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62-445: Vanillin and ethylvanillin are used by the food industry; ethylvanillin is more expensive, but has a stronger note . It differs from vanillin by having an ethoxy group (−O−CH 2 CH 3 ) instead of a methoxy group (−O−CH 3 ). Natural vanilla extract is a mixture of several hundred different compounds in addition to vanillin. Artificial vanilla flavoring is often a solution of pure vanillin, usually of synthetic origin. Because of

124-751: A paper stating that vanillin residue had been discovered inside jars within a tomb in Israel dating to the 2nd millennium BCE, suggesting the possible cultivation of an unidentified, Old World-endemic Vanilla species in Canaan since the Middle Bronze Age . Traces of vanillin were also found in wine jars in Jerusalem , which were used by the Judahite elite before the city was destroyed in 586 BCE. Vanilla beans, called tlilxochitl, were discovered and cultivated as

186-854: A biomass project based on bagasse. Rhodia has 65 production sites worldwide. Rhodia has 22 production sites in Europe, including 10 in France. The Rhodia Group is present in Germany (Freiburg), Italy (Ospiate), Poland, the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) (Sertow LLC), Spain and the United Kingdom. According to ANDRA, the French agency for waste management, until July 1994, Electronics and Catalysis (now Rhodia Rare Earth Systems) used very slightly radioactive monazite as an ore, producing radium-bearing waste, which

248-584: A byproduct from the manufacture of cellulose via the sulfite process . The sole producer of wood-based vanillin is the company Borregaard located in Sarpsborg , Norway . Wood-based vanillin is produced by copper-catalyzed oxidation of the lignin structures in lignosulfonates under alkaline conditions and is claimed by the manufacturing company to be preferred by their customers due to, among other reasons, its much lower carbon footprint than petrochemically synthesized vanillin. The company Evolva has developed

310-406: A flavorant, ethylvanillin is about three times as potent as vanillin and is used in the production of chocolate . The molecule revolutionized both the design and aesthetics of olfactory art ; artist Jacques Guerlain added a large quantity of it to a bottle of Jicky (1889) perfume, creating the main accord for the perfume house's flagship fragrance, Shalimar (perfume) (1925). This is one of

372-522: A flavoring for beverages by native Mesoamerican peoples, most famously the Totonacs of modern-day Veracruz , Mexico. Since at least the early 15th century, the Aztecs used vanilla as a flavoring for chocolate in drinks called xocohotl . Vanillin was first isolated as a relatively pure substance in 1858 by Théodore Nicolas Gobley , who obtained it by evaporating a vanilla extract to dryness and recrystallizing

434-496: A genetically modified microorganism which can produce vanillin. Because the microbe is a processing aid , the resulting vanillin would not fall under U.S. GMO labeling requirements, and because the production is nonpetrochemical, food using the ingredient can claim to contain "no artificial ingredients". Using ferulic acid as an input and a specific non GMO species of Amycolatopsis bacteria, natural vanillin can be produced. Several studies have suggested that vanillin can affect

496-976: A recycling plant for the rare earth contained in used lightbulbs is being looked into. Rhodia currently includes a Rhodia-Asia-Pacific zone (CIS, Middle East, and Africa), managed by Michel Ybert, with an operational head office in Shanghai . This zone has 21 production sites and accounted for 29% of Rhodia's revenues in 2010. The Asia-Pacific support functions—finance, HR, purchasing, and IT—are based in Singapore The Asia Pacific zone includes production activities in China, Japan, Thailand, India, and Indonesia, plus commercial activities in China, Japan, and Korea. The Rhodia Group has three production sites in Brazil and one in Venezuela. The Rhodia Group has 18 sites spread across

558-400: A retro-aldol elimination to afford vanillin. Vanillin can also be produced from vanilla glycoside with the additional final step of deglycosylation. In the past p -hydroxybenzaldehyde was speculated to be a precursor for vanillin biosynthesis. However, a 2014 study using radiolabelled precursor indicated that p -hydroxybenzaldehyde is not used to synthesise vanillin or vanillin glucoside in

620-519: A richer flavor profile than that from guaiacol-based artificial vanilla; the difference is due to the presence of acetovanillone , a minor component in the lignin-derived product that is not found in vanillin synthesized from guaiacol. Although it is generally accepted that vanilla was domesticated in Mesoamerica and subsequently spread to the Old World in the 16th century, in 2019, researchers published

682-518: A sector of the Solvay group. After its breakaway from Rhône-Poulenc, Rhodia had to cope with the repercussions of soil pollution and financial liabilities. Prominent figures, such as Thierry Breton and the Swiss banker Édouard Stern, were involved in trying to work out solutions. The group's balance sheet-based structure remained fragile due to negative equity. On December 31, 1999, Rhodia's debt inherited from

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744-763: A small fraction of the people who experience migraines. Some people have allergic reactions to vanilla. They may be allergic to synthetically produced vanilla but not to natural vanilla, or the other way around, or to both. Vanilla orchid plants can trigger contact dermatitis , especially among people working in the vanilla trade if they come into contact with the plant's sap. An allergic contact dermatitis called vanillism produces swelling and redness, and sometimes other symptoms. The sap of most species of vanilla orchid which exudes from cut stems or where beans are harvested can cause moderate to severe dermatitis if it comes in contact with bare skin. The sap of vanilla orchids contains calcium oxalate crystals, which are thought to be

806-467: A store, a plant, and a backup store of oleum remained on the site 3,000 m of earth from the old branch railway were stored on the site and part of the plot was bought by the FICHAUX coffee roasting company. Various studies, supervised by the French regional agency for industry and research, DRIRE  [ fr ] , revealed serious pollution by heavy metals (zinc, copper and lead) almost everywhere on

868-533: A turnover of €251 million, which accounts for 32% of the Acetow & Eco Services activities’ revenue. Energy Services is responsible for energy supplies and the management of Rhodia's projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions . Energy management embraces the purchasing, production, and sale of energy. In the field of purchasing, mainly of gas and electricity, Energy Services managed €630 million of energy purchases in 2009, 68% of which were for Rhodia's own needs, while

930-412: A turnover of €345 million, Aroma Performance accounts for 18% of Consumer Chemicals revenue. Polyamide & Intermediates produces polyamide 6.6 and intermediates based on adipic acid for the automotive industry, sports apparel, leisure activities, construction, and electrical and electronic components. The entity covers the complete polyamide chain, from the production of intermediates and polymers to

992-437: A turnover of €449 million in 2010, Coatis represents 24% of Consumer Chemicals’ revenue. As the world's leading producer of diphenols, Aroma Performance supplies aromas and fragrances. Key products include vanillin and ethylvanillin , but also hydroquinone or catechol . Aroma Performance is active worldwide in markets in Europe, Asia, South America, and North America. The company has five manufacturing plants worldwide. With

1054-436: Is also used in the flavor industry, as a very important key note for many different flavors, especially creamy profiles such as cream soda . Additionally, vanillin can be used as a general-purpose stain for visualizing spots on thin-layer chromatography plates. This stain yields a range of colors for these different components. Vanillin–HCl staining can be used to visualize the localisation of tannins in cells. Vanillin

1116-525: Is becoming a popular choice for the development of bio-based plastics. Vanillin has been used as a chemical intermediate in the production of pharmaceuticals , cosmetics , and other fine chemicals . In 1970, more than half the world's vanillin production was used in the synthesis of other chemicals. As of 2016, vanillin uses have expanded to include perfumes , flavoring and aromatic masking in medicines, various consumer and cleaning products, and livestock foods. Vanillin can trigger migraine headaches in

1178-532: Is deaminated by phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) to form t- cinnamic acid . The para position of the ring is then hydroxylated by the cytochrome P450 enzyme cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H/P450) to create p - coumaric acid . Then, in the proposed ferulate pathway, 4-hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA ligase (4CL) attaches p -coumaric acid to coenzyme A (CoA) to create p -coumaroyl CoA. Hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) then converts p -coumaroyl CoA to 4-coumaroyl shikimate / quinate . This subsequently undergoes oxidation by

1240-405: Is not cost-competitive with petrochemical vanillin, which sells for around US$ 15/kg. However, unlike vanillin synthesized from lignin or guaiacol, it can be labeled as a natural flavoring. Vanillin is most prominent as the principal flavor and aroma compound in vanilla . Cured vanilla pods contain about 2% by dry weight vanillin. Relatively pure vanillin may be visible as a white dust or "frost" on

1302-471: Is now the leading producer of specialized surfactants in Asia. With a turnover of €1,089 million in 2010, Novecare accounts for 58% of Consumer Chemicals’ revenue. Coatis principally supplies the paint, surface coatings, automotive, wood and construction industries with phenol , phenol derivatives and oxygenated solvents . The company has one production plant in Brazil and three technical development centers. With

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1364-399: Is still made from lignin wastes, while approximately 85% is synthesized in a two-step process from the petrochemical precursors guaiacol and glyoxylic acid . Beginning in 2000, Rhodia began marketing biosynthetic vanillin prepared by the action of microorganisms on ferulic acid extracted from rice bran . This product, sold at USD $ 700/kg under the trademarked name Rhovanil Natural,

1426-506: Is the third-largest producer of industrial textiles made of cellulose acetate particles. Its main markets are in Europe, the CIS , Asia, and Latin America. Acetow is the world's third largest producer of cellulose acetate for cigarette filters, supplying about 18% of the worldwide market. The company has five production plants worldwide. With a turnover of €539 million in 2010, Acetow represents 68% of

1488-708: The McIntyre Group (specialized surfactants, United States). In 2009, the Belgian chemicals group Solvay launched a friendly public takeover bid for Rhodia. In 2010, Rhodia acquired an 87% stake in the capital of Feixiang Chemicals. On January 1, 2011, Rhodia set up a new organization. Operational activities are now organized in 11 business units, in five sectors of activity: Consumer Chemicals, Advanced Materials, Polyamide Materials, Acetow & Eco Services, and Energy Services. The additional Support Function Group includes corporate activities. On March 8, 2011, Rhodia announced

1550-538: The Reimer–Tiemann reaction ) in Holzminden , Germany. In 1876, Karl Reimer synthesized vanillin ( 2 ) from guaiacol ( 1 ). By the late 19th century, semisynthetic vanillin derived from the eugenol found in clove oil was commercially available. Synthetic vanillin became significantly more available in the 1930s, when production from clove oil was supplanted by production from the lignin -containing waste produced by

1612-529: The formula (C 2 H 5 O)(HO)C 6 H 3 CHO. This colorless solid consists of a benzene ring with hydroxyl , ethoxy, and formyl groups on the 4, 3, and 1 positions, respectively. It is a homologue of vanillin , differing on the 3 position. Ethylvanillin is prepared from catechol , beginning with ethylation to give guaethol ( 1 ). This ether condenses with glyoxylic acid to give the corresponding mandelic acid derivative ( 2 ), which by oxidation ( 3 ) and decarboxylation, gives ethylvanillin ( 4 ). As

1674-457: The sulfite pulping process for preparing wood pulp for the paper industry . By 1981, a single pulp and paper mill in Thorold, Ontario , supplied 60% of the world market for synthetic vanillin. However, subsequent developments in the wood pulp industry have made its lignin wastes less attractive as a raw material for vanillin synthesis. Today, approximately 15% of the world's production of vanillin

1736-503: The "Rhodia Way", the group's reference framework of responsibilities toward stakeholders. Group employees can use this reference system to self-assess the performance of their entity in terms of social and environmental responsibility, to encourage more responsible practices. Consumer Chemicals is made up of three business units: Novecare, Coatis, and Aroma Performance, which mainly service the consumer markets. In 2010, Consumer Chemicals posted revenues of €1,883 million, representing 36% of

1798-649: The Acetow & Eco Services combined revenue. Eco Services is a service company that regenerates sulfuric acid for the chemical industry and oil refineries in North America. Sulfuric acid is used as a catalyst in the production of alkylate , one of the fundamental components of high-octane index gasoline. The Eco Services network is made up of eight production units on seven different sites in California, Texas, Louisiana, and Indiana. Two of them also provide chemical waste treatment services. In 2010, Eco Services posted

1860-495: The GMG sector. This groundwater rose when the industrial pumps were stopped and flooded the basements in nearby houses, requiring permanent pumping to drain the subsoil. Severe pollution by arsenic was discovered up to depths of 5 meters in the AS/PS sector, plus mercury in the northeast half of this same sector The chalk layer under the site was contaminated by sulfates. For these reasons,

1922-486: The P450 enzyme coumaroyl ester 3’-hydroxylase (C3’H/P450) to give caffeoyl shikimate/quinate. HCT then exchanges the shikimate/quinate for CoA to create caffeoyl CoA, and 4CL removes CoA to afford caffeic acid. Caffeic acid then undergoes methylation by caffeic acid O- methyltransferase (COMT) to give ferulic acid. Finally, vanillin synthase hydratase/lyase (vp/VAN) catalyzes hydration of the double bond in ferulic acid followed by

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1984-572: The Rhodia Group's revenue.22Breakdown of revenue by market sector in 2010. Novecare supplies high-performance chemicals to industries in the cosmetics, detergents, agrochemicals, coatings, oilfield and industrial applications sectors. The company has 15 production plants worldwide. Novecare acquired the activities of the US company McIntyre, followed by the activities of Feixiang, China's leading producer of amines and surfactants in 2010. Consequently, Rhodia

2046-405: The Rhodia Group's turnover and operates four industrial plants in Brazil, China, France, and Vietnam. In 2010, Rhodia Energy Services developed its "Climate Care" solutions for the production of energy from renewable biological materials. Two biogas projects in China, and Vietnam and the partnership between the private company Paraiso and Eco Services in Brazil have provided an opportunity to develop

2108-699: The United States. Located on the banks of the Deûle canal , near Lille in Northern France, the ICPE chemical works was founded by Frédéric Kuhlmann  [ fr ] , who started with a small two-hectare chemical factory that he bought in 1847. The factory then belonged to the Rhône-Poulenc Chemicals group, which became Rhodia. During a working lifetime of 150 years, the site grew from two to 33 hectares, in

2170-481: The alumina activity of WR Grace. In 2008, Rhodia sold its fine organic chemicals and pharmaceutical activities. On March 17, 2008, the board of directors appointed Jean-Pierre Clamadieu as the chairman and CEO of Rhodia. This appointment followed the resignation of Yves-René Nanot from his position as the chairman of the board of directors as a result of the statutory conditions applying to age limits. In 2009, Rhodia acquired two companies: OneCarbon International and

2232-417: The board. Since 2005, members have been appointed for four years. The regulations of the board of directors stipulate that non-executive members can remain on the board for a maximum of 12 years. Renewals are staggered over two consecutive years. On November 31, the members of the board of directors were: On November 31, 2010, the members of the executive committee were: Since the successful tender offer

2294-544: The company on October 17, 2006. Rhodia grew in the United Kingdom and the United States by buying out Albright and Wilson and ChiRex. In 2002, Rhodia sold off its basic chemical activities in Europe ( phenol , hydrochloric acid , sodium carbonate ) and its holdings in Latexia (which was the world's number two for latex for paper) and Teris (treatment of toxic waste). In 2004, Rhodia sold its food ingredients business. On March 31, 2004, Yves-René Nanot  [ fr ]

2356-532: The development of high-added-value technical plastics. Polyamide & Intermediates has seven production plants and two technical development centers worldwide. Acetow & Eco Services is active in the energy and consumer goods markets. The branch includes the Acetow and Eco Services business units. With a turnover of €790 million in 2010, Acetow & Eco Services accounts for 15% of the Rhodia Group's revenue. Breakdown of revenue by market sector: about 65% consumer goods, about 20% energy, and 15% others. Acetow

2418-683: The earliest uses of synthetic molecules that freed scent artists from the limits of natural materials. Rhodia (company) Rhodia was a group founded in 1988 that specialized in fine chemistry , synthetic fibers , and polymers . The company was acquired by the Belgian Solvay group in September 2011 in a deal valued at €3.4 billion. The company served the consumer goods , automotive , energy, manufacturing, and processes and electronics markets, and had 65 production sites worldwide, four research centers , and four joint laboratories. Rhodia

2480-655: The exteriors of cured pods of high quality. It is also found in Leptotes bicolor , a species of orchid native to Paraguay and southern Brazil, and the Southern Chinese red pine . At lower concentrations, vanillin contributes to the flavor and aroma profiles of foodstuffs as diverse as olive oil , butter , raspberry , and lychee fruits. Aging in oak barrels imparts vanillin to some wines , vinegar , and spirits . In other foods, heat treatment generates vanillin from other compounds. In this way, vanillin contributes to

2542-570: The finalization of the acquisition of the Suzhou HiPro Polymers guar derivatives production plant in Zhangjiagang , China and on April 13, 2011, Rhodia completed the acquisition of the engineering plastics activity of the Indian company PI Industries Ltd (PIIL), following the approval of the Indian authorities. In September 2011, Solvay's tender offer on Rhodia was completed and Rhodia became

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2604-409: The flavor and aroma of coffee , maple syrup , and whole-grain products, including corn tortillas and oatmeal . Natural vanillin is extracted from the seed pods of Vanilla planifolia , a vining orchid native to Mexico, but now grown in tropical areas around the globe. Madagascar is presently the largest producer of natural vanillin. As harvested, the green seed pods contain vanillin in

2666-406: The form of its β- D - glucoside ; the green pods do not have the flavor or odor of vanilla. After being harvested, their flavor is developed by a months-long curing process, the details of which vary among vanilla-producing regions, but in broad terms it proceeds as follows: First, the seed pods are blanched in hot water, to arrest the processes of the living plant tissues. Then, for 1–2 weeks,

2728-515: The industrial, urban, or administrative use of the site are in progress. The position of the site in an area designated as “green belt” on the banks of the Deûle, the pollution, and its highly artificial character make it an important factor in the ecological fragmentation of the regional "blue infrastructure". In 2023, Rhodia was named the best company in the Chemical and Petrochemical sector in Brazil for

2790-399: The local authorities deemed that the site was compatible with industrial usage, but with restrictions to be applied on a case-by-case basis with the potential buyers of the various parts of the site, on a long-term and mandatory basis for third parties through publication in the land registry. The Lille city authorities considered locating a purification plant on the site. Several projects for

2852-501: The main causative agent of contact dermatitis in vanilla plantation workers. A pseudophytodermatitis called vanilla lichen can be caused by flour mites ( Tyroglyphus farinae ). Scolytus multistriatus , one of the vectors of the Dutch elm disease , uses vanillin as a signal to find a host tree during oviposition . Ethylvanillin Ethylvanillin is the organic compound with

2914-426: The most significant of these is the two-step process practiced by Rhodia since the 1970s, in which guaiacol ( 1 ) reacts with glyoxylic acid by electrophilic aromatic substitution . The resulting vanillylmandelic acid ( 2 ) is then converted by 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylglyoxylic acid ( 3 ) to vanillin ( 4 ) by oxidative decarboxylation. 15% of the world's production of vanillin is produced from lignosulfonates ,

2976-449: The natural vanilla industry, with its focus on producing a premium product by established methods, rather than on innovations that might alter the product's flavor profile. Although the exact route of vanillin biosynthesis in V. planifolia is currently unknown, several pathways are proposed for its biosynthesis. Vanillin biosynthesis is generally agreed to be part of the phenylpropanoid pathway starting with L -phenylalanine, which

3038-537: The neighborhoods of La Madeleine , Saint-André-lez-Lille and Marquette-lez-Lille . Between 1961 and 2001, the site produced highly toxic Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), which is one of the basic components used to produce polyurethane foam. Until December 2005, the tar produced by the synthesis of the TDI was incinerated on-site. The group abandoned the site, and the last remaining remnants—the two 80-meter-high smoke stacks built in 1929 and 1933—were demolished. Until 2006,

3100-477: The performance of antibiotics in laboratory conditions . The largest use of vanillin is as a flavoring, usually in sweet foods. The ice cream and chocolate industries together comprise 75% of the market for vanillin as a flavoring, with smaller amounts being used in confections and baked goods . Vanillin is also used in the fragrance industry, in perfumes , and to mask unpleasant odors or tastes in medicines, livestock fodder , and cleaning products. It

3162-521: The pods are alternately sunned and sweated: during the day they are laid out in the sun, and each night wrapped in cloth and packed in airtight boxes to sweat. During this process, the pods become dark brown, and enzymes in the pod release vanillin as the free molecule. Finally, the pods are dried and further aged for several months, during which time their flavors further develop. Several methods have been described for curing vanilla in days rather than months, although they have not been widely developed in

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3224-530: The remaining 32% were for third parties, notably for the Group's partners in its joint ventures. In France, Rhodia is the second-biggest industrial buyer of gas and one of the top ten purchasers of electricity. Energy Services has invested in biogas technology by acquiring the Econcern group's share of six biogas production pilots in China and Vietnam. With revenues of €203 million in 2010, Energy Services represents 4% of

3286-484: The resulting solids from hot water. In 1874, the German scientists Ferdinand Tiemann and Wilhelm Haarmann deduced its chemical structure, at the same time finding a synthesis for vanillin from coniferin , a glucoside of isoeugenol found in pine bark. Tiemann and Haarmann founded a company Haarmann and Reimer (now part of Symrise ) and started the first industrial production of vanillin using their process (now known as

3348-402: The scarcity and expense of natural vanilla extract, synthetic preparation of its predominant component has long been of interest. The first commercial synthesis of vanillin began with the more readily available natural compound eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol). Today, artificial vanillin is made either from guaiacol or lignin . Lignin-based artificial vanilla flavoring is alleged to have

3410-662: The second consecutive year in by Época Negócios 360º. The ranking evaluated 410 companies with revenues of at least R$ 250 million in 2022. The evaluation considered various sectors and management challenges like innovation, future vision, ESG/environmental, ESG/governance, people, and financial performance. The Dom Cabral Foundation partnered with Época Negócios for the evaluation process. The award ceremony took place on September 25, bringing together CEOs and executives from top companies in Brazil. The Rhodia Board of Directors currently has 11 members. The articles of association require that no less than three and no more than 18 members sit on

3472-412: The site, plus mercury and cadmium in one area and nitrates, sulfates, ammonium and arsenic by the Deûle canal. Certain pollutants had percolated into the soil and polluted the surface groundwater: potassium, sulfates, nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, ammonium and sodium, and locally, zinc and cadmium, to depths of up to 2 m in the so-called ANS sector, plus arsenic under the AS/PS sector and manganese under

3534-426: The split with Rhône-Poulenc amounted to €1,540 million. In an attempt to solve the group's debt problem, management renegotiated a debt estimated at €1 billion in 2010 (Rhodia's lowest debt level since the group was created ). Declared tangible investments in 2009 totaled €167 million, compared with €241 million in 2008. In 2003, Rhodia set up a department dedicated to sustainable development. In 2007, it rolled out

3596-421: The vanilla orchids. The demand for vanilla flavoring has long exceeded the supply of vanilla beans. As of 2001, the annual demand for vanillin was 12,000 tons, but only 1,800 tons of natural vanillin were produced. The remainder was produced by chemical synthesis . Vanillin was first synthesized from eugenol (found in oil of clove) in 1874–75, less than 20 years after it was first identified and isolated. Vanillin

3658-542: Was a public company that was founded on January 1, 1998, following the spin-off of the chemicals, fibers, and polymers activities of Rhône-Poulenc when it merged with the German company Hoechst . On June 25, 1998, Rhône-Poulenc sold 32.7% of its share in Rhodia's capital to the public. In 1999, Rhodia made two acquisitions : From October 1999, Rhône-Poulenc, which became Aventis then Sanofi-Aventis , gradually reduced its stake in Rhodia's capital. It sold all its shares in

3720-506: Was appointed chairman of the board of directors. In 2006, Rhodia sold its latex business, its synthesis activity, and its facilities for the production of industrial wires and fibers in Europe. 2006 also saw the creation of Orbeo, a joint venture with Société Générale , in the field of origination, trade and sale of carbon credits. Orbeo represents 8% of the carbon market. In 2007, Rhodia sold its silicones production activity and its Nylstar subsidiary (synthetic textile fiber) and acquired

3782-436: Was commercially produced from eugenol until the 1920s. Later it was synthesized from lignin-containing "brown liquor", a byproduct of the sulfite process for making wood pulp . Counterintuitively, though it uses waste materials, the lignin process is no longer popular because of environmental concerns, and today most vanillin is produced from guaiacol . Several routes exist for synthesizing vanillin from guaiacol. At present,

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3844-457: Was initially stored at ANDRA's La Manche center until 1991, then in the French atomic energy commission's Cadarache facility. The treatment of the slightly radioactive monazite produced 8,023 tons (according to ANDRA ) of slightly radioactive solid residue up until 1994. According to ANDRA, in 2007, this residue contained 2,000 tons of uranium and 2.6 tons of toxic lead. The plant is subject to ICPE environmental surveillance. A project to launch

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