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68-714: The Vicus Jugarius entered the Forum from the southwest, along the shoulder of the Capitoline Hill and between the Temple of Saturn and the Basilica Julia near Servilius’ Pool . The Arch of Tiberius (now vanished) was built for the street to pass through here. Its other end, in the southern Campus Martius , was near the Forum Holitorium . This was the extent of the street in late Republican and Imperial times, but in former days, it

136-470: A giant outdoor room, a plaza enclosed and protected but open to the sky and accessible through five symmetrical openings. Axiality and symmetry govern all parts of the Campidoglio. The aspect of the piazza that makes this most immediately apparent is the central statue, with the paving pattern directing the visitors' eyes to its base. Michelangelo also gave the medieval Palazzo del Senatore a central campanile,

204-504: A leading interpreter of Shakespeare's works. Capitol Hill is, however, largely a residential neighborhood composed predominantly of rowhouses of different stylistic varieties and periods. Side by side exist early 19th century manor houses, Federal townhouses, small frame dwellings, ornate Italianate bracketed houses, and the late 19th century press brick rowhouses with their often whimsical decorative elements combining Richardsonian Romanesque , Queen Anne , and Eastlakian motifs. In

272-475: A renovated façade, and a grand divided external staircase. He designed a new façade for the colonnaded Palazzo dei Conservatori and projected an identical structure, the Palazzo Nuovo, for the opposite side of the piazza. On the narrow side of the trapezoidal plan, he extended the central axis with a magnificent stair to link the hilltop with the city below. In the middle, and not to Michelangelo's liking, stood

340-489: A southern limit marked chiefly by Virginia Avenue but including some territory as far south as M Street SE. It includes buildings from the Federal period (1800 to 1820) through 1919, but most of the buildings are late Victorian. Capitol Hill has remained a fairly stable middle-class neighborhood throughout its existence. It suffered a period of economic decline and rising crime in the mid-20th century but gradually recovered. During

408-748: A steep cliff overlooking the Roman Forum . This cliff was later named the Tarpeian Rock after the Vestal Virgin, and became a frequent execution site. The Sabines, who immigrated to Rome following the Rape of the Sabine Women , settled on the Capitoline. The Vulcanal (Shrine of Vulcan), an 8th-century BC sacred precinct, occupied much of the eastern lower slopes of the Capitoline, at the head of what would later become

476-400: A subtext of less-than-Christian import, but Benito Mussolini ordered the paving completed to Michelangelo's design in 1940. Michelangelo looked at the center to find a solution to the Capitoline disorder. The statue provided a center and a focus. The buildings defined the space, and it is this space, as much as the buildings, that is the impressive achievement of the Capitoline complex. It is

544-433: Is Pennsylvania Avenue , a lively commercial street with shops, restaurants and bars. Eastern Market is an 1873 public market on 7th Street SE, where vendors sell fresh meat and produce in indoor stalls and at outdoor farmers' stands. It is also the site of an outdoor flea market every weekend. After a major fire gutted the main market building on April 30, 2007, it underwent restoration and reopened on June 26, 2009. One of

612-469: Is caput ) when foundation trenches were being dug for the Temple of Jupiter at Tarquin's order. Recent excavations on the Capitoline uncovered an early cemetery under the Temple of Jupiter. There are several important temples built on Capitoline hill: the temple of Juno Moneta, the temple of Virtus, and the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Capitolinus. The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Capitolinus

680-458: Is a reinvention of older ideas. The portico contains entablatures and a flat, coffered ceiling . The entablatures rest on columns set at the front of each bay, while matching half-columns stand against the back wall. Each pilaster forms a compound unit with the pier and column on either side of it. Colossal pilasters set on large bases join the portico and the upper story. All of the windows are capped with segmental pediments. A balustrade fringing

748-636: Is divided into four triangular sections. A couple blocks immediately south of this square is the location of Marion Park . This park goes by the name Turtle Park because of a large cement turtle in its playground. On the southern edge of the neighborhood is Garfield Park , named after President James Garfield . There are multiple schools within the boundaries, including District of Columbia Public Schools elementary schools (Tyler Elementary School, Brent Elementary School, Watkins Elementary School, Maury Elementary School, Peabody Elementary School, and Payne Elementary School). St. Peter's School on Capitol Hill,

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816-484: Is located immediately south of Eastern Market , which is a public market dating back to 1871. The Eastern Market and Barracks Row area have many restaurants and shops. This area is the oldest commercial district in the city, in part due to its proximity to the Washington Navy Yard . A new addition to Capitol Hill is a community center named Hill Center. Hill Center is housed in the restored Old Naval Hospital at

884-551: Is now called Capitol Hill started to develop when the government began work at two locations, the Capitol and the Washington Navy Yard . It became a distinct community between 1799 and 1810 as the federal government became a major employer. The first stage in its early history was that of a boarding house community developed for members of Congress. In the early years of the Republic, few Congressmen wished to establish permanent residence in

952-420: Is standing on the exposed segment of a gigantic egg all but buried at the centre of the city at the centre of the world, as Michelangelo's historian Charles de Tolnay pointed out. An interlaced twelve-pointed star makes a subtle reference to the constellations, revolving around this space called Caput mundi , Latin for "head of the world." This paving design was never executed by the popes, who may have detected

1020-578: Is the most important of the temples. It was built in 509 BC and was nearly as large as the Parthenon . The hill and the temple of Jupiter became the symbols of Rome, the capital of the world. The Temple of Saturn was built at the foot of Capitoline Hill in the western end of the Forum Romanum. When the Senones Gauls (settled in central-east Italy) raided Rome in 390 BC, after the battle of River Allia ,

1088-641: The Capitol Complex . Also, the Folger Shakespeare Library is located in Capitol Hill. It is a research library and museum that houses the world's largest collection of material related to English writer William Shakespeare and third-largest collection of English books printed before 1641. The Folger Library houses a large museum and also operates the Folger Theatre, which is known for being

1156-804: The Capitoline Museums ) that surround a piazza , an urban plan designed by Michelangelo . The word Capitolium still lives in the English word capitol , and Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C. is widely assumed to be named after the Capitoline Hill. At this hill, the Sabines , creeping to the Citadel , were let in by the Roman maiden Tarpeia . For this treachery, Tarpeia was the first to be punished by being flung from

1224-613: The Forum and the Campus Martius , is one of the Seven Hills of Rome . The hill was earlier known as Mons Saturnius , dedicated to the god Saturn . The word Capitolium first meant the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus later built here, and afterwards it was used for the whole hill (and even other temples of Jupiter on other hills), thus Mons Capitolinus (the adjective noun of Capitolium ). In an etymological myth, ancient sources connect

1292-496: The Palazzo dei Conservatori , Palazzo Senatorio, and Palazzo Nuovo. Michelangelo designed a new façade for the dilapidated Palazzo dei Conservatori and he designed the Palazzo Nuovo to be a mirror complement, thereby providing balance and coherence to the ragged ensemble of existing structures. The construction of these two buildings were carried out after his death under the supervision of Tommaso dei Cavalieri . The sole arched motif in

1360-567: The Sanskrit root yuj , meaning "to yoke" or "to unite"). Juga , or Jugalis , is an epithet of the goddess Juno in her aspect as marriage goddess (she was believed to join a couple in matrimony). As Juno Juga —Juno of the Yoke of Holy Matrimony—she had an altar on the Vicus Jugarius (exact location unknown). Although it was believed by the ancients that this gave its name to the street, in reality, it

1428-626: The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus were destroyed in order to construct the palace. Until the cessation of World War I, the palazzo served as the German Embassy to Rome. Following the war, it was claimed by the Comune di Roma , which demolished a large section of the palazzo's east wing to create the Caffarelli Terrace. The Palazzo dei Conservatori ("Palazzo of the Conservators") was built in

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1496-518: The United States Capitol , which sits on the highest point of Capitol Hill, it is one of the oldest historic districts in Washington. Home to around 35,000 people in just under 2 square miles (5 km ), Capitol Hill is also one of the most densely populated neighborhoods. The name "Capitol Hill" is frequently used as a metonym for the U.S. Congress . Capitol Hill is famed as a center of

1564-620: The United States government , home to numerous important institutions including the U.S. Congress, the Supreme Court , the Library of Congress , and more. Apart from government, the neighborhood is largely residential, but maintains notable commercial hubs along Pennsylvania Avenue , such as Eastern Market and Barracks Row . Pierre Charles L'Enfant selected the location of the United States Capitol (the "Congress House") in his 1791 design for

1632-418: The cordonata , gradually ascending the hill to reach the high piazza, so that the Campidoglio resolutely turned its back on the Roman Forum that it had once commanded. It was built to be wide enough for horse riders to ascend the hill without dismounting. The railings are topped by the statues of two Egyptian lions in black basalt at their base and the marble renditions of Castor and Pollux at their top. On

1700-481: The 1990s, gentrification and the booming economy of the District of Columbia meant that the neighborhood's non-historic and obsolete buildings began to be replaced. New buildings, which have to comply with height limits and other restrictions, are often done in a decorative modernist style, many by Amy Weinstein , whose designs feature polychrome brickwork set in patterned relief. The main retail corridor of Capitol Hill

1768-421: The Capitol and that L'Enfant was likely to have given Jenkins' name to the general location. While serving in 1793 as President George Washington 's secretary of state , Thomas Jefferson named Capitol Hill, invoking the famous Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill , one of the seven hills of Rome . However, the connection between the two is not completely clear. The neighborhood that

1836-712: The Capitol and the north of the Navy Yard. They became the original residential population of the neighborhood. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson, who was at the time President of the United States , selected the location of the Marine Barracks , which had to be within marching distance of both the Capitol and the White House, near the Washington Navy Yard. By 1810, shops, goldsmiths, blacksmiths, and churches were flourishing in

1904-517: The Capitoline Hill was the one section of the city to evade capture by the barbarians, due to its being fortified by the Roman defenders. According to legend Marcus Manlius Capitolinus was alerted to the Gallic attack by the sacred Roman geese of Juno . When Julius Caesar suffered an accident during his triumph , clearly indicating the wrath of Jupiter for his actions in the Civil Wars , he approached

1972-464: The Farnese Pope Paul III , who wanted a symbol of the new Rome to impress Charles V , who was expected in 1538. This offered him the opportunity to build a monumental civic plaza for a major city as well as to reestablish the grandeur of Rome. Michelangelo's first designs for the piazza and remodeling of the surrounding palazzi date from 1536. His plan was formidably extensive. He accentuated

2040-482: The Middle Ages for the local magistrates (named " Conservatori of Rome ") on top of a sixth-century BC temple dedicated to Jupiter "Maximus Capitolinus". Michelangelo's renovation of it incorporated the first use of a giant order that spanned two storeys, here with a range of Corinthian pilasters and subsidiary Ionic columns flanking the ground-floor loggia openings and the second-floor windows. Michelangelo's new portico

2108-455: The Pope and nobles led to a senator taking up his official residence on the Capitoline Hill. The senator's new palazzo turned its back on the ancient forum, beginning the change in orientation on the hill that Michelangelo would later accentuate. A small piazza was laid out in front of the senator's palazzo, intended for communal purposes. In the middle of the 14th century, the guilds' court of justice

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2176-511: The Renaissance, the former center was an untidy conglomeration of dilapidated buildings and the site of executions of criminals. The church of Santa Maria in Aracoeli is adjacent to the square, located near where the ancient arx , or citadel, atop the hill it once stood. At its base are the remains of a Roman insula , with more than four storeys visible from the street. In the Middle Ages,

2244-590: The Roman Forum. The summit was the site of a temple for the Capitoline Triad , started by Rome's fifth king, Tarquinius Priscus ( r. 616–579 BC), and completed by the seventh and last king, Tarquinius Superbus (535–496 BC). It was considered one of the largest and the most beautiful temples in the city (although little now remains). The city legend starts with the recovery of a human skull (the word for head in Latin

2312-483: The Senator Abbondio Rezzonico in the 18th century. Its double ramp of stairs was designed by Michelangelo. This double stairway to the palazzo replaced the old flight of steps and two-storied loggia, which had stood on the right side of the palazzo. The staircase cannot be seen solely in terms of the building to which it belongs but must be set in the context of the piazza as a whole. The steps, beginning at

2380-481: The U.S. Capitol is Spirit of Justice Park , which is separated into two identically sized sections by South Capitol Street . Southeast of this park is Folger Park , which was named after former Secretary of the Treasury Charles J. Folger . At the intersection of Pennsylvania Avenue and North Carolina Avenue is Seward Square . Since those two roads intersect diagonally in the middle of the square, Sward Square

2448-547: The U.S. Capitol on East Capitol Street . It is home to Thomas Ball 's controversial Emancipation Memorial as well as Robert Berks ' statue of Mary McLeod Bethune . At the intersection between Maryland Avenue and Massachusetts Avenue on the northern part of the neighborhood is Stanton Park . The park is named after Edwin Stanton , who was U.S. Secretary of War during the American Civil War . Located immediately south of

2516-557: The ancient forum located just to the south. Built during the 13th and 14th centuries, the Palazzo Senatorio ("Senatorial palace") stands atop the Tabularium, which had once housed the archives of ancient Rome. Peperino blocks from the Tabularium were re-used in the left side of the palazzo and a corner of the bell tower. It now houses the Roman city hall, after having been converted into a residence by Giovanni Battista Piranesi for

2584-428: The area. The Civil War resulted in more construction in the Capitol Hill area, including the building of hospitals. Construction of new houses continued in the 1870s and 1880s. The neighborhood began to divide along racial and economic class lines. Electricity, piped water, and plumbing were introduced in the 1890s, and were first available in the downtown areas of the District of Columbia, including Capitol Hill. There

2652-456: The center axis of the palazzo. The Palazzo dei Conservatori was also to be restored, and a new building, the so-called Palazzo Nuovo, built at the same angle on the north side of the piazza to offset the Conservatori, creating a trapezoidal piazza. A wall and balustrade were to be built at the front of the square, giving it a firm delineation on the side facing the city. Finally, a flight of steps

2720-412: The center of each wing, move gently upward until they reach the inner corner, level off and recede to the main surface of the façade. They then continue an unbroken stateliness toward each other, converging on the central doorway of the second story. This interruption of the diagonal line and the brief inward change of direction both absorbs the central axis and links the two sides. The fountain in front of

2788-462: The city. Instead, most preferred to live in boarding houses within walking distance of the Capitol. In 1799, the Washington Navy Yard was established on the banks of the Anacostia River , providing jobs to craftsmen who built and repaired ships. Many of the craftsmen who were employed both at the Navy Yard and in the construction of the Capitol chose to live within walking distance, to the east of

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2856-488: The corner of 9th and Pennsylvania Avenue SE. The rehabilitation of the Old Naval Hospital combines the restoration of a historically significant landmark with the cutting-edge technologies of modern "green" architecture. Hill Center is a vibrant new home for cultural, educational, and civic life on Capitol Hill. The Capitol Hill neighborhood is home to many parks and squares. Lincoln Park is located immediately east of

2924-546: The entire Campidoglio design is the segmental pediments over their windows, which give a slight spring to the completely angular vertical-horizontal balance of the design. The three palazzi are now home to the Capitoline Museums . Adjacent and now serving as an annex to the Palazzo dei Conservatori is Palazzo Caffarelli Clementino; here, short-term exhibitions are held. The palazzo was built between 1576 and 1583 by Gregory Canonico for Gian Pietro Caffarelli II. The remaining ruins of

2992-472: The federal capital city (see: L'Enfant Plan ). The building would be the symbolic center of his plan. He referred to the hill chosen as the site of the future Congress House as "Jenkins Hill" or "Jenkins Heights". However, the tract of land had for many years belonged to the Carroll family and was noted in their records of ownership as "Rome". While a man named Thomas Jenkins had once pastured some livestock at

3060-409: The giant pilasters, capped the composition, one of the most influential of Michelangelo's designs. The two massive ancient statues of Castor and Pollux that decorate the balustrades are not the same as those posed by Michelangelo, which now are in front of the Palazzo del Quirinale. Next to the older and much steeper stairs leading to the Aracoeli, Michelangelo devised a monumental wide-ramped stair,

3128-638: The grassy incline to the northwest of the cordonata is the Monument to Cola di Rienzo installed in 1886. Influenced by Roman architecture and Roman republican times, the word Capitolium still lives in the English word capitol . The Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C. is widely assumed to be named after the Capitoline Hill. Capitol Hill Capitol Hill is a neighborhood in Washington, D.C. , located in both Northeast D.C. and Southeast D.C. . Bounded by 14th Street SE & NE, F Street NE, Southeast Boulevard SE, South Capitol Street SE. Dominated by

3196-477: The hill and Jupiter's temple on his knees as a way of averting the unlucky omen (nevertheless he was murdered six months later, and Brutus and his other assassins locked themselves inside the temple afterward). Vespasian's brother and nephew were also besieged in the temple during the Year of Four Emperors (69). During this incident the temple was destroyed by fire. The Tabularium , located underground beneath

3264-408: The hill's sacred function was obscured by its other role as the center of the civic government of Rome, revived as a commune in the 12th century. The city's government was now to be firmly under papal control , but the Capitoline was the scene of movements of urban resistance, such as the dramatic scenes of Cola di Rienzo 's revived republic. In 1144, a revolt by the citizens against the authority of

3332-519: The imperial party had to scramble up the slope from the Forum to view the works in progress), but work continued faithfully to his designs and the Campidoglio was completed in the 17th century, except for the paving design, which was to be finished three centuries later. The bird's-eye view of the engraving by Étienne Dupérac shows Michelangelo 's solution to the problems of the space in the Piazza del Campidoglio. Even with their new facades centering them on

3400-520: The most beloved stores, Fragers Hardware, has been based on Pennsylvania Avenue for nearly 100 years before it suffered a fire similar in destructiveness to the Eastern Market fire. It has successfully rebuilt on the same location. Barracks Row at 8th Street SE, named because of its proximity to the U.S. Marine Barracks , is one of the city's oldest commercial corridors. It dates to the late 18th century and has recently been revitalized. Barracks Row

3468-667: The name to caput ("head", "summit") and the tale was that, when laying the foundations for the temple, the head of a man was found, some sources even saying it was the head of some Tolus or Olus . The Capitolium was regarded by the Romans as indestructible, and was adopted as a symbol of eternity. By the 16th century, Capitolinus had become Capitolino in Italian , and Capitolium Campidoglio . The Capitoline Hill contains few ancient ground-level ruins, as they are almost entirely covered up by Medieval and Renaissance palazzi (now housing

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3536-447: The new palazzo at the rear, the space was a trapezoid , and the facades did not face each other squarely. Worse still, the whole site sloped (to the left in the engraving). Michelangelo's solution was radical. The three remodelled palazzi enclose a harmonious trapezoidal space, approached by the ramped staircase called the cordonata . The stepped ramp of the cordonata was intended, like a slow-moving escalator, to lift its visitors toward

3604-417: The original equestrian statue of the emperor Marcus Aurelius. Michelangelo provided an unassuming pedestal for it. The sculpture was held in regard because it was thought to depict Emperor Constantine , the first Christian Emperor. The bronze now in position is a modern copy; the original is in the Palazzo dei Conservatori nearby. He provided new fronts to the two official buildings of Rome's civic government,

3672-421: The past. An equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius was to stand in the middle of the piazza set in a paved oval field. Michelangelo was required to provide a setting for the statue and to bring order to an irregular hilltop already encumbered by two crumbling medieval buildings set at an acute angle to one another. The Palazzo del Senatore was to be restored with a double outer stairway, and the campanile moved to

3740-399: The piazza and hilltop, occupies a building of the same name built in the 1st century BC to hold Roman records of state. The Tabularium looks out from the rear onto the Roman Forum . The main attraction of the Tabularium, besides the structure itself, is the Temple of Veiovis . During the lengthy period of ancient Rome, the Capitoline Hill was the geographical and ceremonial center. However, by

3808-456: The piazza's symmetry and cover up the tower of the Aracoeli , the Palazzo Nuovo was constructed in 1603, finished in 1654, and opened to the public in 1734. Its facade duplicates to that of Palazzo dei Conservatori. In other words, it is an identical copy made using Michelangelo's blueprint when he redesigned the Palazzo dei Conservatori a century earlier. A balustrade, punctuated by sculptures atop

3876-434: The portico of the Palazzo dei Conservatori sheltered offices of various guilds. Here disputes arising in the transaction of business were adjudicated, unless they were of sufficient importance to go before a communal tribunal, such as that of the conservatori. It was a natural place for such activity. Until the 1470s the main market of the city was held on and around the Campidoglio, while cattle continued to be taxed and sold in

3944-459: The reversal of the classical orientation of the Capitoline, in a symbolic gesture turning Rome's civic center to face away from the Roman Forum and instead in the direction of Papal Rome and the Christian church in the form of St. Peter's Basilica . This full half circle turn can also be seen as Michelangelo's desire to address the new, developing section of the city rather than the ancient ruins of

4012-430: The roof emphasizes the emphatic horizontality of the whole against which the vertical lines of the orders rise in majestic contrast. The verticality of the colossal order creates the feeling of a self-contained space while the horizontality of the entablatures and balustrades emphasize the longitudinal axis of the piazza. The palazzo's facade was updated by Michelangelo in the 1530s and again later numerous times. In Rome,

4080-475: The site of the Capitol (and thus his name was associated with the site), artist John Trumbull , who would paint several murals inside the Capitol's rotunda, reported in 1791 that the site was covered with a thick wood, making it an unlikely place for livestock to graze. Research published in 2004 by the Capitol Hill Historical Society showed that Jenkins' land was seven blocks east of the site of

4148-415: The sky and deposit them on the threshold of municipal authority. The oval shape combined with the diamond pattern within it was a play on the previous Renaissance geometries of the circle and square. The travertine design set into the paving is perfectly level: Around its perimeter, low steps arise and die away into the paving as the slope requires. Its centre springs slightly, so that one senses that he/she

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4216-500: The so-called " crack epidemic " of the 1980s, its fringes were often affected. Beginning in the 1990s, the neighborhood has undergone intense gentrification . Capitol Hill's landmarks include not only the United States Capitol , but also the Senate and House office buildings, the Supreme Court building , the Library of Congress , the Marine Barracks , the Washington Navy Yard , and Congressional Cemetery , which are collectively part of

4284-544: The staircase features the river gods of the Tiber and the Nile as well as Dea Roma . The upper part of the facade was designed by Michelangelo with colossal corinthian pilasters harmonizing with the two other buildings. Its bell-tower was designed by Martino Longhi the Elder and built between 1578 and 1582. Its current facade was built by Giacomo della Porta and Girolamo Rainaldi. To close off

4352-625: Was a real estate development boom between 1890 and 1910 as the Capitol Hill area became one of the first neighborhoods having these modern conveniences . In 1976, the Capitol Hill Historic District was placed on the National Register of Historic Places . It is one of the largest historic districts in the United States. The boundaries of the historic district are irregular, extending southward from F Street NE, as far east as 14th Street, as far west as South Capitol Street, and with

4420-463: Was constructed on the southern end of the piazza. This would later house the Conservatori in the 15th century. As a result, the piazza was already surrounded by buildings by the 16th century. The existing design of the Piazza del Campidoglio and the surrounding palazzi was created by Renaissance artist and architect Michelangelo Buonarroti in 1536–1546. At the height of his fame, he was commissioned by

4488-902: Was much longer, extending as far as the Quirinal Hill and representing a part of the original trade route to the Tiber River . Its ancient name may actually have originally signified a “high-road’, rather than the later sense of “yoke”; something like "the Road along the [Capitoline] Ridge". A spot on the road known as the Equimaelium perhaps recorded the leveling of the home of Spurius Maelius . Latin words associated with jugarius include jugalis ("yoked together") and jugo ("to marry" or "join"). Some words deriving from this Latin root are (in English): "yoke", "join", "juncture", "conjugal" and even "yoga" (from

4556-554: Was probably the other way around. This Italian road or road transport-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Capitoline Hill 41°53′36″N 12°28′59″E  /  41.89333°N 12.48306°E  / 41.89333; 12.48306 The Capitolium or Capitoline Hill ( / ˈ k æ p ɪ t ə l aɪ n , k ə ˈ p ɪ t -/ KAP -it-ə-lyne, kə- PIT - ; Italian : Campidoglio [kampiˈdɔʎʎo] ; Latin : Mons Capitolinus [ˈmõːs kapɪtoːˈliːnʊs] ), between

4624-615: Was to lead up to the enclosed piazza from below, further accentuating the central axis. The sequence, cordonata , piazza, and the central palazzo are the first urban introduction of the "cult of the axis" that was to occupy Italian garden plans and reach fruition in France. Executing the design was slow: Little was actually completed in Michelangelo's lifetime (the Cordonata Capitolina was not in place when Emperor Charles arrived, and

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