Misplaced Pages

#99900

69-660: The Victoria Memorial is a large marble monument on the Maidan in Central Kolkata , having its entrance on the Queen's Way. It was built between 1906 and 1921 by the British Raj . It is dedicated to the memory of Queen Victoria , the Empress of India from 1876 to 1901. It is the largest monument to a monarch anywhere in the world. It stands at 64 acres of gardens and is now a museum under

138-813: A collection of rare and antiquarian books such as the illustrated works of William Shakespeare , the Arabian Nights and the Rubaiyat by Omar Khayyam as well as books about kathak dance and thumri music by Nawab Wajid Ali Shah . However, the galleries and their exhibitions, the programmatic elements of the memorial do not compete with the purely architectural spaces or voids. The Victoria Gallery displays several portraits of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert , and paintings illustrating their lives, by Winterhalter , Frank Salisbury , and W. P. Frith . These are copies of works of art in England. They include Victoria receiving

207-404: A great distance, and it is large enough to accommodate twenty or thirty… it is illuminated with spotlights, it flutters with red flags, and it has huge red backcloth upon which Lenin is straining resolutely forward from a thicket of banners. Everything is perfectly under control… as they sit there upon the ground, row after attentive row of them, a brigade of young women to the fore… distantly across

276-527: A group at the Asiatic Society, he admitted that he had always planned to build such a historical museum. The queen's death had provided an appropriate occasion to monumentalize the empire." After Victoria's death on 22 January 1901, Curzon wrote to Lord George Hamilton , the Secretary of State for India on 24 January, noting the "importance of Victoria's matriarchy to promoting loyalist feeling." He proposed

345-478: A marble statue of Curzon by F. W. Pomeroy . The garden also contains statues of Lord William Bentinck , governor-general of India (1833–1835), George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon , governor-general of India (1880–84), and Rajendra Nath Mookerjee , a pioneer industrialist of Bengal. Following an order of the West Bengal High Court in 2004, an entry fee was imposed for the gardens, a decision welcomed by

414-565: A pioneering role in the development of many of the Indian languages, particularly Bengali. Government House was built in 1803, the 48-metre (157 ft) high Octerlony Monument in 1828, the museum was started in the Asiatic Society in 1814 but shifted to the present site as the Indian Museum in 1887, St. Paul's Cathedral was built between 1839 and 1847, it was consecrated in 1874, and

483-400: A red stone from Verona . Marmorino stucco , made from grinding limestone, brick and terracotta fragments, was the typical finish for interior walls, and sometimes exteriors. Flat ceilings supported with timber beams were preferred to vaults, which might crack as the building settled on the pile foundations. The main city was already very largely built up, with buildings tightly packed in

552-415: Is her monument.’ The government officials, princes, politicians, and people of India responded generously to Lord Curzon's appeal for funds, and the total cost of construction of the monument, amounting to one crore, five lakhs of Rupees , was entirely derived from their voluntary subscriptions. The site chosen was near the present-day Raj Bhawan , known at the time as Government House. The construction of

621-580: Is reflected in some features of the Venetian style, in particular the use of colour and pattern on outside walls, and sometimes stone grills on windows, and perhaps purely decorative crenellations on rooflines. During the period the Venetian economy was heavily bound up with trade with both the Islamic world and the Byzantine Empire , and the architectural styles of these two are somewhat entangled, especially in

690-522: Is seated on her throne. In the paved quadrangles and elsewhere around the building, other statues commemorate Hastings, Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis , Robert Clive , Arthur Wellesley , and James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie . To the south of the Victoria, Memorial building is the Edward VII memorial arch. The arch has a bronze equestrian statue of Edward VII by Bertram Mackennal and

759-742: Is the largest urban park and urban green space in Kolkata city and second largest in the Kolkata metropolitan area as well as in India . Prior to 2013, before the creation of Eco Park it was the largest urban park in India. Its vast stretch of field that includes numerous sporting grounds, including the famous cricketing venue Eden Gardens , several football stadiums and the Kolkata Race Course . In 1758, one year after their decisive win in Battle of Plassey ,

SECTION 10

#1732847659100

828-412: Is the other large Gothic church in the city that retains its original character. This was first begun in the 1240s, but that church was too small, and the current building was probably begun in 1333, although not consecrated until 1430. Many other churches retain significant Gothic work, especially Santo Stefano , a large parish church with a "ship's keel" wooden roof. The Madonna dell'Orto , built by

897-512: The Doge's Palace . The most iconic Venetian Gothic structure, the Doge's Palace, is a luxuriously decorated building that includes traits of Gothic, Moorish, and Renaissance architectural styles. In the 14th century, following two fires that destroyed the previous structure, the palace was rebuilt in its present, recognizably Gothic form. The two largest Gothic churches to remain largely unaltered are those of

966-584: The Humiliati order, is mostly 14th-century, but the facade, still Gothic, dates to the 1460s. Other Gothic churches have been given makeovers in Renaissance or Baroque styles. In San Marco , the main church of the republic, there is much Gothic sculpture on the facade, and other details, but the main elements of the structure remain Italo-Byzantine Romanesque. The influence of Islamic architecture

1035-521: The Victoria Memorial was erected in 1921. The Maidan is also dotted with many statues and architectural works of British governor generals and other eminent personalities of the British Raj, including Lord Curzon , Kitchener , Roberts , Minto , Northbrook , Canning and others who had known Kolkata well. Two or three of them were erected in the first few years of Indian independence in 1947; it

1104-576: The androne . The Gothic Period arrived in Venice during a time of great affluence, when the upper class was funding the building of new churches as well as new, opulent homes for themselves. At the same time, the religious orders were beginning to bring the Gothic style to Venice's churches from mainland Italy. The most striking examples of this new architectural fashion can be seen in Santi Giovanni e Paolo and

1173-455: The ogee arch, capped with a relief ornament, and ropework reliefs, these are the most iconic characteristics of the style. Ecclesiastical Gothic architecture tended to be less distinctively Venetian, and closer to that in the rest of Italy. The beginning of the style probably goes back no further than the 13th century, although the dates of early Gothic palaces, and especially features such as windows in them, are largely uncertain. It dominated

1242-466: The ogee arch was at the start of the stylistic development of the Venetian Gothic arch, rather than in the middle or at the end, as elsewhere. Round arches began to sprout points on their outer rim, while initially remaining circular on the inside. But neat progressions of style are not always reflected in actual buildings, and a variety of styles can sometimes be seen in a particular period, and in

1311-405: The 14th century and because of the city's conservatism Venetian Gothic buildings, especially smaller palaces, continued to be built well into the second half of the 15th century, and Venetian Renaissance architecture very often retained reminiscences of its Gothic predecessor. In the 19th century, inspired in particular by the writings of John Ruskin , there was a revival of the style, part of

1380-528: The 1860s. Legally also, the fort and the Maidan were excluded from the city as per Act 16 of 1847. In 1883–1884 the Maidan, along with grounds of the Indian Museum , hosted the Calcutta International Exhibition . In 1909, H.E.A. Cotton wrote, The great Maidan presents a most refreshing appearance to the eye, the heavy night dew, even in the hot season, keeping the grass green. Many of

1449-523: The British East India Company commenced construction of the new Fort William in the center of the village Gobindapur . The inhabitants of the village were compensated and provided with land in Taltala, Kumartuli and Shovabazar. The fort was completed in 1773. The tiger-haunted jungle which cut off the village of Chowringhee from the river was cleared, and gave way to the wide grassy stretch of

SECTION 20

#1732847659100

1518-512: The Byzantine styles of Constantinople , which Bellini visited in 1479, only some twenty-five years after it became the Ottoman capital. There were also Venetian connections with Islamic styles though Sicily and southern Italy, and possibly al-Andalus (Islamic Spain). Venetians probably saw the eastern elements in their architecture in a complex way, reflecting and celebrating both their history and

1587-496: The Frari . However, these churches were still very similar to those found in the rest of Italy, the main difference being the building materials. It was not until the increase in palace construction, that Venetian Gothic became a distinct style in itself. Influenced by the Doge's Palace , the creators of this new style meshed Gothic, Byzantine, and Oriental themes to produce a totally unique approach to architecture. As described by Ruskin,

1656-495: The Maidan and Fort William . The Maidan has been the venue for major political meetings and rallies of all political parties. Geoffrey Moorhouse in 1978 presents a vivid description of a Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) rally on the Maidan: "They generally start about tea time, they rarely finish before nine o’clock… they are masterly exhibitions of organisation… The platform is high so that everyone on it will be visible at

1725-454: The Maidan of which Calcutta is so proud. The formation of this airy expanse and the filling up of the creek which had cut off the settlement in the south, led the European inhabitants to gradually forsake the narrow limits of the old palisades. The movement towards Chowringhee had already been noticeable as early as 1746. The Maidan was initially developed as a 5 square kilometre parade ground for

1794-465: The Maidan people have climbed trees and others are packed standing on top of the Esplanade tram shelters… there must be a hundred thousand here altogether… the leaders come through the guard of honour to the platform…it is only when Promode Dasgupta and Hare Krishna Konar are having their say… theirs is the oratory that sends men delirious with dreams, that can set a rabble to a march of destruction… when

1863-682: The Maidan. For the Indian Football Association , the Maidan has been the nerve centre. The notable venues around the maidan are Rabindra Sadan , the Academy of Fine Arts and Nandan . The oldest road on the Maidan is the Course, extending from the 'Cocked hat' in the north to the Khidirpur bridge. The 'broad gravelled walk' on the west side of that portion is the Red Road, constructed in 1820. To

1932-723: The Prince of Wales, the future Edward VIII . After 1947, some additions were made to the Memorial. A smaller Victoria memorial was also constructed in the Hardoi district in North-Western Provinces (in modern Uttar Pradesh ), which has since been converted into a city club for recreation. Mahatma Gandhi addressed meetings in Hardoi in the 1930s. The architect of the Victoria Memorial

2001-716: The Taj Mahal. In design it echoes the Taj Mahal with its dome, four subsidiaries, octagonal-domed chattris , high portals, terrace, and domed corner towers. He also suggested that on the walls might be inscribed in golden letters Victoria’s proclamation of 1858. Around the interior walls of the rotunda of the memorial are a series of twelve canvas lunettes by Frank Salisbury celebrating key moments in Victoria’s life, such as her first Privy Council — moments already mythologized in countless other biographies, prints, and paintings. The gardens of

2070-466: The Victoria Memorial was delayed by Curzon's departure from India in 1905, with a subsequent loss of local enthusiasm for the project. There was also some uncertainty about the strength of the foundations, and tests on them were carried out. On 4 January 1906, George , the Prince of Wales laid the foundation stone . The work of construction was entrusted to Messrs. Martin & Co. of Calcutta, and work on

2139-502: The Victoria Memorial were designed by Lord Redesdale and David Prain . Emerson's assistant, Vincent Jerome Esch , designed the bridge of the north aspect and the garden gates. In 1902, Emerson engaged Esch to sketch his original design for the Victoria Memorial. On top of the central dome of the Memorial is the 16 ft (4.9 m) figure of the Angel of Victory by Esch, which was cast by H.H. Martyn & Co. of Cheltenham. Surrounding

Victoria Memorial, Kolkata - Misplaced Pages Continue

2208-471: The basic shape suited 19th-century requirements very well, and the Venetian-ness of the style appeared mainly in the elaborate windows, cornice and other decoration to the facade. In North America the style was popularized by architects Charles Amos Cummings , Frank Furness , Norman Shaw , William Robert Ware , Willard T. Sears , and Frederick William Stevens . In Australia, the architect William Pitt

2277-517: The broader Gothic Revival movement in Victorian architecture . Even in the Middle Ages, Venetian palaces were built on very constricted sites, and were tall rectangular boxes with decoration concentrated on the front facade. The style was therefore developed for a similar architectural context to that found in late 19th-century city centre streets. Venice is built on alluvial mud, and all buildings in

2346-495: The building. Venice had always held the concern that every inch of land is valuable, because of the canals running through the city. One major aspect of the Venetian Gothic style change that came about during the 14th and 15th centuries was the proportion of the central hall in secular buildings. This hall, known as the portego, evolved into a long passageway that was often opened by a loggia with Gothic arches. Architects favored using intricate traceries, similar to those found on

2415-440: The capital of India was transferred to New Delhi. The gallery also has a life-size diorama of Chitpur road in the late 1800s. The gardens at the Victoria memorial cover 64 acres (260,000 m) and are maintained by a team of 21 gardeners. They were designed by Redesdale and David Prain . On Esch's bridge, between narrative panels by Goscombe John , there is a bronze statue of Victoria, by George Frampton . Empress Victoria

2484-665: The cause of their trade-derived wealth. Venetian traders, and those of rival cities, reached into Persia and Central Asia in the Pax Mongolica after the Mongol conquests , from roughly 1240 to 1360. There were small Venetian colonies of merchants in Alexandria , as well as Constantinople. Venice's relations with the Byzantine Empire were still more intimate and complicated, involving many wars, treaties, and massacres. The style

2553-462: The centenary of his birth. The cricket stadium at Eden Gardens was built in stages. Netaji Indoor Stadium was later added. The second oldest cricket club named Calcutta Cricket Club was founded in Maidan in 1792, where football and rugby are currently practiced. The world's oldest hockey tournament, Beighton Cup , was instituted in 1895 and is usually held on the Mohun Bagan ground in

2622-401: The center of the room, having been presented to the Victoria Memorial by her son Edward VII. On the south wall hangs the oil painting by Vasily Vereshchagin of the state entry of the Prince of Wales into Jaipur in 1876. In the mid-1970s, the matter of a new gallery devoted to the visual history of Kolkata was promoted by Saiyid Nurul Hasan , the minister for education. In 1986, Hasan became

2691-528: The centre; this is shown clearly by Jacopo de' Barbari 's huge woodcut View of Venice with an elevated view of the city in 1500. Because buildings were tightly packed, Venice was even more prone than other Italian city centres to fires, creating the need for many of the new buildings. Unlike the palaces or houses of wealthy families in other Italian cities, defence was not a major concern for Venetian palaces, which in any cases often had "moats" on some sides. The crowded city centre encouraged building high by

2760-617: The city were (and mostly still are) supported by large numbers of timber piles driven into the mud . Above that the normal building material is brick, although the grander facades were usually faced with Istrian stone , a fine limestone that is not strictly a marble , although it is often so called. This came by sea from quarries in Istria in the Terraferma , now in Croatia . Other stones with different colours were often used for contrast, especially

2829-750: The city's most popular tourist attractions and a hub of leisure and entertainment for Calcuttans. The Maidan stretches from the Raj Bhavan building on the Esplanade in the north to the National Library on Belvedere Road in Alipore in the south. The wide field stretches from the Hooghly River in the west to the Victoria Memorial in the east. Maidan police station is part of the South division of Kolkata Police . Due to

Victoria Memorial, Kolkata - Misplaced Pages Continue

2898-469: The construction of a grand building with a museum and gardens. Curzon said on 26 February 1901 in his address to the Asiatic Society, "Let us, therefore, have a building, stately, spacious, monumental and grand, to which every newcomer in Calcutta will turn, to which all the resident population, European and Native, will flock, where all classes will learn the lessons of history and see revived before their eyes

2967-570: The control of the Ministry of Culture , Government of India . Possessing prominent features of the Indo-Saracenic architecture , it has evolved into one of the most popular attractions in the city. According to historian Durba Ghosh, Viceroy of India Lord Curzon's "plans for the historical museum that became the Victoria Memorial Hall predated Victoria's death in 1901. When he addressed

3036-528: The dome are allegorical sculptures including Art , Architecture , Justice , and Charity and above the North Porch are Motherhood , Prudence and Learning . The Victoria Memorial would end up with two statues of Victoria rather than one. George Frampton had been commissioned to produce a statue in Calcutta to commemorate the Queen's Diamond Jubilee in 1897. "Cast in bronze and depicts an enthroned and aged Victoria, looking down on her world while wearing

3105-449: The early Islamic period. As an example, decorating walls with large veneers of fancy coloured marble or other stones, which was certainly a Venetian taste, was also found in Byzantine and Islamic architecture, but both had derived it from imperial Roman architecture . There are still examples in Ravenna (ruled by Venice from 1440 to 1509), Milan as well as Rome, and very likely much of

3174-463: The fine trees with which it was once studded were blown down in the cyclone of 1864. But they have not been allowed to remain without successors, and the handsome avenues across the Maidan still constitute the chief glory of Calcutta. Dotting the wide expanse are a number of fine tanks, from which the inhabitants were content in former days to obtain their water-supply. The park is considered the historical and cultural center of Kolkata, as well as one of

3243-698: The forces. While the Europeans moved to the area around the Maidan, the Indians moved away from the area. The richer families such as the Debs moved to Sobhabazar, the Tagores to Pathuriaghata and Jorasanko , and the Ghosals to Bhukailash ( Khidirpur ). Although the army has owned the Maidan since it was developed, administering it was one on the long list of duties of the police. Thieves, both Indian and European, were there as early as

3312-498: The freshness and greenery it provides to the metropolis, it has been referred to as the "lungs of Kolkata". In Bengali, the maidan is called 'Garh-er maath'. 'Garh', in Bengali, means fort and its meaning literally translates to the 'fort's ground'. The Maidan hosts the army's Eastern zone high command in historic Fort William . On Council House Street, at one corner of the Maidan, was the long-defunct Fort William College , which played

3381-427: The general public except for few voices of dissent. Maidan (Kolkata) Maidan ( lit.   ' open field ' ; Bengali : ময়দান ) is a large urban area containing vast urban green space , parks, playgrounds and several public venues in the center of Kolkata , India . The area is spread over a total area of 1283 Acres. The urban green space of Maidan, which compromises an area of around 400 acres,

3450-513: The governor of West Bengal and chairman of the Victoria Memorial board of trustees. In November 1988, Hasan hosted an international seminar on the Historical perspectives for the Kolkata tercentenary . The Kolkata gallery concept was agreed and a design was developed leading to the opening of the gallery in 1992. The Kolkata gallery houses a visual display of the history and development of Kolkata when

3519-494: The interiors from having Baroque makeovers, as has happened elsewhere. The Frari is the Franciscan church. Like most medieval Franciscan churches, this is a large plain building, built economically to hold large crowds to hear star preachers. First constructed in the 13th century, it was rebuilt in its current Gothic style over a long period in the 14th and 15th centuries. The rival Dominican church of Santi Giovanni e Paolo

SECTION 50

#1732847659100

3588-463: The main mendicant orders ; both are designed to provide large open spaces for star preachers to reach big congregations. These orders were controlled from the Italian mainland, and their original architecture mostly reflected broader Italian styles developed by each order elsewhere, and so represented a novelty in Venice. Both became home to numerous important wall tombs inside, which has probably prevented

3657-456: The marvels of the past; and where father shall say to son and mother and daughter — ‘This Statue and this great Hall were erected in memory of the greatest and best Sovereign whom India has ever known. She lived far away over the seas, but her heart was with her subjects in India, both of her own race, and of all others. She loved them both the same. In her time, and before it, great men lived, and great deeds were done. Here are their memorials. This

3726-473: The rear an open staircase led to a small courtyard with a well-head and often a rear door to the street. In fact there are no true wells in Venice, and the well-head led down to a cistern sealed from the salty groundwater, which collected rainwater from the roof and courtyard through stone gutters leading to a sand filter system and the cistern. By the 13th century porticos at the front were often abandoned, and replaced by one or more large doorways leading to

3795-440: The residential upper floors, where ceilings are rather low by the standards of palaces. The portico on a canal allowed goods to be loaded and unloaded, and led to a large space called the androne , where they were stored and business transacted. Upstairs, the portego or salone was another large room, centrally placed and usually T-shaped, received light from the windows and was the main space for dining and entertaining. To

3864-513: The robes of the Star of India and holding the orb and sceptre ." It arrived in Calcutta in 1902 and was unveiled on the maidan by Lord Curzon. In January 1914, Curzon commissioned Thomas Brock , who had also created the Victoria Memorial in London to produce a statue of Victoria in her coronation robes to serve as the 'keynote' of the central hall. The bronze gate at the entrance to the memorial, bearing

3933-433: The royal coat of arms, was also cast by Martyns. The Victoria Memorial has 25 galleries. These include the royal gallery, the national leader's gallery, the portrait gallery, central hall, the sculpture gallery, the arms and armory gallery, and the newer, Kolkata gallery. The Victoria Memorial has the largest single collection of the works of Thomas Daniell (1749–1840) and his nephew, William Daniell (1769–1837). It also has

4002-799: The sacrament at her coronation in Westminster Abbey in June 1838; Victoria's wedding to Prince Albert in the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace in 1840; the christening of the Prince of Wales in St. George's Chapel , Windsor Castle , 1842; the wedding of the Prince of Wales to Alexandra of Denmark in 1863; and paintings of Victoria at the service for her Golden Jubilee at Westminster Abbey in 1887 and her Diamond Jubilee service at St Paul's Cathedral in June 1897. Queen Victoria's childhood rosewood pianoforte and her correspondence desk from Windsor Castle stand in

4071-470: The same building. The ogee arch is "relatively uncommon in ecclesiastical buildings", where a more conventional Italian Gothic was adopted (and there are fewer survivals). Conversely, conventional Gothic arches are seen in palaces "only in the most solid elements". Because the unstable ground discouraged vaulting , the "structural raison d'etre of Gothic architecture – to allow the erection of higher and higher vaults, with more flexibility in ground-plan –

4140-472: The south of the fort is the Ellenborough Course, meant for horse exercises, and towards the east is the Race Course, started in 1819. That was the scenario a century back. The metro stations bordering the Maidan as one travels from the south are Victoria (under construction), Rabindra Sadan , Maidan , Park Street and Esplanade . The Howrah Bridge is away from the Maidan, but the Vidyasagar Setu (Second Hooghly Bridge) overlooks at least one corner of

4209-538: The speeches are done, the leaders begin to sing the Internationale … all over the crowd torches are swiftly lit and held high in flaring salute…" Cited sources Further reading Venetian Gothic architecture Venetian Gothic is the particular form of Italian Gothic architecture typical of Venice , originating in local building requirements, with some influence from Byzantine architecture , and some from Islamic architecture , reflecting Venice's trading network. Very unusually for medieval architecture,

SECTION 60

#1732847659100

4278-410: The standards of the period, and the main access for light was often from the front facade, which therefore typically has more and larger windows than palaces elsewhere. Most palaces doubled as places of business, on the ground floor, and homes above. The ground floors, which even when built were probably rather prone to periodic flooding, have relatively few rooms, and a rather grand stairway leading to

4347-515: The stripping of these from other surviving Roman buildings had not yet taken place. Venetians may also have regarded some aspects of Byzantine and Islamic architecture as reflecting the world of Early Christianity – all over Italy "eastern" costume very often served for biblical figures in art, and the paintings of some Venetians, for example St Mark Preaching at Alexandria by Gentile Bellini ( c.  1505 ) also use clearly Islamic architecture (including stone grills), although also reflecting

4416-417: The style is at its most characteristic in secular buildings, with the great majority of surviving examples of the style being secular. The best-known examples are the Doge's Palace and the Ca' d'Oro . Both feature loggias of closely spaced small columns, with heavy tracery with quatrefoil openings above, decoration along the roofline, and some coloured patterning to plain wall surfaces. Together with

4485-406: The superstructure began in 1910. In 1911, before construction was finished, George V , the Emperor of India , announced the transfer of the capital of India from Calcutta to New Delhi . Thus, the Victoria Memorial would come to stand in what would be a major provincial capital, rather than the national capital. The Victoria Memorial was completed and formally opened to the public in December 1921 by

4554-447: Was William Emerson (1843–1924). The design is in the Indo-Saracenic style , mixing British and Mughal elements with Venetian , Egyptian , and Deccani architectural influences. The building is 338 by 228 feet (103 by 69 m) and rises to a height of 184 feet (56 m). It is constructed of white Makrana marble . Curzon deliberately intended the central chamber to be sixty-four feet in diameter in order to be slightly larger than

4623-401: Was revived in the 19th century, largely through the influence of British architectural critic John Ruskin and his treatise The Stones of Venice . Because of the shortage of space in Venice, most palazzi were high (by medieval standards) rectangular boxes, with an ornamented facade, but very often plain on the other external elevations. Nor did they have space-wasting courtyards. Hence

4692-630: Was completely irrelevant in Venice". In Northern Europe, traceries only supported stained glass. In contrast, traceries in Venetian Gothic supported the weight of the entire building. Therefore, the relative weight sustained by the traceries alludes to the relative weightlessness of the buildings as a whole. This (and the associated reduced use of weight-bearing walls) gives the Venetian Gothic architectural style lightness and grace in structure. The Venetian Gothic, while far more intricate in style and design than previous construction types in Venice, never allowed more weight or size than necessary to support

4761-425: Was not until 1983 that the last 16 were removed. Over time, statues of Indians, including Mahatma Gandhi , Ram Mohan Roy , Chittaranjan Das , Jawaharlal Nehru , Subhas Chandra Bose , Sri Aurobindo , Matangini Hazra , Pritilata Waddedar , Indira Gandhi , and Gostho Pal, were erected to occupy the vacant plinths or plots. At the north-east corner of the Esplanade stands a statue of Lenin , set up to celebrate

#99900