle [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vimieiro&oldid=1215433217 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

704-701: The Ptolemaic dynasty , the last pharaoh of Ancient Egypt , to honour her dead lover Julius Caesar , then converted by Augustus to his own cult. During the 4th century, after the Empire had come under Christian rule, it was converted to a church. The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill was the oldest large temple in Rome, a capitolium dedicated to the Capitoline Triad consisting of Jupiter and his companion deities, Juno and Minerva , and had

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768-684: The Roman Forum , originally the Temple of Romulus , was not dedicated as a church until 527. The best known is the Pantheon, Rome , which, however, is highly untypical, being a very large circular temple with a magnificent concrete roof, behind a conventional portico front. The English word "temple" derives from the Latin templum , which was originally not the building itself, but a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually. The Roman architect Vitruvius always uses

832-406: The Temple of Hercules Victor in Rome, which was perhaps by a Greek architect, these survivors had an unbroken colonnade encircling the building, and a low, Greek-style podium. Different formulae were followed in the Pantheon, Rome and a small temple at Baalbek (usually called the "Temple of Venus"), where the door is behind a full portico, though very different ways of doing this are used. In

896-418: The colonnade , or at least down the sides. The description of the Greek models used here is a generalization of classical Greek ideals, and later Hellenistic buildings often do not reflect them. For example, the "Temple of Dionysus" on the terrace by the theatre at Pergamon (Ionic, 2nd century BC, on a hillside), had many steps in front, and no columns beyond the portico. The Parthenon , also approached up

960-404: The cult image of the deity to whom the temple was dedicated , and often a table for supplementary offerings or libations and a small altar for incense. Behind the cella was a room, or rooms, used by temple attendants for storage of equipment and offerings. The ordinary worshiper rarely entered the cella, and most public ceremonies were performed outside of the cella where the sacrificial altar

1024-518: The templum ; often on one of the narrow extensions of the podium to the side of the steps. Especially under the Empire , exotic foreign cults gained followers in Rome, and were the local religions in large parts of the expanded Empire. These often had very different practices, some preferring underground places of worship, while others, like Early Christians , worshiped in houses. Some remains of many Roman temples still survive, above all in Rome itself, but

1088-666: The 4th millennium BCE. Historians believe that during protohistoric times, the site of the present-day Castle of Arraiolos served as a central habitat. Prehistoric objects were excavated from a tumulus in Arraiolos at the beginning of the twentieth century. These included a trapezoid -shaped plaque with geometric design and three pottery vessels. These are now housed in the British Museum with similar discoveries also reported in Vendas Novas . A Roman settlement may have existed in

1152-579: The 80s AD, under Domitian – the third building only lasted five years before burning down again. After a major sacking by Vandals in 455, and comprehensive removal of stone in the Renaissance, only foundations can now be seen, in the basement of the Capitoline Museums . The sculptor Flaminio Vacca (d 1605) claimed that the life-size Medici lion he carved to match a Roman survival, now in Florence ,

1216-726: The Glory of the Great Army"), the Virginia State Capitol as originally built in 1785–88, and Birmingham Town Hall (1832–34). Small Roman circular temples with colonnades have often been used as models, either for single buildings, large or small, or elements such as domes raised on drums, in buildings on another plan such as St Peters, Rome , St Paul's Cathedral in London and the United States Capitol . The great progenitor of these

1280-509: The Greeks, with subsequent heavy direct influence from Greece. Public religious ceremonies of the official Roman religion took place outdoors and not within the temple building. Some ceremonies were processions that started at, visited, or ended with a temple or shrine, where a ritual object might be stored and brought out for use, or where an offering would be deposited. Sacrifices , chiefly of animals , would take place at an open-air altar within

1344-409: The Pantheon only the portico has columns, and the "thoroughly uncomfortable" exterior meeting of the portico and circular cella are often criticised. At Baalbek, a wide portico with a broken pediment is matched by four other columns round the building, with the architrave in scooped curving sections, each ending in a projection supported by a column. At Praeneste (modern Palestrina) near Rome,

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1408-607: The Roman original, Belle Isle House (1774) in England, and Thomas Jefferson 's library at the University of Virginia , The Rotunda (1817–26). The Pantheon was much the largest and most accessible complete classical temple front known to the Italian Renaissance, and was the standard exemplar when these were revived. Most of the best survivals had been converted to churches (and sometimes later mosques), which some remain. Often

1472-463: The Roman temple front. An archetypical pattern for churches in Georgian architecture was set by St Martin-in-the-Fields in London (1720), by James Gibbs , who boldly added to the classical temple façade at the west end a large steeple on top of a tower, set back slightly from the main frontage. This formula shocked purists and foreigners, but became accepted and was very widely copied, at home and in

1536-705: The area around Arraiolos. Evidence suggests that the Church of Santana do Campo was constructed over the remains of a Roman temple , with remnants visible in the church structure and nearby constructions, including the southern cemetery wall. A Roman inscription was also found nearby at Herdade da Ravasqueira. This settlement is believe to have corresponded to a vicus , a small agricultural community that evolved from an indigenous site under Roman influence. Historians have suggested that this settlement may have been called "Calântica." Others trace its origins to Sabine , Tusculan , and Alban settlers who are believed to have arrived in

1600-557: The area before the Sertorian Wars , led by a figure named Rayeo. This name, "Rayeo," could be the root of "Rayolis," which eventually evolved into Arraiolos. During the Islamic period, Arabic sources offer few details on the region, aside from the growing importance of Évora from the 10th century onward. In 1165, the area around Arraiolos likely was reconquered by Gerald the Fearless during

1664-593: The building of new imperial temples mostly ceased after the reign of Marcus Aurelius (d. 180), though the Temple of Romulus on the Roman Forum was built and dedicated by the Emperor Maxentius to his son Valerius Romulus , who died in childhood in 309 and was deified. One of the earliest and most prominent of the caesarea was the Caesareum of Alexandria , located on the harbour. It was begun by Cleopatra VII of

1728-545: The colonies, for example at St Andrew's Church, Chennai in India and St. Paul's Chapel in New York City (1766). Examples of modern buildings that stick more faithfully to the ancient rectangular temple form are only found from the 18th century onwards. Versions of the Roman temple as a discrete block include La Madeleine, Paris (1807), now a church but built by Napoleon as a Temple de la Gloire de la Grande Armée ("Temple to

1792-488: The consequences of the 2004 enlargement of the European Union and plans for a Constitution for Europe . Subsequent meetings of non-executive presidents of European Union member states have been dubbed Arraiolos meetings . Archaeological evidence suggests that the area around Arraiolos has been inhabited since at least the late Neolithic or Chalcolithic periods, indicating significant human occupation as early as

1856-498: The construction of the town's castle. On December 26, 1305, a contract for the castle's construction was formalized between the king and representatives of the town council, João Anes and Martim Fernandes. The land remained under the control of the Portuguese crown for less than a century. King Pedro I granted it to Rodrigo Afonso de Sousa, the son of Afonso Dinis, who was the illegitimate son of King Afonso III. After Sousa's death,

1920-465: The decommissioned railways around Évora ( Ramal de Reguengos , Ramal de Vila Viçosa , Ramal de Montemor , Ramal de Mora and Linha de Évora . A total of 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) of paths are expected to be converted across Alentejo. [REDACTED] Media related to Arraiolos at Wikimedia Commons This Évora location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Roman temple Ancient Roman temples were among

1984-615: The distinctive classical features, and may have had considerable continuity with pre-Roman temples of the Celtic religion . Romano-Celtic temples were often circular, and circular temples of various kinds were built by the Romans. Greek models were available in tholos shrines and some other buildings , as assembly halls and various other functions. Temples of the goddess Vesta , which were usually small, typically had this shape, as in those at Rome and Tivoli (see list), which survive in part. Like

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2048-540: The distinctive differences in the general arrangement of temples between the Etruscan-Roman style and the Greek, as outlined above, were retained. However the idealized proportions between the different elements in the orders set out by the only significant Roman writer on architecture to survive, Vitruvius , and subsequent Italian Renaissance writers, do not reflect actual Roman practice, which could be very variable, though always aiming at balance and harmony. Following

2112-426: The extensive painted statuary that decorated the rooflines, and the elaborate revetments and antefixes , in colourful terracotta in earlier examples, that enlivened the entablature . Etruscan and Roman temples emphasised the front of the building, which followed Greek temple models and typically consisted of wide steps leading to a portico with columns, a pronaos , and usually a triangular pediment above, which

2176-456: The land was given to Álvaro Pires de Castro , the brother of Inês de Castro and the title of count of Arraiolos was created. Álvaro Pires de Castro's rule over Arraiolos was marked by conflict with the townspeople, primarily due to his lodging rights, which required locals to house and feed his large entourage whenever he visited. This burden sparked significant discontent, and the villagers petitioned King Ferdinand for relief. In response,

2240-461: The large pieces of massive columns were less easy to remove and make use of; hence the podium, minus facing, and some columns are often all that remain. In most cases loose pieces of stone have been removed from the site, and some such as capitals may be found in local museums, along with non-architectural items excavated, such as terracotta votive statuettes or amulets, which are often found in large numbers. Very little indeed survives in place from

2304-443: The late Republic there was a switch to using Greek classical and Hellenistic styles, without much change in the key features of the form. The Etruscans were a people of northern Italy, whose civilization was at its peak in the seventh century BC. The Etruscans were already influenced by early Greek architecture , so Roman temples were distinctive but with both Etruscan and Greek features. Surviving temples (both Greek and Roman) lack

2368-524: The main entrance of grand buildings, but often flanked by large wings or set in courtyards. This flexibility has allowed the Roman temple front to be used in buildings made for a wide variety of purposes. The colonnade may no longer be pushed forward with a pronaus porch, and it may not be raised above the ground, but the essential shape remains the same. Among thousands of examples are the White House , Buckingham Palace , and St Peters, Rome ; in recent years

2432-416: The main or only large temple in new Roman towns in the provinces. This was the case at Évora , Vienne and Nîmes , which were all expanded by the Romans as coloniae from Celtic oppida soon after their conquest. Imperial temples paid for by the government usually used conventional Roman styles all over the empire, regardless of the local styles seen in smaller temples. In newly planned Roman cities

2496-485: The most important buildings in Roman culture , and some of the richest buildings in Roman architecture , though only a few survive in any sort of complete state. Today they remain "the most obvious symbol of Roman architecture". Their construction and maintenance was a major part of ancient Roman religion , and all towns of any importance had at least one main temple, as well as smaller shrines. The main room ( cella ) housed

2560-577: The north in Vale de Paio. Operations on this line ceased in May 1987 and in 2006, part of the line's former path was converted into a dedicated trail for cyclists and pedestrians. Administratively, the municipality is divided into 5 civil parishes ( freguesias ): Arraiolos is connected to other locations in Alentejo by bus services provided by Rodoviária do Alentejo (a part of Barraqueiro Group ) and Rede Expressos. In

2624-498: The other, became extremely common for Catholic churches, often with the uppermost one supported by huge volutes to each side. This can be seen developing in the Gesù, Rome (1584), Santa Susanna , Rome (1597), Santi Vincenzo e Anastasio a Trevi (1646) and Val-de-Grâce , Paris (1645 on). The Palladian villas of the Veneto include numerous ingenious and influential variations on the theme of

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2688-662: The population expected in its sacred architecture . This was especially the case in Egypt and the Near East , where different traditions of large stone temples were already millennia old. The Romano-Celtic temple was a simple style, usually with little use of stone, for small temples found in the Western Empire , and by far the most common type in Roman Britain , where they were usually square, with an ambulatory . It often lacked any of

2752-565: The population, especially in towns held by noble patrons, as was the case with Arraiolos under Álvaro Pires de Castro. By issuing a revised foral, the crown sought to reaffirm its authority, protect the rights and privileges of towns, and regulate relationships within the community to ensure fair governance. The first population count in Arraiolos took place between 1527 and 1532, following a census by King John III . The entire land of Arraiolos comprised 760 households, which corresponds to approximately 3,500 people. No separate figures exist for just

2816-669: The porticos were walled in between the columns, and the original cella front and side walls largely removed to create a large single space in the interior. Rural areas in the Islamic world have some good remains, which had been left largely undisturbed. In Spain some remarkable discoveries (Vic, Cordoba, Barcelona) were made in the 19th century when old buildings being reconstructed or demolished were found to contain major remains encased in later buildings. In Rome, Pula, and elsewhere some walls incorporated in later buildings have always been evident. The squared-off blocks of temple walls have always been attractive for later builders to reuse, while

2880-475: The production of Arraiolos rugs began to decline as industrialization and the proliferation of machine-made textiles increasingly displaced the traditional craft. Arraiolos experienced several administrative changes over the centuries. Its boundaries were first formally defined in 1736. In 1835, it was incorporated into the Évora District and in 1855 Arraiolos annexed the Vimieiro municipality. Mora municipality

2944-546: The reign of King Afonso Henriques . In 1217, King Afonso II granted the land of Arraiolos to Soeiro, the Bishop of Évora . This land largely corresponded to today's municipality, with the exception of Vimieiro, which would be granted a charter ( foral ) in 1257 by bishop Martinho of Évora. However, under King Afonso III , both Arraiolos and Vimieiro would return to the hands of the crown, in 1271. Arraiolos received its first charter from King Denis in 1290, who also commissioned

3008-482: The relatively few near-complete examples were nearly all converted into Christian churches (and sometimes subsequently to mosques ), usually a considerable time after the initial triumph of Christianity under Constantine . The decline of Roman religion was relatively slow, and the temples themselves were not appropriated by the government until a decree of the Emperor Honorius in 415. Santi Cosma e Damiano , in

3072-771: The second count of Arraiolos. He spent a significant period in Arraiolos before eventually joining the Carmo Convent in Lisbon . In 1422, he transferred the title to his grandson, Fernando , who would later become the second Duke of Braganza , establishing the title firmly within the House of Braganza . The town's charter was renewed on 29 March 1511 by King Manuel I . It was part of a reform initiated in 1496 to modernize and correct issues in older medieval charters granted to Portuguese towns and cities. This reform aimed to curb abuses by local lords, who had imposed unauthorized taxes and exploited

3136-404: The south of Portugal, particularly to the Alentejo region. These skilled weavers would have helped introduce and preserve carpet-making techniques, which merged with local traditions to create the distinctive Arraiolos style. By the late 17th century, records of Arraiolos carpets appear in customs documentation from Lisbon, indicating their growing popularity and spread. However, by the 19th century,

3200-410: The specific association with religion that it had for the Romans. Generally, later adaptions lack the colour of the original, and though there may be sculpture filling the pediment in grand examples, the full Roman complement of sculpture above the roofline is rarely emulated. Variations on the theme, mostly Italian in origin, include: San Andrea, Mantua , 1462 by Leon Battista Alberti , which took

3264-522: The temple front has become fashionable in China. Renaissance and later architects worked out ways of harmoniously adding high raised domes, towers and spires above a colonnaded temple portico front, something the Romans would have found odd. The Roman temple front remains a familiar feature of subsequent Early Modern architecture in the Western tradition, but although very commonly used for churches, it has lost

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3328-476: The temple typically carried an inscription saying who had built it, cut into the stone with a "V" section. This was filled with brightly coloured paint, usually scarlet or vermilion . In major imperial monuments the letters were cast in lead and held in by pegs, then also painted or gilded . These have usually long vanished, but archaeologists can generally reconstruct them from the peg-holes, and some have been re-created and set in place. Sculptural decoration

3392-480: The temple was normally centrally placed at one end of the forum, often facing the basilica at the other. In the city of Rome, a caesareum was located within the religious precinct of the Arval Brothers . In 1570, it was documented as still containing nine statues of Roman emperors in architectural niches. Most of the earlier emperors had their own very large temples in Rome, but a faltering economy meant that

3456-516: The temple, which could be viewed and approached from all directions, the side and rear walls of Roman temples might be largely undecorated (as in the Pantheon, Rome and Vic ), inaccessible by steps (as in the Maison Carrée and Vic), and even back on to other buildings. As in the Maison Carrée, columns at the side might be half columns , emerging from ("engaged with" in architectural terminology)

3520-520: The town center there are also a bus station for touristic busses and a taxi rank . The municipality has a bike and walking path passing 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) east of the town of Arraiolos. It follows the path of the decommissioned railway line Ramal de Mora and it connects the town of Arraiolos to Vale de Paio to the north and Évora to the south. It is a part of the Grande Rota do Montado project that hopes to convert to bike and walking paths parts of

3584-512: The town. This placed Arraiolos among the 17 most populous urban centers in Alentejo at the time. The production of Arraiolos carpets dates back to at least the 16th century and is closely linked to the influence of Islamic weavers who brought their weaving traditions to Portugal between the 8th and 15th centuries. After the expulsion of non-Catholics under King Manuel I in the early 16th century, many Muslim artisans are assumed to have migrated to

3648-453: The wall. The platform on which the temple sat was typically raised higher in Etruscan and Roman examples than Greek, with up to ten, twelve or more steps rather than the three typical in Greek temples; the Temple of Claudius was raised twenty steps. These steps were normally only at the front, and typically not the whole width of that. It might or might not be possible to walk around the temple exterior inside ( Temple of Hadrian ) or outside

3712-571: The word templum to refer to the sacred precinct, and not to the building. The more common Latin words for a temple or shrine were sacellum (a small shrine or chapel), aedes , delubrum , and fanum (in this article, the English word "temple" refers to any of these buildings, and the Latin templum to the sacred precinct). The form of the Roman temple was mainly derived from the Etruscan model, but in

3776-459: Was annexed in 1895 but separated again in 1898. On 21 April 1907, the Ramal de Mora railway line reached Arraiolos connecting it to Évora to the south. A year later, the line was completed, reaching the neighboring town of Mora to the north. The Arraiolos station was located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) to the east of the center, without any buildings nearby. Another station existed in the municipality to

3840-421: Was filled with statuary in the most grand examples; this was as often in terracotta as stone, and no examples have survived except as fragments. Especially in the earlier periods, further statuary might be placed on the roof, and the entablature decorated with antefixes and other elements, all of this being brightly painted. However, unlike the Greek models, which generally gave equal treatment to all sides of

3904-604: Was located, on the portico , with a crowd gathered in the temple precinct. The most common architectural plan had a rectangular temple raised on a high podium , with a clear front with a portico at the top of steps, and a triangular pediment above columns. The sides and rear of the building had much less architectural emphasis, and typically no entrances. There were also circular plans, generally with columns all round, and outside Italy there were many compromises with traditional local styles. The Roman form of temple developed initially from Etruscan temples , themselves influenced by

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3968-481: Was made from a single capital from the temple. The Etruscan-Roman adaptation of the Greek temple model to place the main emphasis on the front façade and let the other sides of the building harmonize with it only as much as circumstances and budget allow has generally been adopted in Neoclassical architecture , and other classically derived styles. In these temple fronts with columns and a pediment are very common for

4032-497: Was significant and long-lasting. The same may have been true for the later rebuildings, though here the influence is harder to trace. For the first temple Etruscan specialists were brought in for various aspects of the building, including making and painting the extensive terracotta elements of the entablature or upper parts, such as antefixes . But for the second building they were summoned from Greece. Rebuildings after destruction by fire were completed in 69 BC, 75 AD, and in

4096-467: Was similar to that of Greek temples, often with pedimental sculpture with figures, of which only few fragments survive. However, exterior friezes with figures in relief were much less common. Many acroteria , antefixes and other elements were brightly coloured. In the early Empire older Greek statues were apparently sometimes re-used as acroteria. There was considerable local variation in style, as Roman architects often tried to incorporate elements

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