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78-448: The river is 59.4 km long from its source in the Navarrese municipality of Goizueta , and 33 km of it runs through the province of Gipuzkoa . The average temperature is 13.5 °C (56.3 °F). The seasonal and year-to-year variations in water flow are less marked than in other basins of Gipuzkoa , and the natural regulation of this basin is very high. The quality of the water

156-609: A basically rural economy. In 1932, a Basque Country 's separate statute failed to take off over disagreements on the centrality of Catholicism, a scene of political radicalisation ensued dividing the leftist and rightist forces during the 2nd Spanish Republic (1931 – 1939). Thousands of landless labourers occupied properties of wealthy landowners in October 1933, leaving the latter eager for revenge. The most reactionary and clerical Carlists came to prominence, ideologues such as Víctor Pradera , and an understanding with General Mola paved

234-681: A deadlocked government. The regional president, widely questioned in Navarre as of 2012 and relying only on the PP central government's backup, went on to urge the Constitutional Court to challenge several decisions made by the Parliament of Navarre . After the latest scandal and corruption allegations affecting a secretary of her cabinet (Lourdes Goicoechea, regional public finance secretary) in February 2014,

312-536: A long-running demand of education unions. In July 2018, the Constitutional Court of Spain suspended the Far Right's and Civil Servants' Victims Act passed by the Parliament of Navarre in 2015. Three months later, the chief executive officer of the National Police in Navarre stepped down for the disclosure of a fake Twitter account he owned that praised Antonio Tejero , as well as Vox leader Santiago Abascal as

390-636: A majority. A continuation of the institutional framework inherited from the dictatorship and its accommodation into the Spanish democracy was guaranteed by the Betterment ("Amejoramiento"), a Navarre-only solution considered 'an upgrade' of its former status issued from the (remains of the) charters. In a three-year span, the Spanish Socialists in Navarre veered in their position, quit the Basque process, and joined

468-593: A move towards coordination and cooperation by designing a number of common projects. At San Sebastián, the Spanish General Prim ratified in 1869 his position in favour of the distinct status held by the Southern Basque Country (the Sister Provinces ) conditioned on their unambiguous attachment to Spain. However, the general was assassinated in the midst of political instability (1870), and soon on

546-540: A new Jose Antonio , also insulting a number of Catalan and Basque nationalist and leftist figures. In October 2019, the High Court of Navarre ruled against the public use of bilingual signalling and institutional announcements in Mixed-Speaking and Non-Basque Speaking areas, also proscribing the consideration of Basque as a merit in job positions, unless strictly needed; the judgement sparked an uproar among some parties in

624-505: A reduced, ambiguous self-government status (in Spanish) ( fueros ). However, new senior officials in Navarre (a kingdom up to that point) signed a treaty apart from the rest of Basque historic districts , converting it into a regular Spanish province (1841) (in Spanish) , except for a small but relevant set of fiscal prerogatives. Since 1866, the four chartered provincial governments made

702-508: A series of corruption scandals broke out involving regional president Yolanda Barcina and other regional government officials that included influence peddling, embezzlement, misappropriation of funds and mismanagement leading to the bankruptcy of Caja Navarra . By November 2012, the PSN—UPN's standing ally in Navarre up to that point—backed down on its support of UPN, but refused to impeach Yolanda Barcina or search new political alliances, leaving

780-654: A specific language of its people or its consideration as part of the Navarrese heritage. The Statutory Law of Basque of 1986 defined the above areas, creating the Basque-speaking zone , an area north-east of Navarre in which Basque is the co-official language along with Spanish. This law recognizes Spanish and Basque as Navarre's lenguas propias (a Spanish legal term meaning that a language in an autonomous community in Spain has co-official status along with Spanish), according to

858-513: A strip along the left bank in Hernani and on a minor road sloping up from the right bank at the limit between Astigarraga and the outer lands of Donostia . 43°19′34″N 1°58′56″W  /  43.32611°N 1.98222°W  / 43.32611; -1.98222 Navarre Navarre ( / n ə ˈ v ɑːr / nə- VAR ; Spanish : Navarra [naˈβara] ; Basque : Nafarroa [nafaro.a] ), officially

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936-722: Is a mixture of its Basque tradition, the Trans-Pyrenean influx of people and ideas and Mediterranean influences coming from the Ebro . The Ebro valley is amenable to wheat , vegetables , wine , and even olive trees as in Aragon and La Rioja . It was a part of the Roman Empire , inhabited by the Vascones , later controlled on its southern fringes by the Muslim Banu Qasi , whose authority

1014-536: Is fairly good, despite a slight deterioration downstream near the mouth (moderately good condition) where the city of Donostia lies. However, lately, works have been done on the treatment and cleaning of water resulting in an outstanding environmental recovery. The mouth of the Urumea river is known for its upstream river wave, which attracts river surfers . The phenomenon looks similar to tidal bores , but it's caused by ocean swells instead of tides. Similar to tidal bores,

1092-503: Is now Gipuzkoa )—and the flatter areas to the south, Calagurris (in what is now La Rioja), which were amenable to large-scale Roman farming —vineyards, olives, and wheat crops. There is no evidence of battles fought or general hostility between Romans and Basques, as they had the same enemies. Neither the Visigoths nor the Franks ever completely subjugated the area. The Vascones (to become

1170-556: Is the lingua navarrorum , as it appears in documents of the Middle Ages, such as a document by the king Sancho the Wise . The kingdom cemented its roots in the predominantly Basque-speaking domain of Pamplona and surrounding areas. In the midst of contemporary scholarly debates on the existence of Navarre and its laws prior to the king's authority, the Navarrese author Garcia de Gongora states as follows in 1626: Two languages are spoken across

1248-536: Is the mother tongue of 81.9% of the population, Basque is 5.7% of the population's mother tongue, and 3.8% of the population has both languages as their mother tongue while 6.1% of the population have another language as their mother tongue . The number of people that can speak Basque has increased in Navarre lately, after a steady historic retreat. In 2011, 13.6% of the population in Navarre considered themselves to be speakers of Basque and another 14.5% considered themselves semi-speakers of Basque. Historically, Basque

1326-603: The 3rd Carlist War broke out again centred in the Basque Country (1872–76). At the end of it, the fueros were definitely abolished in the Basque Provinces (Álava, Biscay, and Gipuzkoa) , while Navarre 's legal status was less affected. The 1876 definite abolition of the charters ( fueros ) was followed by a political stir leading to the popular uprising Gamazada centred in Navarre (1893–94), echoed in Biscay (Gernika) by

1404-560: The Aralar Range . In the north, climate is affected by the Atlantic Ocean leading an Oceanic west coast climate (Köppen: Cfb). Since the northernmost part of Navarre is less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the Bay of Biscay , the northern fringes resemble San Sebastián . At central Navarre the summer precipitations start to lower, leading to a Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa and Csb) At

1482-637: The Chartered Community of Navarre , is a landlocked foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain , bordering the Basque Autonomous Community , La Rioja , and Aragon in Spain and New Aquitaine in France . The capital city is Pamplona (Basque: Iruña ). The present-day province makes up the majority of the territory of the medieval Kingdom of Navarre , a long-standing Pyrenean kingdom that occupied lands on both sides of

1560-553: The Navarrese People's Union (UPN) (a Navarrese party that had a long alliance with the People's Party (PP), main right-wing party in Spain). However, in 2015 Uxue Barkos ( Geroa Bai ) became president with the support of EH Bildu , Podemos and Izquierda-Ezkerra . She is the first Basque nationalist president in Navarre. Basque nationalist parties also represent a sizeable part of

1638-544: The Opus Dei , to found their University of Navarre (1952), ever more influential in Pamplona. The coming of the society of consumption and incipient economic liberalisation saw also the establishment of factories and workshops during the early 1960s (automobile manufacturing and accessories, etc.), especially around the overgrown capital. It was followed by labour and political unrest. Officials and figures with good connections to

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1716-620: The Pyrenees mountain range that dominates the territory to the plains of the Ebro river valley in the south. The highest point in Navarre is Mesa de los Tres Reyes , with an elevation of 2,428 metres (7,966 feet). Other important mountains are Txamantxoia , Kartxela , the Larra-Belagua Massif , Sierra de Alaiz , Untzueko Harria , Sierra de Leyre , Sierra del Perdón , Montejurra , Ezkaba , Monte Ori , Sierra de Codés , Urbasa , Andia , and

1794-518: The Pyrenees , within the iberian peninsula . In Basque language, known as Euskera , natives have referred to the Basque districts as Euskal Herria(k) . During history, it has been named in a variety of ways (mainly through regional political etymologies according to contemporary administrative sources) Peninsular Basque Country can refer to this same territory as the Basque-derived term "Southern Basque Country" invariably includes Navarre and

1872-579: The Sanrocada , and attempts started to be made to re-establish a single political status for the Basque territories in Spain, with the most significant being the Statute of Estella, 1932 (in Spanish) in the early period of the 2nd Spanish Republic . In 1918, the Society of Basque Studies was established at Oñati under the auspices of the four provincial governments in a ceremony presided over by King Alfonso XIII ;

1950-505: The Way of Saint James . In 1200, Navarre lost the key western Basque districts to Alphonse VIII of Castile , leaving the kingdom landlocked. Navarre then contributed with a small but symbolic force of 200 knights to the decisive Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212 against the Almohads . The native line of kings came to an end in 1234; their heirs intermarried with French dynasties. However,

2028-510: The energy sector , healthcare services and manufacturing . The gross domestic product (GDP) of the autonomous community was 20.3 billion euros as of 2018, accounting for 1.7% of Spanish economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 33,700 euros or 112% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 109% of the EU average. The unemployment rate stood at 10.2% in 2017 and

2106-618: The 1841 chartered provisions. Except for a small faction (the so-called Alfonsinos ), all parties in Navarre agreed on the need for a new political framework based on home rule within the Laurak Bat , the Basque districts in Spain. Among these, the Carlists stood out , who politically dominated the province, and resented an increased string of rulings and laws passed by Madrid, as well as left leaning influences. Unlike Biscay or Gipuzkoa, Navarre did not develop manufacturing during this period, remaining

2184-643: The 1978 Spanish constitution and the Amejoramiento del Fuero , a Navarrese law establishing the basic institutional make-up of the chartered community of Navarre, Spanish is the official language of Navarre, while the Basque language is also the official language in Basque-Speaking areas. Unlike any other statutes in the Spanish autonomous communities owning a regional language, the Amejoramiento omits citing Basque as

2262-460: The Basque nationalist EH Bildu and pro-Basque Geroa Bai parties, on the one side, and the institutional pro-Spanish parties, UPN, PP and PSN on the other. Parties on the pro-Basque spectrum demand further sovereignty in internal affairs of Navarre and closer relationship with the districts of the Basque Autonomous Community . In the past, pro-Basque parties were excluded from key political posts and institutions. Another 2013–2014 controversy refers to

2340-595: The Basques in Spain ("Kingdom of the Spains") renewed their separate status in a ceremony by which the king of Castile or his viceroy/royal deputy ( regidor ) pledged obedience to the native institutions and laws, with the representatives of each district vowing in turn loyalty to him (or her). The Basques of each district kept their own defence provision, with men being drafted for the militias exclusively in defence of each specific district. However, voluntary military contribution to

2418-587: The Basques) assimilated neighbouring tribes as of the 7th century AD. In the year 778, the Basques defeated a Frankish army at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass . Following the Battle of Roncevaux Pass (824) , the Basque chieftain Iñigo Arista was elected King of Pamplona supported by the muwallad Banu Qasi of Tudela , establishing a Basque kingdom that was later called Navarre. That kingdom reached its zenith during

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2496-453: The Foral Law 18/1986 of Basque. This law divides Navarre into three linguistically distinct areas, a Basque-speaking zone , where Basque is the dominant language, a Mixed-speaking zone , where Basque and Spanish are both dominant, and a Non-Basque speaking zone , where Spanish is the dominant language. In the latter, the public entities of Navarre are required to use only Spanish, but in

2574-489: The Kingdom of Navarre. However, Basque underwent a gradual erosion, accelerated following the conquest of the kingdom in the early 16th century due to the homogenizing push of the new Castilian authorities and the neglect of its own elites, among other reasons. By 1778, 121,000 inhabitants out of 227,000 were Basque speakers, 53% of its population, still the largest amount of Basque speakers across all Basque territories . However,

2652-629: The Modification of Fueros (later called the "Compromise Act", Ley Paccionada ) definitely made the kingdom into a province after a compromise was reached by the Spanish government with officials of the Provincial Council of Navarre. The relocation of customs from the Ebro river to the Pyrenees in 1841 prompted the collapse of Navarre's customary cross-Pyrenean trade and the rise of smuggling. Amid instability in Spain, Carlists took over in Navarre and

2730-583: The Navarrese kept most of their strong laws and institutions . The death of Queen Blanche I (1441) inaugurated a civil war period between the Beaumont and Agramont confederacies with the intervention of the Castilian-Aragonese House of Trastámara in Navarre's internal affairs. In 1512, Navarre was invaded by Ferdinand the Catholic 's troops, with Queen Catherine and King John III withdrawing to

2808-405: The Navarrese parliament passed a law splitting teachers aspiring to work in the state-run education network into two different professional categories, one for those qualified in Basque and Spanish , and another for Spanish monolinguals, so thwarting with the vote of Izquierda-Ezkerra (integrated in the regional government) the new progressive government's plan to have just one; the latter echoes

2886-478: The Navarrese regional government went on to join Adolfo Suárez 's UCD , later splitting into the party UPN led by Jesús Aizpún Tuero (1979), refusing to join a democratic constitutional process on the grounds that Navarre's charters (or fueros ) remained in place. They also refused to join the Basque process to become an autonomous community, where recently legalised Basque nationalist and leftist parties held

2964-456: The Parliament of Navarre, although both Geroa Bai and EH Bildu increased their vote share. Following the election results, PSN's María Chivite was elected president with the support provided by progressive forces, handing over Pamplona's council to Navarra Suma and explicitly excluding EH Bildu from any talks or alliances, but relying on its abstention for her inauguration. In December 2017,

3042-570: The Society longed for "the re-establishment of Basque personality" and promoted culture as well as academic studies, including a Basque-Navarrese university. It was followed by other unofficial cultural/sport institutions (Basque-Navarrese Mountain Federation, etc.), or the Federation of Basque-Navarrese Savings Banks (1924). The split allegiances showed by Gipuzkoa-Biscay (labelled by the regime as "traitor provinces" (in Spanish) ) and Navarre-Álava in

3120-475: The Spanish government came to a head as of 1794, when Spanish premier Manuel Godoy attempted to suppress Navarrese and Basque self-government altogether, with the end of the First Carlist War (1839 – 1841) definitely bringing the kingdom and its home rule ( fueros ) to an end. After the 1839 Convention of Bergara , a reduced version of home rule ( fueros ) was passed in 1839. However, the 1841 Act for

3198-488: The Spanish home office secretary Jorge Fernández Díaz stepped in warning leading members of PSN that "Navarre is strategic for Spain", and asserting that any other political alliance means "supporting ETA". The Justice secretary in Madrid Alberto Ruiz Gallardón in turn stated that "the worst political error is not corruption" but getting along with Bildu (a Basque pro-independence coalition). In May 2015,

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3276-563: The Way of Saint James rendered Occitan the status language of the kingdom up to early 14th century. Navarro-Aragonese became the written language in court and royal administration by 1329, when it reached official status. However, from the 15th century onwards the language grew closer to Castilian ( Spanish ) and eventually merged with it. Other languages which at some point held a status or were spoken in certain communities and periods are Erromintxela , French , Hebrew , and Arabic . According to

3354-472: The alleged ideological profiling of public school Basque language teachers, billed as " ETA supporting teachers". Since the establishment of Navarre's present status (the Amejoramiento , the 'Betterment') in 1982, the successive regional governments ruled by UPN and PSN have been shaken by frequent political instability and corruption scandals , with UPN's Miguel Sanz's term being the most stable and longest, extending from 2001 to 2011. Between 2012 and 2014,

3432-404: The ancient Navarrese liberties . The bleak post-war years were shaken by shortage, famine, and smuggling, with the economy relying on agriculture (wheat, vineyards, olive, barley), and a negative migration balance. The victors came to cluster around two main factions, Carlists and Falangists , while the totalitarian ultra-Catholic environment provided fertile grounds for another religious group,

3510-435: The arrangement adopted for Navarre (Chartered Community of Navarre, 1982). The reform was not ratified by referendum, as demanded by Basque nationalist and minority leftist forces. After the end of Franco's dictatorship , Navarre became one of the 17 Autonomous Communities in Spain. The community ceremonies, education, and social services, together with housing, urban development, and environment protection policies are under

3588-750: The coalition government of Navarre, as well as EH Bildu, but was saluted by the PSN and Navarra Suma. Navarre consists of 272 municipalities and has a total population of 601,874 (2006), of whom approximately one-third live in the capital, Pamplona (195,769 pop.), and one-half in the capital's metropolitan area (315,988 pop.). There are no other large municipalities in the region. The next largest are Tudela (32,802), Barañain (22,401), Burlada/Burlata (18,388), Estella-Lizarra (13,892), Zizur Mayor (13,197), Tafalla (11,040), Villava/Atarrabia (10,295), and Ansoáin/Antsoain (9,952). Despite its relatively small size, Navarre features stark contrasts in geography, from

3666-505: The death of his wife Queen Isabella, he extended the Castilian expulsion and forcible integration orders applicable to conversos and mudejars of 1492 to the former kingdom. Therefore, Tudela in particular could no longer serve as a refuge after the Inquisitors were allowed. Navarre is one of the wealthiest regions in Spain per capita, with a diversified economy primarily focused on

3744-400: The elections for Navarre Parliament left a better result for pro-Basque parties, which managed to establish an alliance, Uxue Barkos from Geroa Bai being elected president of Navarre for the period 2015 – 2019. June 2019 elections, however, turned the tide, when rightist forces reunited in the platform Navarra Suma , made up of UPN, PP and Ciudadanos , and garnered 20 MPs, 40% of the seats in

3822-574: The enclaves. It includes the three provinces ( Araba , Bizkaia , Gipuzkoa ) of the Basque Autonomous Community in the west, as well as the Chartered Community of Navarre to the east. The Basque districts had managed to retain a virtually independent status (the fueros , or charters) within the Crown of Castile up until the period of the War of the Pyrenees and the Peninsular War (1793–1813). Traditionally

3900-545: The face of the 1936 military uprising undermined the pre-war ties, but did not break them completely, especially in respect of culture. The possibility of establishing a single autonomous statute for the Southern Basque Country was again explored and provided for in the late 1970s, but strong political objections both in the Spanish establishment ( UCD ) and Navarre ( Unión del Pueblo Navarro party founded, swing in Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 's position) drew

3978-463: The fascist salute and even involved in murderous tasks. The killing took a death toll of at least 2,857, plus a further 305 dying in prisons (ill-treatment, malnutrition). The dead were buried in mass graves or discarded into chasms abounding on the central hilly areas (Urbasa, etc.). Basque nationalists were also chased to a lesser extent, e.g. Fortunato Aguirre, a Basque nationalist and mayor of Estella (and co-founder of Osasuna Football Club),

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4056-488: The feats of the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne , describing his intrusion to the Ebro river. Other Royal Frankish Annals feature nabarros . There are two proposed etymologies for the name. The linguist Joan Coromines considers naba to be linguistically part of a wider Vasconic or Aquitanian language substrate, rather than Basque per se . The official name in Basque is Nafarroa , but

4134-479: The form Nafarroa Garaia "Upper Navarre" is also often seen, to distinguish the province from neighboring Lower Navarre . Before and during the Roman Empire , the Vascones populated the southern slopes of the Pyrenees , including the area which would ultimately become Navarre. In the mountainous north, the Vascones escaped large-scale Roman settlement, except for some coastal areas—for example Oiasso (in what

4212-846: The four provinces were divided into the Chartered Community of Navarre and the Basque Autonomous Community . The rise of the party UPN in Navarre has resulted in an increased denial of the territory's historic Basque identity, and the cancellation or impracticality of virtually all drafted or existing common projects with the rest of Basque territories, e.g. high-speed railway (original X layout blueprint), Basque-Navarrese intergovernmental cooperation organ, federation of savings banks, Aquitaine-Basque Autonomous Community-Navarre cross-border agency, public allowances to publishing other than Navarre-only topics, prohibition of four or seven-province maps in education, ad hoc refusal of permission for reception in Navarre to Basque public broadcaster EITB , etc. The movement to re-establish cooperation and common ties

4290-445: The king could go beyond district boundaries in exchange for a sum of money. The four districts kept a strong municipality based governmental structure, as well as minor customs on their boundaries and major ones on the Ebro river. Mineral extraction was concerted for communal exploitation, usually undertaken when required by neighbouring inhabitants and/or manufacturers (ironworks). The foundations of Basque home rule were badly shaken at

4368-572: The kingdom, Basque and Romance , but most properly the Cantabric [language] Basque, the original and most ancient, brought along by its creator, the patriarch Tubal , devoid of mingling with others; it has always been preserved there, except in the Ribera and the bordering areas of Castile and Aragon, where Romance is spoken. José Moret , chronicler of the kingdom, called Navarre and its bordering provinces "the lands of Basque", claiming also that Tubal founded

4446-516: The latitude. Navarre is one of the historic Basque provinces : its Basque features are conspicuous in the north, but virtually absent on the southern fringes. The best-known event in Navarre is the annual festival of San Fermín held in Pamplona in July. The first documented use of a name resembling Navarra , Nafarroa , or Naparroa is a reference to navarros , in Eginhard 's early-9th-century chronicle of

4524-410: The mixed area the use of Basque is also confined to certain position. The area of the municipalities belonging to the Basque-speaking and Mixed Basque and Spanish-speaking zones are the following: Southern Basque Country The Southern Basque Country ( Basque : Hegoalde, Hego Euskal Herria ; Spanish : País Vasco sur, País Vasco peninsular ) refers to the Basque territories southside of

4602-454: The most inhabited drainage basin in Gipuzkoa , with 212,564 inhabitants. The main towns on the river are Hernani with its first industrial estates located upstream on its banks (paper and chemical industry, an aluminium mill, lift manufacturing, etc.); Astigarraga , renowned for its cider houses ; and Donostia with a final long stretch of the river snaking through different parts of the town. The main focus of cider houses concentrates on

4680-451: The most populous Autonomous Community in Spain with a population of 647,554 inhabitants, which at the time was a population density of 62.32 inhabitants/km . The data of the population pyramid of 2010 can be summarized as follows: Presently, Spanish is predominantly spoken in most of the autonomous community, except for north-eastern areas, where Basque continues to be the prevailing language. According to official statistics, Spanish

4758-440: The north of the Pyrenees , and establishing a Kingdom of Navarre- Béarn , led by Queen Joan III as of 1555. To the south of the Pyrenees, Navarre was annexed to the Crown of Castile in 1515, but kept a separate ambiguous status, and a shaky balance up to 1610— King Henry III was ready to march over Spanish Navarre. A Chartered Government was established (the Diputación ), and the kingdom managed to keep home rule. Tensions with

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4836-526: The north. Gascons and Occitans from beyond the Pyrenees (called Franks ) received self-government and other privileges to foster settlement in Navarrese towns, and they brought their crafts, culture and Romance languages . Jews and Muslims were persecuted both north and south of Navarre, expelled for the most part during the late 15th century to the early 16th century. The kingdom struggled to maintain its separate identity in 14th and 15th centuries, and after King Ferdinand V forcibly conquered Navarre after

4914-485: The number of speakers dropped sharply in the 19th century. In 1936, Basque speakers accounted for a 17% of the total Navarrese population. Other languages have been spoken, but have disappeared, such as Navarro-Aragonese , a Romance language that was spoken in the Middle Ages around the central part of the Ebro basin. Starting in the late 11th century, the influx of pilgrims and colonizers from Toulouse and surrounding areas ( Francs ) who settled in separate boroughs along

4992-418: The overall guidelines established by the Spanish government but may have some minor differences. The first 3 presidents of the community belonged to the extinct Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) party. After 1984 the government was ruled by either the Socialist Party of Navarre (PSN – PSOE, one of the federative components of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party , main centre-left wing party in Spain) or

5070-448: The project to a stalemate. The continuation of the institutional framework inherited from the dictatorship in Navarre (the Amejoramiento , "the Betterment") was coupled with a staunch opposition staged by the ruling circles to a change in Navarre (attacks of Montejurra, removal from office of Javier Erice as mayor of Pamplona in 1976) amidst a climate of violence (ETA, police forces, state sponsored paramilitary groups, etc.). Since 1982,

5148-400: The region had what was then Spain's largest photovoltaic power plant at Montes de Cierzo de Tudela (1.2 MWp capacity) plus several hundred smaller photovoltaic installations. Developments since 2004 have included further photovoltaic plants at Larrión (0.25 MWp) and another at Castejón (2.44 MWp), also once the largest in Spain. In 2018, the Foral Community of Navarra ranked 15th as

5226-406: The reign of Sancho III , comprising most of the Christian realms to the south of the Pyrenees, and even a short overlordship of Gascony (in the early 11th century). When Sancho III died in 1035, the kingdom was divided between his sons. It never fully recovered its political power, while its commercial importance increased as traders and pilgrims ( the Francs ) poured into the kingdom via

5304-456: The responsibility of Navarre's political institutions. As in the rest of the communities, Navarre has a Parliament elected every four years, and the majority in this Parliament determines the president of the Community, who is in charge of Navarre's government. Unlike most other autonomous communities of Spain (but like the Basque Autonomous Community ), Navarre has almost full responsibility for collecting and administering taxes which must follow

5382-501: The rest of the Basque provinces . An actual Basque state was established during the Third Carlist War with Estella as its capital (1872 – 1876), but King Alfonso XII 's restoration in the throne of Spain and a counter-attack prompted the Carlist defeat. The end of the Third Carlist War saw a renewed wave of Spanish centralisation directly affecting Navarre. In 1893 – 1894 the Gamazada popular uprising took place centred in Pamplona against Madrid's governmental decisions breaching

5460-589: The southernmost part of Navarre the climate is cool semi-arid (Köppen: Bsk). This is also at a comparatively low elevation compared to most of the north, further pontentiating the hot summers in comparison to Pamplona and even more so the northern hilly and mountainous region. The sole official weather station of Navarre is located in Pamplona in its north-western corner and has summer highs of 28 °C (82 °F) and lows of 14 °C (57 °F), while winter highs are 9 °C (48 °F) and lows 1 °C (34 °F) with moderate precipitation year-round. Navarre

5538-434: The turn of the 19th century, followed by the short-lived but watershed Spanish nationalist Constitution of 1812 (Cádiz) . The above districts restored their sovereign native institutions and laws still up to the end of the First Carlist War (1839–41), when a decree by Regent Maria Christina established the annexation to Spain ( referred to as "Constitutional Spain" , after the Spanish Constitution of 1837 ), still keeping

5616-559: The vote (around 31% in the 2015 elections ), and a majority in most of the northern areas. Basque nationalist parties have as a key point in their agendas to merge Navarre into the Basque Autonomous Community by referendum (as predicted in the Spanish constitution). All Spain-based parties, as well as UPN and PSN, oppose this move. Politics in Navarre have been marked by fierce rivalry between two blocs representing different national identities that are part of Navarre society:

5694-410: The waves form in the ocean and travel up the river. The current water quality allows for a stable fish fauna with five species populating the river, namely salmon (extinct in 1940 and restored thanks to the re-population programs of the 1980s), trout , common minnow , loach and eel . The lower stretch of the river has wide and flat banks fit for crops and urban development, which has resulted in

5772-463: The way to the Spanish Nationalist uprising in Pamplona (18 July 1936). The triumphant military revolt was followed by a terror campaign in the rearguard against blacklisted individuals considered to be progressive ("reds"), mildly republican, or just inconvenient. The purge especially affected southern Navarre along the Ebro banks, and counted on the active complicity of the clergy, who adopted

5850-427: The western Pyrenees, with its northernmost part, Lower Navarre , located in the southwest corner of France. Navarre is in the transition zone between the green Cantabrian Coast and semi-arid interior areas and thus its landscapes vary widely across the region. Being in a transition zone also produces a highly variable climate, with summers that are a mix of cooler spells and heat waves, and winters that are mild for

5928-635: Was executed in September 1936. Humiliation and silence ensued for the survivors. Pamplona became the rebel launching point against the Republic during the War in the North . As a reward for its support in the Spanish Civil War (Navarre sided for the most part with the military uprising), Franco allowed Navarre, as it happened with Álava , to maintain during his dictatorship a number of prerogatives reminiscent of

6006-515: Was taken over by the taifa kingdom of Tudela in the 11th century. During the Reconquista , Navarre gained little ground at the expense of the Muslims, since its southern boundary had already been established by the time of the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212. Starting in the 11th century, the Way of Saint James grew in importance. It brought pilgrims, traders and Christian soldiers from

6084-399: Was the lowest in the country. Navarre leads Europe in its use of renewable energy technology and was planning to reach 100% renewable electricity generation by 2010. By 2004, 61% of the region's electricity was generated by renewable sources consisting of 43.6% from 28 wind farms , 12% from over 100 small-scale water turbines , and 5.3% from 2 biomass and 2 biogas plants. In addition,

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