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96-626: The ICPE is an intergovernmental organization located in Ljubljana , Slovenia and has 14 member states from Latin America , Asia , Africa and Europe . The ICPE functions as a research hub for member states (developing countries) and other partners, facilitating the exchange of ideas and practices between counterparts from different world regions. The ICPE has been publishing the refereed international journal Public Enterprise for over 30 years and has produced over 50 other publications in cooperation with

192-505: A funicular linked the city centre to the castle. Town Hall ( Mestna hiša , Magistrat ), located at Town Square , is the seat of city government . The original, Gothic building was completed in 1484. Between 1717 and 1719, the building underwent a Baroque renovation with a Venetian inspiration by architect Gregor Maček Sr. Near Town Hall, at Town Square , stands a replica of the Baroque Robba Fountain . The original

288-563: A given subject. The first half of the module is typically conducted at the ICPE headquarters in Ljubljana, while the second half takes participants on a tour of businesses and international organizations in different European countries. The ICPE conducts research and consulting for the benefit of member states, affiliate members and other partners. The center works with partners to secure requisite project and program funding from Development banks , IFIs,

384-657: A half years. Soon after, the Magyars ravaged Great Moravia and not a church was left standing in Pannonia. Archbishop Dietmar I fell in battle in 907. It was not until the Battle of Lechfeld in 955 that the Magyars suffered a crushing defeat, and ecclesiastical life in Salzburg returned to normal. The following year after Archbishop Herhold allied with Liudolf, Duke of Swabia and Duke Conrad

480-476: A monster. This monster evolved into the dragon that today is present in the city coat of arms and flag. It is historically more believable that the dragon was adopted from Saint George , the patron of the Ljubljana Castle chapel built in the 15th century. In the legend of Saint George, the dragon represents the old ancestral paganism overcome by Christianity . According to another explanation, related to

576-622: A predecessor of the present-day Triple Bridge , and the Butchers' Bridge connected the walled areas with wooden buildings. Ljubljana acquired the town privileges at some time between 1220 and 1243. Seven fires erupted during the Middle Ages. Artisans organised themselves into guilds . The Teutonic Knights , the Conventual Franciscans , and the Franciscans settled there. In 1256, when

672-583: A span of 33.34 m (109 ft 5 in) and its arch was at the time the third largest in Europe. It is protected as a technical monument. Decorated with mythological bronze sculptures, created by Jakov Brdar , from Ancient Greek mythology and Biblical stories, the Butchers' Bridge connects the Ljubljana Open Market area and the restaurants-filled Petkovšek Embankment ( Petkovškovo nabrežje ). It

768-490: A year. The city is known for its fog, appearing on average on 64 days per year, mostly in autumn and winter, and can be particularly persistent in conditions of temperature inversion . The city's architecture is a mix of styles. Large buildings have appeared around the city's edges, while Ljubljana's historic centre remains intact. Some of the oldest architecture dates to the Roman period, while Ljubljana's downtown got its outline in

864-583: Is oceanic ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb), bordering on a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa), with continental characteristics such as warm summers and moderately cold winters. July and August are the warmest months with daily high temperatures generally between 25 and 30 °C (77 and 86 °F), and January is the coldest month with temperatures mostly around 0 °C (32 °F). The city experiences up to 90 days of frost per year, and 11 days with temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) (often even more). Precipitation

960-411: Is a thirteen-story building that rises to a height of 70.35 m (231 ft). It combines elements of Neoclassical and Art-Deco architecture. Predominantly a place of business, Nebotičnik is home to shops on the ground floor and first story, and offices are located on floors two to five. The sixth to ninth floors are private residences. The top three floors host a café, bar and observation deck. It

1056-543: Is also known as the love padlocks -decorated bridge in Ljubljana. The Triple Bridge is decorated with stone balusters and stone lamps on all of the three bridges and leads to the terraces looking on the river and poplar trees. It occupies a central point on the east–west axis, connecting the Tivoli City Park with Rožnik Hill , on one side, and the Ljubljana Castle on the other, and the north–south axis through

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1152-590: Is known about the area during the settlement of Slavs in the period between the downfall of Emona and the Early Middle Ages. The parchment sheet Nomina defunctorum ("Names of the Dead"), most probably written in the second half of 1161, mentions the nobleman Rudolf of Tarcento, a lawyer of the Patriarchate of Aquileia , who had bestowed a canon with 20 farmsteads beside the castle of Ljubljana ( castrum Leibach ) to

1248-557: Is located at Cyril and Methodius Square ( Ciril-Metodov trg , named for Saints Cyril and Methodius ). The Diocese was set up in 1461. Between 1701 and 1706, Jesuit architect Andrea Pozzo designed the Baroque church with two side chapels shaped in the form of a Latin cross . The dome was built in the centre in 1841. The interior is decorated with Baroque frescos painted by Giulio Quaglio between 1703–1706 and 1721–1723. Nebotičnik (pronounced [nɛbɔtiːtʃniːk] , "Skyscraper")

1344-413: Is relatively evenly distributed throughout the seasons, although winter and spring tend to be somewhat drier than summer and autumn. Yearly precipitation is about 1,400 mm (55 in), making Ljubljana one of the wettest European capitals. Thunderstorms are common from May to September and can occasionally be heavy. Snow is common from December to February; on average, snow cover is recorded for 48 days

1440-462: Is the capital and largest city of Slovenia , located along a trade route between the northern Adriatic Sea and the Danube region, north of the country's largest marsh , inhabited since prehistoric times. It is the country's cultural, educational, economic, political and administrative center and the seat of Urban Municipality of Ljubljana . During antiquity, a Roman city called Emona stood in

1536-570: Is the lowest point of Ljubljana, with an elevation of 261 m (856 ft). Through its history, Ljubljana has been struck by floods. The latest was in August 2023, when the Sava and Gradaščica rivers flooded in their upper reaches. Southern and western parts of the city are more flood-endangered than northern parts. The Gruber Canal has partly diminished the danger of floods in the Ljubljana Marsh ,

1632-636: Is to: The current president of the ICPE Council is Member State India. Late Dr Anton Vratuša was the council's honorary president until dying in 2017. The ICPE maintains close contacts with UN programs and agencies, especially with UNIDO in Vienna , UNCTAD in Geneva , the international finance institutions (IFIs) and the EU. In 2009, the work of the ICPE was highlighted in a number of EU strategic documents, including

1728-460: Is vacant since May 2019. Currently, the seniormost officer of the ICPE is executive manager, David Tavželj. The Assembly is the supreme organ of the center and is composed of delegates representing the members of the center. Its purpose is to: Member country Bosnia and Herzegovina is the current president of the Assembly. The council is the most important organ of the center. The role of the council

1824-639: The EU-Brazil Summit and the 2009 EU-India Summit. the then Director General Stefan Bogdan Šalej was awarded Order of the Sun, the highest award bestowed by the nation of Peru . A variety of research and consultancy projects were undertaken with regional and national chambers of industry and commerce as well as universities, private and public enterprises and other institutions around the world including those in non-member states. The ICPE continues to engage itself with institutions in member states as also countries outside

1920-732: The Hradecky Bridge ( Slovene : Hradeckega most ), and the Trnovo Bridge ( Trnovski most ). The last mentioned crosses the Gradaščica , whereas all other bridges cross the Ljubljanica River . The 1901 Dragon Bridge , decorated with dragon statues on pedestals at four corners of the bridge has become a symbol of the city and is regarded as one of the most beautiful examples of a bridge made in Vienna Secession style. It has

2016-645: The Parisian Jardins de Tivoli . Between 1921 and 1939, it was renovated by Slovene architect Jože Plečnik , who unveiled his statue of Napoleon in 1929 in Republic Square and designed a broad central promenade, called the Jakopič Promenade ( Jakopičevo sprehajališče ) after the leading Slovene impressionist painter Rihard Jakopič . Within the park, there are trees, flower gardens, several statues, and fountains. Several notable buildings stand in

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2112-677: The Salzach river from the High Tauern range—Mt. Großvenediger at 3,666 m (12,028 ft)—at the main chain of the Alps in the south down to the Alpine foothills in the north. Here it also comprised the present-day Rupertiwinkel on the western shore of the Salzach, which today is part of Bavaria . The former archepiscopal lands are traditionally subdivided into five historic parts ( Gaue ): Flachgau with

2208-1038: The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . It retained this status until Slovene independence in 1991. Ljubljana is the capital of independent Slovenia , which joined the European Union in 2004. The city covers 163.8 km (63.2 sq mi). It is situated in the Ljubljana Basin in Central Slovenia , between the Alps and the Karst . Ljubljana is located some 320 km (200 mi) south of Munich , 477 km (296 mi) east of Zürich , 250 km (160 mi) east of Venice, 350 km (220 mi) southwest of Vienna , 124 km (77 mi) west of Zagreb and 400 km (250 mi) southwest of Budapest . Ljubljana has grown considerably since

2304-511: The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . The city retained this status until Slovenia became independent in 1991 and Ljubljana became the capital of the newly formed state. The exact origin of the name Ljubljana is unclear. In medieval times , both the river and the town were also called Laibach ( German: [ˈlaɪbax] ) in German. This name was used within the region until 1918 and continues to be used in German. In Italian,

2400-639: The Ursuline Church of the Holy Trinity started. In 1779, St. Christopher's Cemetery replaced the cemetery at St. Peter's Church as Ljubljana's main cemetery. From 1809 to 1813, during the " Napoleonic interlude", Ljubljana (as Laybach ) was the capital of the Illyrian Provinces . In 1813, the city returned to Austria and from 1815 to 1849 was the administrative centre of the Kingdom of Illyria in

2496-624: The Wittelsbachs . When the Black Death reached Salzburg in 1347, the Jews were accused of poisoning the wells and suffered severe persecution. In 1473, he summoned the first provincial diet in the history of the archbishopric, and eventually abdicated. It was only Leonard of Keutschach (reigned 1495–1519) who reversed the situation. He had all the burgomasters and town councillors (who were levying unfair taxes) arrested simultaneously and imprisoned in

2592-581: The World Bank , ILO and UNIDO , all of which are available internationally. The ICPE traces its origins to the International Center for Public Enterprises in Developing Countries set up on a UN initiative in 1974, which was reconstituted as an intergovernmental organization in 1980 with more than 40 developing countries as its member states and Yugoslavia as the host country. In 1997 the name

2688-566: The conquest of 774 . The connection between the Slovene and German names has posed a puzzle for scholars. In 2007, linguist Tijmen Pronk , an authority in comparative Indo-European linguistics and Slovene dialectology from the University of Leiden , provided strong support for the theory that the Slavic ljub- 'to love, like' was the most likely origin. He argued that the river's name likely stemmed from

2784-473: The 12th century. At around 1200, market rights were granted to Old Square ( Stari trg ), which at the time was one of Ljubljana's three original districts. The other two districts were an area called "Town" ( Mesto ), built around the predecessor of the present-day Ljubljana Cathedral at one side of the Ljubljanica River, and New Square ( Novi trg ) at the other side. The Franciscan Bridge ,

2880-511: The 1970s, mainly by merging with nearby settlements. The city stretches out on an alluvial plain dating to the Quaternary era . The mountainous regions nearby are older, dating from the Mesozoic ( Triassic ) or Paleozoic . Earthquakes have repeatedly devastated Ljubljana, notably in 1511 and 1895 . Ljubljana has an elevation of 295 m (968 ft). The city centre , located along

2976-512: The Archbishop of Pannonia and Moravia at Sirmium , entrusting him large territories under the overlordship of the Salzburg diocese. It was only when Rastislav and Methodius were captured by King Louis the German that Adalwin could adequately protest the invasion of his rights. Methodius appeared at the Synod of Salzburg where he was struck in the face and imprisoned in close confinement for two and

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3072-531: The Austrian Empire. In 1821, it hosted the Congress of Laibach , which fixed European political borders for that period. The first train arrived in 1849 from Vienna and in 1857 the line extended to Trieste . In 1895, Ljubljana, then a city of 31,000, suffered a severe earthquake with a moment magnitude of 6.1 and a maximum EMS intensity of VIII–IX ("heavily damaging – destructive"). 21 people died due to

3168-514: The Carinthian duke Ulrich III of Spanheim became lord of Carniola, the provincial capital was moved from Kamnik to Ljubljana. In the late 1270s, Ljubljana was conquered by King Ottokar II of Bohemia . In 1278, after Ottokar's defeat, it became—together with the rest of Carniola —property of Rudolph of Habsburg . It was administered by the Counts of Gorizia from 1279 until 1335, when it became

3264-509: The Dukedom of Carinthia, refused to take priestly consecrations, and was replaced by Ulrich , Bishop of Seckau . King Rudolph I of Habsburg quarrelled with the archbishops through the manipulations of Abbot Henry of Admont , and after his death the archbishops and the Habsburgs made peace in 1297. The people and archbishops of Salzburgs remained loyal to the Habsburgs in their struggles against

3360-812: The EU and others. Ljubljana [REDACTED] Archbishop of Salzburg (1112–1555) [REDACTED]   Habsburg Monarchy (1555–1804) [REDACTED]   Austrian Empire (1804–1809) [REDACTED] Illyrian Provinces (1809–1814; capital ) [REDACTED]   Austrian Empire (1814–1867) [REDACTED]   Austria-Hungary (1867–1918) [REDACTED]   State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918) [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941) [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Italy (1941–1945; annexed ) [REDACTED] Nazi Germany (1943–1945; de facto ) [REDACTED]   SFR Yugoslavia (1945–1991) [REDACTED]   Slovenia (1991–present; capital ) Ljubljana (also known by other historical names )

3456-527: The ICPE's membership. The ICPE hosts frequent conferences , seminars and expert group meetings, providing a unique platform for the exchange of ideas and best practices among practitioners, academics and other stakeholders . The aim of these meetings is to facilitate paradigm shifts in the way governments and enterprises address their most important governance, management and leadership challenges. One- to four-week modules bringing together participants from different global regions for in-depth immersion on

3552-750: The Italian capitulation, Nazi Germany with SS-general Erwin Rösener and Friedrich Rainer took control in 1943, but formally the city remained the capital of an Italian province until 9 May 1945. In Ljubljana, the Axis forces established strongholds and command centres of Quisling organisations, the Anti-Communist Volunteer Militia under Italy and the Home Guard under German control. Starting in February 1942,

3648-698: The Latin War was besieged in the Hohen-Salzburg , declared a "monster" by Martin Luther , and two later uprisings by the peasants lead to suffering to the entire archdiocese. Later bishops were wiser in the ruling and spared Salzburg the religious wars and devastation seen elsewhere in Germany. Archbishop Wolf Dietrich von Raitenau gave the Protestants the choice of converting to Catholicism or leaving Salzburg. The cathedral

3744-489: The Middle Ages. After the 1511 earthquake , it was rebuilt in the Baroque style following Italian, particularly Venetian, models. After the earthquake in 1895, it was again rebuilt, this time in the Vienna Secession style, which is juxtaposed against the earlier Baroque style buildings that remain. Large sectors built in the inter-war period often include a personal touch by the architects Jože Plečnik and Ivan Vurnik . In

3840-573: The Patriarchate. According to the historian Peter Štih 's deduction, this happened between 1112 and 1125, the earliest mention of Ljubljana. The property changed hands repeatedly until the first half of the 12th century. The territory south of the Sava where Ljubljana developed, gradually became property of the Carinthian Dukes of the House of Sponheim . Urban settlement started in the second half of

3936-697: The Red of Lorraine , he was deposed, imprisoned, blinded, and banished. Archbishop Bruno of Cologne, called the Bishop-Maker, appointed Frederick I archbishop and declared the Abbacy of St. Peter independent. In the era beginning with Pope Gregory VII , the Latin Christendom entered a period of internal conflict. The first archbishop of the era was Gebhard , who during the Investiture Controversy remained on

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4032-430: The Romance population, who had maintained Christian traditions. The former theory that he arrived already in c. 543 during the time of the unsourced early Bavarian dukes appears less likely than that he worked during the reign of the Agilolfing duke Theodo II (c. 680–717), when the Bavarian stem duchy came under Frankish supremacy. The bishops of Salzburg traditionally marked the foundation of their diocese as being

4128-519: The Salzburg capital and Tarus Tennengau around Hallein are both located in the broad Salzach valley at the rim of the Northern Limestone Alps ; the mountainous ( Innergebirg ) southern divisions are Pinzgau , Pongau around Bischofshofen , and southeastern Lungau beyond the Radstädter Tauern Pass . In the north and east, the prince-archbishopric bordered on the Duchy of Austria , a former Bavarian margraviate , which had become independent in 1156 and, raised to an archduchy in 1457, developed as

4224-441: The archbishops gradually reached the status of Imperial immediacy and independence from the Bavarian dukes. Salzburg remained an ecclesiastical principality until its secularisation to the short-lived Electorate of Salzburg (later Duchy of Salzburg ) in 1803. Members of the Bavarian Circle from 1500, the prince-archbishops bore the title of Primas Germaniae , though they never obtained electoral dignity; actually of

4320-421: The area remained a transit point, for groups including the Illyrians , followed by a mixed nation of the Celts and the Illyrians called the Iapodes , and then in the 3rd century BC a Celtic tribe, the Taurisci . Around 50 BC, the Romans built a military encampment that later became a permanent settlement called Iulia Aemona . This entrenched fort was occupied by the Legio XV Apollinaris . In 452, it

4416-406: The area. The city was first mentioned in the first half of the 12th century . It was the historical capital of Carniola , one of the Slovene -inhabited parts of the Habsburg monarchy . It was under Habsburg rule from the Middle Ages until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918. After World War II , Ljubljana became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia , part of

4512-426: The beginning of the Counter-Reformation . Catholic Bishop Thomas Chrön ordered the public burning of eight cartloads of Protestant books. In 1597, the Jesuits arrived, followed in 1606 by the Capuchins , seeking to eradicate Protestantism . Only 5% of all the residents of Ljubljana at the time were Catholic, but eventually they re-Catholicized the town. The Jesuits staged the first theatre productions, fostered

4608-546: The bridge was a wooden one and decorated with flowers, while since its reconstruction in 2014, it is made of glass. It was planned already in 1895 by Max Fabiani to build a bridge on the location, in 1913 Alfred Keller planned a staircase, later Jože Plečnik incorporated both into his own plans which, however, were not realised. Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg The Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg ( Latin : Archiepiscopatus Salisburgensis ; German : Fürsterzbistum Salzburg; Erzstift Salzburg; Erzbistum Salzburg )

4704-471: The capital town of Carniola. Renamed Laibach , it was owned by the House of Habsburg until 1797. In 1327, the Ljubljana's " Jewish Quarter "—now only "Jewish Street" ( Židovska ulica ) remains—was established with a synagogue, and lasted until Emperor Maximilian I in 1515 and expelled the Jews from Ljubljana at the request of its citizens, for which he demanded a certain payment from the town. In 1382, in front of St. Bartholomew's Church in Šiška , at

4800-411: The castle. His last years were spent in bitter struggle against Matthäus Lang of Wellenburg , Bishop of Gurk , who succeeded him in 1519. Matthäus Lang was largely unnoticed in official circles, although his influence was felt throughout the archbishopric. He brought in Saxon miners, which brought with them Protestant books and teachings. He then attempted to keep the populace Catholic, and during

4896-417: The center and the host country is also incorporated in a Slovenian law. The organs of the center are the director-general , the Assembly and the council. The director-general is elected by the Assembly on the recommendation of the council. The director-general is the chief executive officer of the center with full powers to administer the center under the instructions of the council. The post of director general

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4992-523: The central Slovenian botanical garden and the oldest cultural, scientific, and educational organisation in the country. It started operating under the leadership of Franc Hladnik in 1810. Of over 4,500 plant species and subspecies , roughly a third is endemic to Slovenia, whereas the rest originate from other European places and other continents. The institution is a member of the international network Botanic Gardens Conservation International and cooperates with more than 270 botanical gardens all across

5088-449: The city centre. The area surrounding the castle has been continuously inhabited since 1200 BC. The castle was built in the 12th century and was a residence of the Margraves , later the Dukes of Carniola . Its Viewing Tower dates to 1848; it was manned by a guard whose duty it was to fire cannons announcing fire or important visitors or events, a function the castle still holds. Cultural events and weddings also take place there. In 2006,

5184-427: The city is referred to as Lubiana , and in Latin , it is known as Labacum . The German name was first documented in 1144, and the Slovenian form appeared in records as early as 1146. The 10th-century work "Life of Gregentios" provides the Greek variant Λυπλιανές ( Lyplianes ) and situates it among the Avars in the 6th century. This account is influenced by an earlier northern Italian source written shortly after

5280-560: The city was rebuilt in the Renaissance style and a new wall was built around it. Wooden buildings were forbidden after a large fire at New Square in 1524. In the 16th century, the population of Ljubljana numbered 5,000, 70% of whom spoke Slovene as their first language , with most of the rest using German. The first secondary school , public library and printing house opened in Ljubljana. Ljubljana became an important educational centre. From 1529, Ljubljana had an active Slovene Protestant community . They were expelled in 1598, marking

5376-412: The city was surrounded by barbed wire , later fortified by bunkers , to prevent co-operation between the resistance movements that operated inside and outside the fence. Since 1985, the commemorative trail has ringed the city where this iron fence once stood. Postwar reprisals filled mass graves . After World War II, Ljubljana became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia , part of

5472-472: The city were led by the mayor Ivan Hribar . In 1918, following the dissolution of Austria-Hungary , the region joined the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . In 1929, Ljubljana became the capital of the Drava Banovina , a Yugoslav province. In 1941, during World War II , Fascist Italy occupied the city, and then on 3 May 1941 made Lubiana the capital of Italy's Province of Ljubljana with former Yugoslav general Leon Rupnik as mayor. After

5568-406: The city, represented by the river. It was enlarged in order to prevent the historically single bridge from being a bottleneck by adding two side pedestrian bridges to the middle one. The Fish Footbridge offers a view of the neighbouring Triple Bridge to the north and the Cobbler's Bridge to the South. It is a transparent glass-made bridge, illuminated at night by in-built LEDs. From 1991 to 2014

5664-414: The development of Baroque music , and established Catholic schools. In the middle and the second half of the 17th century, foreign architects built and renovated monasteries, churches, and palaces and introduced Baroque architecture . In 1702, the Ursulines settled in the town, and the following year they opened the first public school for girls in the Slovene Lands . Some years later, the construction of

5760-401: The dispute over the ecclesiastical border between Salzburg and the Patriarchate of Aquileia broke out, Charlemagne declared the Drava to be the border. Archbishop Adalwin (859–873) suffered great troubles when King Rastislav of Moravia attempted to remove his realm from the ecclesiastical influence of East Francia . In 870 Pope Adrian II appointed the "Apostle of the Slavs" St. Methodius

5856-476: The earthquake and some 10% of the city's 1,400 buildings were destroyed. During the subsequent reconstruction, some districts were rebuilt in the Vienna Secession style. Public electric lighting arrived in 1898. The rebuilding period between 1896 and 1910 is referred to as the "revival of Ljubljana" because of architectural changes that defined the city and for reform of urban administration, health, education and tourism. The rebuilding and quick modernisation of

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5952-414: The emperor, and finally ordered the Protestants to recant their beliefs or emigrate. Over 20,000 Salzburg Protestants were forced to leave their homes, most of whom accepted an offer of land by King Frederick William I of Prussia . The last Prince-Archbishop, Hieronymus von Colloredo , is probably best known for his patronage of Mozart . His reforms of the church and education systems alienated him from

6048-422: The hands of Duke Theodon II, including several brine wells and salt evaporation ponds which earned Iuvavum its German name Salzburg . In 711 Rupert also founded the Cella Maximiliana in the Pongau region, the later town of Bischofshofen . His niece Erentrude established a Benedictine nunnery at nearby Nonnberg about 713. In 739 Archbishop Boniface , with the blessing of Pope Gregory III , completed

6144-433: The largest marsh in Slovenia, south of the city. The two major ponds in Ljubljana are Koseze Pond in the Šiška District and Tivoli Pond in the southern part of Tivoli City Park . Koseze Pond has rare plant and animal species and is a place of meeting and recreation. Tivoli Pond is a shallow pond with a small volume that was originally used for boating and ice skating, but is now used for fishing. Ljubljana's climate

6240-450: The legendary Saint Maximus of Salzburg is the only abbot-bishop known by name. A disciple of Saint Severinus, he was martyred in the retreat from Noricum, after the Germanic Western Roman officer Odoacer had deposed the last Emperor Romulus Augustulus and declared himself King of Italy in 476. In his conflict with the Rugii tribes, Odoacer had his brother Onoulphus evacuate the Noricum ripense province in 487/88, whereby Iuvavum

6336-444: The most notable archeological findings from the marshland. These lake-dwelling people survived through hunting, fishing and primitive agriculture. To get around the marshes, they used dugout canoes made by cutting out the inside of tree trunks. Their archaeological remains, nowadays in the Municipality of Ig , have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site since June 2011, in the common nomination of six Alpine states . Later,

6432-481: The northern part of the city. The main watercourses in Ljubljana are the Ljubljanica , the Sava , the Gradaščica , the Mali Graben , the Iška and the Iščica rivers. From the Trnovo District to the Moste District , around Castle Hill, the Ljubljanica partly flows through the Gruber Canal , built according to plans by Gabriel Gruber from 1772 until 1780. Next to the eastern border, the rivers Ljubljanica, Sava, and Kamnik Bistrica flow together. The confluence

6528-432: The nucleus of the Habsburg monarchy . The Salzkammergut border region, today a UNESCO World Heritage Site , as an important salt trade region was gradually seized by the mighty House of Habsburg and incorporated into the Upper Austrian lands. In the southeast, Salzburg adjoined the Duchy of Styria , also ruled by the Habsburg (arch-)dukes in personal union since 1192. By 1335, the Austrian regents had also acquired

6624-401: The old Duchy of Carinthia in the south, the Styrian and Carinthian territories were incorporated into Inner Austria in 1379. The Habsburg encirclement was nearly completed when in 1363 the archdukes also attained the County of Tyrol in the west. Only in the northwest did Salzburg border on the Duchy of Bavaria (raised to an Electorate in 1623), and the tiny Berchtesgaden Provostry , which

6720-401: The park, among them Tivoli Castle , the National Museum of Contemporary History and the Tivoli Sports Hall . Tivoli–Rožnik Hill–Šiška Hill Landscape Park is located in the western part of the city. The Ljubljana Botanical Garden ( Ljubljanski botanični vrt ) covers 2.40 ha (5.9 acres) next to the junction of the Gruber Canal and the Ljubljanica, south of the Old Town. It is

6816-408: The people. In 1803, Salzburg was secularised as the Electorate of Salzburg for the former Grand Duke Ferdinand III of Tuscany (brother of Emperor Francis II ), who had lost his throne. In 1805, it became part of Austria. In 1809, it became part of Bavaria which closed the University of Salzburg , banned monasteries from accepting novices, and banned pilgrimages and processions. The archdiocese

6912-412: The river, sits at 298 m (978 ft). Ljubljana Castle , which sits atop Castle Hill ( Grajski grič ) south of the city centre, has an elevation of 366 m (1,201 ft). The highest point of the city, called Grmada , reaches 676 m (2,218 ft), 3 m (9.8 ft) more than the nearby Mount Saint Mary ( Šmarna gora ) peak, a popular hiking destination. These are located in

7008-673: The rivers Danube in the north, the Rába (Raab) in the east and the Drava in the south, an area which had recently been conquered from the Avars . Monasteries were founded and all of Carinthia was slowly Christianised. While Arno was in Rome attending to some of Charlemagne's business in 798, Pope Leo III appointed him Archbishop over the other bishops in Bavaria ( Freising , Passau , Regensburg , and Säben ). When

7104-603: The same personal name. The city's symbol is the Ljubljana Dragon . It is depicted on the top of the tower of Ljubljana Castle in the Ljubljana coat of arms and on the Ljubljanica-crossing Dragon Bridge ( Zmajski most ). It represents power, courage, and greatness. Several explanations describe the origin of the Ljubljana Dragon. According to a Slavic myth, the slaying of a dragon releases

7200-563: The second half of the 20th century, parts of Ljubljana were redesigned by Edvard Ravnikar . The central square in Ljubljana is Prešeren Square ( Prešernov trg ) home to the Franciscan Church of the Annunciation ( Frančiškanska cerkev ). Built between 1646 and 1660 (the bell towers followed), it replaced an older Gothic church. It offers an early-Baroque basilica with one nave and two rows of lateral chapels. The Baroque main altar

7296-473: The second, the dragon was at first only a decoration above the city coat of arms. In the Baroque , it became part of the coat of arms and, in the 19th and especially the 20th century, it outstripped the tower and other elements in importance. Around 2000 BC, the Ljubljana Marsh was settled by people living in pile dwellings . Prehistoric pile dwellings and the oldest wooden wheel in the world are among

7392-529: The settlement's name. Silvo Torkar, a linguist with expertise in Slovene names, put forth the idea that Ljubljana's name has its roots in Ljubija , the original name of the Ljubljanica River . This can be traced back to the Old Slavic male name Ljubovid , which translates to 'the one with a lovely appearance'. Torkar also asserted that the name Laibach is a combination of German and Slovene, sharing its origins with

7488-584: The side of the Pope. Gebhard thus suffered a nine-year exile, and was allowed to return shortly before his death and was buried in Admont . After King Henry IV abdicated and Conrad I of Abensberg was elected Archbishop. Conrad lived in exile until the Calistine Concordat of 1122. Conrad spent the remaining years of his episcopate improving the religious life in the archdiocese. Archbishop Eberhard II of Regensberg

7584-572: The six German prince-archbishoprics (with Mainz , Cologne and Trier ), Magdeburg , Bremen and Salzburg received nothing from the Golden Bull of 1356 . The last prince-archbishop exercising secular authority was Count Hieronymus von Colloredo , who was a patron of the Salzburg-native composer, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . The prince-archbishopric's territory was roughly congruent with the present-day Austrian state of Salzburg . It stretched along

7680-531: The southern Pongau and Lungau parts. About 696 Saint Rupert , then Bishop of Worms in Frankish Austrasia and later called the apostle of Bavaria and Carinthia, came to the region from the Bavarian town Regensburg and laid the foundations for the re-establishment of the Salzburg diocese. After erecting a church at nearby Seekirchen he discovered the ruins of Iuvavum overgrown with brambles and remnants of

7776-577: The time a nearby village, now part of Ljubljana, a peace treaty was signed between the Republic of Venice and Leopold III of Habsburg . In the 15th century, Ljubljana became recognised for its art, particularly painting and sculpture. The Latin Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana was established in 1461 and the Church of St. Nicholas became the diocesan cathedral. After the 1511 Idrija earthquake ,

7872-532: The waters and ensures the fertility of the earth, and it is thought that the myth is tied to the Ljubljana Marsh , the expansive marshy area that periodically threatens Ljubljana with flooding. According to Greek legend , the Argonauts on their return home after having taken the Golden Fleece found a large lake surrounded by a marsh between the present-day towns of Vrhnika and Ljubljana. There Jason struck down

7968-526: The work of Saint Rupert and raised Salzburg to a bishopric, placed under the primatial see of the Archdiocese of Mainz . St. Vergilius , abbot of St. Peter's since about 749, had quarrelled with St. Boniface over the existence of antipodes . He nevertheless became bishop about 767. Arno , bishop since 785, enjoyed the respect of the Frankish king Charlemagne who assigned to him the missionary territory between

8064-719: The world. In 2014, Ljubljana won the European Green Capital Award for 2016 for their environmental achievements. Ljubljana's best-known bridges, listed from northern to southern ones, include the Dragon Bridge ( Zmajski most ), the Butchers' Bridge ( Mesarski most ), the Triple Bridge ( Tromostovje ), the Fish Footbridge ( Slovene : Ribja brv ), the Cobblers' Bridge ( Slovene : Šuštarski most ),

8160-464: The year 582, and struck coins commemorating the 1,200-year anniversary of the event in 1782. In any case, it was not until after 700 that Christian civilisation re-emerged in the region. Rupert established a monastery dedicated to Saint Peter at the site of a Late Antique church in the former Iuvavum . St Peter's Abbey received large estates in the Flachgau (Rupertiwinkel) and Tennengau regions from

8256-511: Was abandoned and with it the bishopric. Saint Severinus had already died in 482 in the castrum of Favianis (present-day Mautern in Lower Austria ), six years before the departure of the Roman legions from the region. From the sixth century onwards, the northern areas of the later archbishopric were resettled by Germanic Bavarii tribes, who established themselves among the remaining Romance population, while Slavic tribes moved into

8352-741: Was able to retain its independence until the Mediatisation in 1803. The Vita Sancti Severini biography by the Early Christian chronicler Eugippius , reported that during the Decline of the Roman Empire about 450 AD the local capital Iuvavum in the Noricum ripense province was already home to two churches and a monastery. Very little is known of the early bishopric during the Migration Period , and

8448-471: Was an ecclesiastical principality and state of the Holy Roman Empire . It comprised the secular territory ruled by the archbishops of Salzburg, as distinguished from the much larger Catholic diocese founded in 739 by Saint Boniface in the German stem duchy of Bavaria . The capital of the archbishopric was Salzburg , the former Roman city of Iuvavum . From the late 13th century onwards,

8544-473: Was changed to International Center for Promotion of Enterprises by a Resolution of the ICPE Assembly in keeping up with the changed economic and political priorities of the new host country, Slovenia. The center is governed by its statute which is also incorporated in a Slovenian law. According to Article 6 of the statute, only developing countries can be members of the center. The headquarter agreement between

8640-494: Was designed by Slovenian architect Vladimir Šubic . The building opened on 21 February 1933. It was once the tallest residential building in Europe. Tivoli City Park ( Mestni park Tivoli ) is the largest park. It was designed in 1813 by French engineer Jean Blanchard and now covers approximately 5 km (1.9 sq mi). The park was laid out during the French imperial administration of Ljubljana in 1813 and named after

8736-662: Was destroyed by the Huns under Attila 's orders, and later by the Ostrogoths and the Lombards . Emona housed 5,000 to 6,000 inhabitants and played an important role during battles. Its plastered brick houses, painted in different colours, were connected to a drainage system . In the 6th century, the ancestors of the Slovenes moved in. In the 9th century, they fell under Frankish domination, while experiencing frequent Magyar raids. Not much

8832-429: Was executed by sculptor Italian Francesco Robba . Much of the original frescos were ruined by ceiling cracks caused by the Ljubljana earthquake in 1895 . The new frescos were painted by the Slovene impressionist painter Matej Sternen . Ljubljana Castle ( Ljubljanski grad ) is a medieval castle with Romanesque , Gothic , and Renaissance architectural elements, located on the summit of Castle Hill, which dominates

8928-567: Was made a prince of the Empire in 1213, and created three new sees: Chiemsee (1216), Seckau (1218) and Lavant (1225). In 1241, at the Council of Regensburg he denounced Pope Gregory IX as "that man of perdition, whom they call Antichrist, who in his extravagant boasting says, I am God, I cannot err." During the German Interregnum , Salzburg suffered confusion. Philip of Spanheim , heir to

9024-527: Was moved into the National Gallery in 2006. The fountain is decorated with an obelisk; at the foot are three figures in white marble symbolising the three chief rivers of Carniola. It is work of Francesco Robba, who designed other Baroque statues there. Ljubljana Cathedral ( ljubljanska stolnica ), or St. Nicholas's Cathedral ( stolnica sv. Nikolaja ), serves the Archdiocese of Ljubljana . Easily identifiable due to its green dome and twin towers, it

9120-519: Was rebuilt in such splendour that it was unrivalled by all others north of the Alps . Archbishop Paris of Lodron led Salzburg to peace and prosperity during the Thirty Years' War in which the rest of Germany was thoroughly devastated. During the reign of Leopold Anthony of Firmian , the remaining Protestants in Salzburg were expelled in 1731. He invited the Jesuits to Salzburg and asked for help from

9216-530: Was reestablished as the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Salzburg in 1818 without temporal power. Up to today, the Archbishop of Salzburg has also borne the title Primas Germaniae ("First Bishop of Germany"). The powers of this title – non-jurisdictional – are limited to being the Pope's first correspondent in the German-speaking world, but had once included the right to preside over

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