Misplaced Pages

#664335

86-621: University Alliance ( UA ) is an association of British universities formed in 2006 as the Alliance of Non-Aligned Universities , adopting its current name in 2007. Its membership is made up of technical and professional universities with a mission to drive growth and innovation in Britain's cities and regions through research, teaching and enterprise activity, with a particular focus on links with business and industry and applied research with real-world impact . Alliance institutions educate almost

172-420: A joint stock company under the name of London University. Due to its lack of theology teaching, its willingness to grant degrees (if it were given this power) to non-Anglicans, and its unauthorised assumption of the title of "university", this inspired calls in 1827 for the foundation of a 'true and genuine "London University"' by royal charter, to be known (in the same manner as Edinburgh was officially known as

258-561: A memorandum of understanding signed in 2013. In 2017 a delegation took place to strengthen links between the two groups. A pitchbook document promoting UK excellence in degree-level technical and professional education to international audiences was published by University Alliance in October 2017, developed in collaboration with the British Council , the Department for International Trade and

344-617: A 'Shared Prosperity Fund'. University Alliance has also undertaken policy work to understand and define teaching excellence in the context of professional and technical education : a collection of essays published by the organisation in 2017, Technical and Professional Excellence: Perspectives on Learning and Teaching included contributions from the National Union of Students , Confederation of British Industry , British Council Chief executive Sir Ciarán Devane , Office for Students Chair Sir Michael Barber and others. In December 2017

430-475: A Master's degree typically range from £10,000 to £35,000, with the subject and the university's ranking being the main determinants. In the academic year 2022/23, tuition fees from non-UK students amounted to a total of £11.8 billion across all universities, equal to 46% of all higher education course fees, and nearly 23% of total university income, with some universities earning as much as three quarters of their fees from international students. Universities in

516-560: A charter was to be granted to the London University, officially recognising it as a university and thus enabling it to award degrees. Cambridge voted to petition the King not to allow the awarding of degrees with the same name as theirs or Oxford's. The charter was blocked. Then, later in 1831, a plan was announced to found a university in Durham. Grey's government supported the bill to establish

602-585: A college of the University of London. In 2018, The Guardian reported that hundreds of academics has been accused of bullying students and colleagues, leading to calls from Venki Ramakrishnan , president of the Royal Society , for an overhaul of workplace practices in universities and from Fiona Watt , chair of the Medical Research Council , for an annual national audit of bullying incidents. In

688-457: A confederal structure in 2007 before being essentially dissolved following a series of scandals in 2011. In 2007, Imperial College left the University of London, raising fears about the future of that federal institution. However, it has survived and attracted new members, although many of the larger colleges now award their own degrees. In 2016, City University , London was the first institute to voluntarily surrender university status when it became

774-427: A constituent institution of a university (although the University of Wales, Lampeter held degree awarding powers, these were granted prior to it joining the federal university). Over the next decade, all of the constituent institutions of the University of Wales and many of those of the University of London gained their own degree awarding powers. In 2005, Cardiff University left the University of Wales, which shifted to

860-596: A growing mindset among senior administrators that is preoccupied with marketing and corporate-like measures of "success." In 2010, the government voted to raise the amount universities can charge for undergraduate tuition fees (for England only) to between £6,000 – £9,000 per year though most charge the maximum. In 2016, the government raised the cap on tuition fees to £9,250 from 2017, with tuition fees expected to continue rising in increments. In recent years, tuition fees charged from foreign students have become an important source of university income. International fees for

946-586: A large expansion in the number of universities in the UK with eight universities, known as the plateglass universities , established as new institutions rather than from earlier university colleges, a number of other institutions that had not been university colleges promoted directly to university status following the Robbins Report in 1963, and the Open University founded as a distance-learning University. In 1973,

SECTION 10

#1732852120665

1032-501: A license. Lifelong learning institutes are educational organisations specifically for lifelong learning purposes. Informal lifelong learning communities also exist around the world. In some contexts, the term "lifelong learning" evolved from the term "life-long learners", created by Leslie Watkins and used by Clint Taylor, professor at CSULA and Superintendent for the Temple City Unified School District, in

1118-529: A new responsibility to the adult reader. The Adult Education Act of 1966 linked literacy education and adult basic education programs. This occurred at the same time that the Library Services and Construction Act was being passed. Twenty-five years after the U.S. Adult Education Act was passed, the U.S. Office of Education published Partners for Lifelong Learning, Public Libraries and Adult Education . The Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS)

1204-417: A personal, civic, social and/or employment-related perspective". It is often considered learning that occurs after the formal education years of childhood and into adulthood. It is sought out naturally through life experiences as the learner seeks to gain knowledge for professional or personal reasons. These natural experiences can come about on purpose or accidentally. Lifelong learning has been described as

1290-456: A preparation for technical and professional degree courses. Tackling barriers to the expansion of degree apprenticeships has been a key area of focus for University Alliance, with the organisation hosting a speech by Education Committee Chair and former Skills Minister Robert Halfon MP in April 2018 addressing this. In its June 2018 report Ladders of Opportunity the organisation highlighted

1376-486: A process that includes people learning in different contexts. These environments do not only include schools but also homes, workplaces, and locations where people pursue leisure activities. However, while the learning process can be applied to learners of all ages, there is a focus on adults who are returning to organized learning. There are programs based on its framework that address the different needs of learners, such as United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 4 and

1462-551: A quarter of UK undergraduate students, including 25% of those on STEM courses and 41% of all part-time students . They deliver 39% of the UK's sandwich degrees with a year's experience in industry and maintain links with over 16,000 businesses, including 11,000 SMEs . It is the only UK university association or grouping which is above benchmark on both access and retention of students. A large proportion of courses (43%) offered by Alliance universities are accredited by professional bodies . In 2015, University Alliance launched

1548-570: A recognised body. Undergraduate applications to almost all UK universities are managed by the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service ( UCAS ). While legally, 'university' refers to an institution that has been granted the right to use the title, in common usage it now normally includes colleges of the University of London, including in official documents such as the Dearing Report . The representative bodies for higher education providers in

1634-525: A report on BTEC qualifications as a route into HE , published by the Social Market Foundation in association with Pearson in January 2018. In the foreword to the report, University Alliance Treasurer and Vice-Chancellor of Nottingham Trent University Prof Edward Peck emphasised the contribution which vocational qualifications had made to social mobility , meeting employers' skills needs and as

1720-466: A say in how the University of London was run, alongside a campaign for a "teaching university" for London. Royal commissions were held and a charter was drawn up for the "Albert University" that would have seen the two colleges leave the University of London and form a federal body, like the colleges of the Victoria University. In the end it was decided to reform the University of London itself, this

1806-482: A subsidised student loan of £1,685 (£2,085 in London) was available. Instead of following Dearing's suggestions, the grant was replaced by the present loan scheme, introduced for students starting in 1998. There was a transition year when about half the previous means-tested grant was available, though they still had to pay the new £1,000 tuition fee. From 1999, the grant was abolished altogether. The abolition of tuition fees

SECTION 20

#1732852120665

1892-560: A system of student loans was introduced to provide for additional funding. Initially loans of up to £420 were available, and could be taken out by all students. The costs of tuition continued to be met in full for all domestic students. Following an investigation into the future of universities, the July 1997 report of the National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education , chaired by the then Sir Ronald (later Lord) Dearing recommended

1978-480: A university (St David's College, Lampeter, held limited degree awarding power from the mid 19th century, but could only award BA and BD degrees). Between 1948 ( Nottingham ) and 1967 ( Dundee ) all of the university colleges (except those that had become colleges of the University of London) achieved independent university status. Newcastle University is notable for having been made a university in 1963 by Act of Parliament rather than by royal charter. The 1960s saw

2064-635: A university at Durham during the Commonwealth was successfully opposed by Oxford and Cambridge. Gresham College was, however, established in London in the late 16th century, despite concerns expressed by Cambridge. In Ireland, Trinity College Dublin was founded as "the mother of a University" by a royal charter from Queen Elizabeth. The 18th century saw the establishment of medical schools at Edinburgh and Glasgow universities and at hospitals in London. A number of dissenting academies were also established. But

2150-569: A university between the wars. New university colleges were set up in Swansea (1920), Leicester (1921), Exeter (1922) and Hull (1927). After the Second World War, there was an enormous expansion in the demand for higher education. A final public university college was set up in Keele in 1949; this was the first university college to receive full degree awarding powers as a college rather than on becoming

2236-698: A university or to purport to offer UK degrees without authorisation. Higher education is a devolved power, so the rules for degree awarding powers and university title differ between the four countries of the United Kingdom. In Scotland and Northern Ireland the last UK national standards (from 1999) still apply. Institutions may hold taught degree awarding powers, allowing them to award ordinary and honours bachelor's degrees and taught master's degrees, and research degree awarding powers, allowing them additionally to award master's degrees by research and doctoral degrees. Institutions with taught degree powers may be awarded

2322-687: Is founded on a different conceptualization of knowledge and its acquisition. It is explained not only as the possession of discrete pieces of information or factual knowledge but also as a generalized scheme of making sense of new events, including the use of tactics in order to effectively deal with them. Reflective learning and critical thinking can help a learner to become more self-reliant through learning how to learn, thus making them better able to direct, manage, and control their own learning process. Sipe studied experimentally "open" teachers and found that they valued self-directed learning, collaboration, reflection, and challenge; risk taking in their learning

2408-568: The Doctoral Training Alliance , the UK's largest multi-partner doctoral training programme building on its members' research strengths and industry-focused ethos. The initial programme in applied biosciences for health was followed with further programmes, focused on energy and social policy . In 2018, with a €6.5million award from the European Commission , this programme was expanded to include international students, with

2494-496: The UK government 's GREAT Britain campaign. In 2016 University Alliance published a series of reports on the leadership role of universities as 'anchor institutions' in their cities and regions , supporting health and wellbeing , life chances , skills , widening participation in HE and innovation . In February 2017, University Alliance put forward proposals on lifelong learning , calling on

2580-952: The UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning , which caters to the needs of the disadvantaged and marginalized learners. Lifelong learning is distinguished from the concept of continuing education in the sense that it has a broader scope. Unlike the latter, which is oriented towards adult education developed for the needs of schools and industries, this type of learning is concerned with the development of human potential in individuals generally. Lifelong learning focuses on holistic education and it has two dimensions, namely, lifelong and broad options for learning. These indicate learning that integrates traditional education proposals and modern learning opportunities. It also entails an emphasis on encouraging people to learn how to learn and to select content, process, and methodologies that pursue autodidacticism . Some authors highlight that lifelong learning

2666-558: The University of Buckingham . A major change to UK higher education occurred in 1992 with the abolition of the "binary divide" between universities and polytechnics . By the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 , the polytechnics and the Scottish central institutions all became universities. These post-1992 (or "new") institutions nearly doubled the number of universities in the UK. In 1993,

University Alliance - Misplaced Pages Continue

2752-506: The University of Westminster ) opened at 309 Regent Street, London, in August 1838, to provide "practical knowledge of the various arts and branches of science connected with manufacturers, mining operations and rural economy". Very soon after news of the York scheme broke, Thomas Campbell wrote to The Times proposing a university be founded in London. This would become UCL , founded in 1826 as

2838-547: The 'Academy of Lifelong Learning' is an administrative unit at the University of Delaware . Another example is the Jagiellonian University Extension (Wszechnica Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego), which is one of the most comprehensive Polish centers for lifelong learning (open learning, organizational learning, community learning). In recent years, 'lifelong learning' has been adopted in the UK as an umbrella term for post-compulsory education that falls outside of

2924-511: The College of King James VI) as "The College of King George IV in London". This became King's College London , granted a royal charter in 1829 – but as a college rather than a university. UCL was revolutionary not just in admitting non-Anglicans (indeed non-Anglicans were allowed to study at Cambridge, but not to take degrees, and UCL could not grant them degrees); it also pioneered the study of modern languages and of geography, as well as appointing

3010-546: The First World War to open up the London medical schools. By the end of the 19th century, the only British universities not granting degrees to women were Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin. Non-Anglicans were admitted to degrees at Oxford in 1854, Cambridge in 1856 and Durham in 1865. The remaining tests were (except in theology) removed by the Universities Tests Act 1871 , allowing non-Anglicans to become full members of

3096-683: The Royal University of Ireland, an examining board after the pattern of the University of London. The first women's college was Bedford College in London, which opened in 1849. It was followed by Royal Holloway (with which it merged in the 1980s) and the London School of Medicine for Women in London and colleges in Oxford and Cambridge. After London opened its degrees to women in 1878, UCL opened its courses in Arts, Law and Science to women, although it took

3182-643: The UK higher education system— further education , community education , work-based learning and similar voluntary, public sector and commercial settings. In Canada, the federal government's Lifelong Learning Plan allows Canadian residents to withdraw funds from their Registered Retirement Savings Plan to help pay for lifelong learning, but the funds can only be used for formal learning programs at designated educational institutions. Priorities for lifelong and lifewide learning have different priorities in different countries, some placing more emphasis on economic development and some on social development. For example,

3268-890: The United Kingdom are Universities UK , GuildHE and Independent Higher Education . The responsible minister within the Department for Education is the Minister of State for Skills, Apprenticeships and Higher Education , currently Robert Halfon . Universities in Britain date back to the dawn of mediaeval studium generale , with Oxford and Cambridge taking their place among the world's oldest universities . No other universities were successfully founded in England during this period; opposition from Oxford and Cambridge blocked attempts to establish universities in Northampton and Stamford . Medical schools in London (i.e., Barts and St Thomas's ), though not universities in their own right, were among

3354-443: The United Kingdom do not have a coherent system of funding or governance, and both remain heavily debated. A growing body of other legal rights, for instance, for staff in reasonable expectations of fair procedure, or for students in fairness over the awarding of degrees, has grown through judicial review . Both degree awarding powers and university title are controlled under UK law, and it is illegal for an institution to call itself

3440-743: The United States, librarians have understood lifelong learning as an essential service of libraries since the early part of the 20th century. In 1924, William S. Learned, wrote of the potential of the American public library as an agency for adult education in The American Public Library and the Diffusion of Knowledge . Two decades later, in 1942, the American Library Association Adult Education Board established

3526-528: The United States, many chose the name "lifelong learning institute" to be inclusive of nonretired persons in the same age range. Traditional colleges and universities are beginning to recognize the value of lifelong learning outside of the credit and degree attainment model. Lifelong learners, including persons with academic or professional credentials, tend to find higher-paying occupations, leaving monetary, cultural, and entrepreneurial impressions on communities, according to educator Cassandra B. Whyte. In

University Alliance - Misplaced Pages Continue

3612-472: The University College at Buckingham was established as a private sector, non-profit college, opening in 1976. It awarded "licences" that were externally examined in the same manner as degrees, rather than being associated with the University of London or another parent university like the earlier university colleges. In 1983, it became the UK's first private university after being granted a royal charter as

3698-445: The University of London underwent a major shake-up, with the larger colleges being granted direct access to government funding and the right to confer University of London degrees themselves. This was a major step towards their being recognised generally as de facto universities. In 1997, Cardiff University (then the University of Wales, Cardiff) was granted degree awarding powers. This was the first time such powers had been granted to

3784-408: The acquisition of knowledge to the detriment of other types of learning essential to sustaining human development, stressing the need to think of learning over the lifespan, and to address how everyone can develop relevant skills, knowledge and attitudes for work, citizenship and personal fulfillment. The four pillars of learning are: The four pillars of learning were envisaged against the backdrop of

3870-530: The advice of the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA). Lifelong learning Lifelong learning is important for an individual's competitiveness and employability, but also enhances social inclusion , active citizenship , and personal development. Professions typically recognize the importance of developing practitioners becoming lifelong learners. Many licensed professions mandate that their members continue learning to maintain

3956-664: The brain may preserve it, forestalling mental decline." Some research has shown that people with higher cognitive reserves , attained through lifelong learning, were better able to avoid the cognitive decline that often accompanies age-related neurodegenerative diseases . Even when subjects had dementia, some studies show that they were able to persist in a normal mental state for a longer period than subjects who were not involved in some type of lifelong learning. Studies so far have lacked large, randomized controlled trials . In "Education and Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Recent International Epidemiological Studies" published in 1997 in

4042-604: The creation of Research England within UKRI with knowledge exchange explicitly recognised within its remit have been adopted by the government as part of the Higher Education and Research Act . The organisation has also shaped the design and methodology of the next Research Excellence Framework , REF 2021 , following a government-commissioned review by Lord Stern . Following the EU referendum , in August 2016 University Alliance highlighted

4128-460: The district's mission statement in 1993, the term recognizes that learning is not confined to childhood or the classroom but takes place throughout life and in a range of situations. In other contexts, the term "lifelong learning" evolved organically. The first lifelong learning institute began at The New School for Social Research (now The New School ) in 1962 as an experiment in "learning in retirement". Later, after similar groups formed across

4214-536: The ending of universal free higher education, and that students should pay £1,000 towards the cost of their tuition fees, which would be recovered in the form of a graduate tax. Tuition fees were introduced in 1998, raised to £3,000 a year in 2006, and passed £9,000 a year by 2012. At the time of the Dearing Report, tuition fees were still paid in full by the local education authorities, student grants of up to £1,755 (£2,160 in London) were linked to family income, and

4300-785: The establishment of the Queen's University of Ireland in 1850 as a federal university encompassing the three colleges. In response, the Catholic University of Ireland (never recognised as a university by the British state, although granted degree awarding power by the Pope) was established in Dublin by the Catholic Church. This eventually led to the dissolution of the Queen's University in 1879 and its replacement by

4386-404: The existing loan. In fact, there is very little variation in the tuition fees charged by universities—nearly all charge the maximum tuition fee on all courses. Instead, the differences appear in the nature and value of various 'access' bursaries that are on offer. There has been considerable debate since the 1980s about the tendency toward vocationalism and the decline in the humanities, as well as

SECTION 50

#1732852120665

4472-486: The expertise of their own members in the pursuit of knowledge and shared experience. In Sweden, the concept of study circles , an idea launched almost a century ago, still represents a large portion of the adult education provision. The concept has since spread, and for instance, is a common practice in Finland as well. Formal administrative units devoted to lifelong learning exist in a number of universities . For example,

4558-484: The final year of a degree. Universities in the United Kingdom Universities in the United Kingdom have generally been instituted by royal charter , papal bull , Act of Parliament , or an instrument of government under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992 or the Higher Education and Research Act 2017 . Degree awarding powers and the ' university ' title are protected by law, although

4644-448: The findings of The Hidden Story , an AHRC -funded study on university knowledge exchange with the creative industries were published, having been undertaken by Alliance universities. It mapped the ways in which higher education institutions support the sector and build cultural infrastructure contributing to understanding of this activity and how it can be measured. University Alliance contributed to Vocation, Vocation, Vocation ,

4730-477: The first Professor of English Language and Literature, although the study of English Literature as a distinct subject was pioneered by King's College London. Neither of the colleges was residential – a break from the two ancient English universities, although non-residential universities were the norm in Scotland. In 1830, a Whig government was elected with Earl Grey as Prime Minister, and in early 1831 news broke that

4816-399: The first to provide medical teaching in England. In Scotland, St Andrew's , Glasgow and King's College, Aberdeen were founded by papal bull . Post-Reformation, these were joined by Edinburgh , Marischal College, Aberdeen , and the short-lived Fraserburgh University . In England, meanwhile, Henry VIII's plan to found a university in Durham came to nothing and a later attempt to found

4902-521: The government to take steps to ensure people can benefit from educational opportunities at all stages of life. Following this, ministers announced funding for pilot projects to test new approaches to lifelong learning in the March 2017 Budget . Its policy work has also focused on the role of universities in supporting the UK's industrial strategy and nurturing arts, culture and the creative economy . University Alliance's proposals for accelerated degrees and for

4988-683: The late 18th and early 19th centuries saw the arrival of Catholic seminaries driven from the continent by the French Revolution and the establishment of the St Bees Theological College to train Anglican priests in 1816. The first Anglican college to move beyond specialist training to provide a more general university education in Arts was in Wales: St David's College, Lampeter (now part of the University of Wales, Trinity Saint David )

5074-494: The launch of the extended Doctoral Training Alliance, DTA3/COFUND . In 2017 it began a Teaching Excellence Alliance programme focused on professional development , sharing best practice and innovation in industry-engaged teaching and developing students' social capital . Alliance universities employ over 20,000 research staff and account for more than a fifth of teams undertaking world-leading (4*) research in health , general engineering and art and design , according to

5160-516: The most recent Research Excellence Framework . In student enterprise, 40% of the UK's successful graduate start-ups – those surviving beyond three years – come from Alliance graduates and collectively graduate start-ups from Alliance universities employ more than 8,000 people and account for £172m in annual turnover. University Alliance has an ongoing partnership with the Australian Technology Network group of universities, following

5246-647: The need for an effective post-Brexit replacement for EU Structural Funds as the UK leaves the EU , with £100m of ERDF and ESF monies focused on boosting skills and raising productivity in less prosperous regions being channelled each year through universities. This was subsequently reflected in the recommendations of the House of Commons Education Committee's report Exiting the UK: Challenges and Opportunities for UK Higher Education in April 2017 and in UK government proposals for

SECTION 60

#1732852120665

5332-614: The next attempt to found a university did not come until the Andersonian Institute (now Strathclyde University ) was established in Glasgow in 1798. The French Revolution and the ensuing Napoleonic wars led to over 40% of universities in Europe closing. From 153 universities in 1789, numbers fell to only 83 in 1815. The next quarter century saw a rebound, with 15 new universities founded, bringing numbers back to 98 by 1840. In England,

5418-522: The notion of 'lifelong learning', itself an adaptation of the concept of 'lifelong education' as initially conceptualized in the 1972 Faure publication Learning to Be . The emergence of internet technologies has great potential to support lifelong learning endeavors, allowing for informal day-to-day learning. In India and elsewhere, the " University of the Third Age " (U3A) is an almost spontaneous movement comprising autonomous learning groups accessing

5504-567: The other colleges formed the National University of Ireland , replacing the Royal University. The First World War caused financial crises in many British universities and university colleges. This led to the formation of the University Grants Committee after the war, with Oxford, Cambridge and the Durham division of Durham University finally accepting government funding. Only one institution, Reading University (1926), became

5590-465: The policies of China , Republic of Korea , Singapore and Malaysia promote lifelong learning in a human resource development perspective. The governments of these countries have done much to foster training and development whilst encouraging entrepreneurship. In a 2012 New York Times article, Arthur Toga, a professor of neurology and director of the laboratory of neuroimaging at the University of California, Los Angeles , stated that "Exercising

5676-498: The possibility of degrees for many students who would not previously have attended a university. Another big step came in 1858 when the system of affiliated colleges was abandoned and London degrees were opened to any man who passed the examination. From 1878, University of London degrees were opened to women – the first in the United Kingdom. In 1845, Queen's Colleges were established across Ireland: in Belfast, Cork and Galway, followed by

5762-493: The precise arrangements for gaining these vary between the constituent countries of the United Kingdom. Institutions that hold degree awarding powers are termed recognised bodies , this list includes all universities, university colleges and colleges of the University of London , some higher education colleges, and the Archbishop of Canterbury . Degree courses may also be provided at listed bodies , leading to degrees validated by

5848-464: The role of universities in delivering education from Level 4 and Level 5 (sub-degree qualifications) up to Level 8 (postgraduate) of the Qualifications and Credit Framework (QCF). The report made a series of recommendations, including greater recognition of achievement at Level 5 within degrees, of experiential learning after completing a degree and greater flexibility in funding and in the delivery of

5934-491: The start, Aberystwyth (1872), Leeds (1874), Bristol (1876), Sheffield (1879), Mason College, Birmingham (1880), Dundee (1881), Liverpool (1881), Nottingham (1881), Cardiff (1883), and Bangor (1884). With the exceptions of Newcastle (associated with Durham) and Dundee (associated with St Andrews), all of the university colleges prepared their students for London degrees. In the late 1870s, Owens College applied for university status. After objections by other civic colleges, it

6020-466: The title of "university college", but for university title an institution must hold research degree awarding powers, as well as having over 4,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) students, with over 3,000 on degree -level courses and at least 500 higher education students in each of five broad subject areas. For both degree awarding powers and university title, the final decision is made by the Privy Council on

6106-573: The universities of Manchester , Leeds , and Liverpool , and the colleges in Sheffield and Bristol also gained university status as the University of Sheffield and the University of Bristol . The last of the original provincial university colleges, in Newcastle, remained connected to the University of Durham, but moved to a federal structure with equal Newcastle and Durham divisions. In Ireland, Queen's College Belfast became Queen's University Belfast , and

6192-526: The university (membership of Convocation at Oxford and Durham or the Senate at Cambridge) and to hold teaching positions. An Act of Parliament was passed in 1858 that modernised the constitutions of all of the Scottish universities. Under this Act, the two universities in Aberdeen were united into the University of Aberdeen (explicitly preserving the foundation date of King's College) and the University of Edinburgh

6278-450: The university population rose during the 1980s the sums paid to universities became linked to their performance and efficiency, and by the mid-1990s funding per student had dropped by 40% since the mid-1970s, while numbers of full-time students had reached around 2,000,000 (around a third of the age group), up from around 1,300,000. In 1989, the levels of maintenance grants were frozen at £2,265 – which since 1985 had been means tested – but

6364-612: The university, despite it limiting its degrees to Anglicans. Thus the University of Durham was established by Act of Parliament in 1832, and opened in 1833. In 1836 it pioneered the system of external examiners for its final degree examinations, bringing in Oxford academics to ensure the same standards. It was incorporated by royal charter in 1837 and awarded its first degrees the same year. In 1838 it opened Britain's first course in engineering, and in 1846 pioneered "halls" accommodation, where students let rooms ready-furnished and serviced by shared staff, and took all their meals together. This

6450-516: The years following the end of the Second World War, local education authorities (LEAs) paid some student tuition fees and provided some non-mature students with a maintenance grant. Under the Education Act 1962 a national mandatory award of student maintenance grant was established, payable by the LEAs to students on most full-time courses. In 1980, the level of grant increased from £380 to £1,430. As

6536-563: Was a major issue in the 1999 Scottish parliamentary elections, and subsequently was part of the agreement that led to the Labour / Liberal Democrats coalition that governed Scotland from 1999 to 2003. From the academic year 2006/7, a new system of tuition fees was introduced in England. These variable tuition fees of up to £3,000 per year are paid up-front as previously, but new student loans are available that may only be used to pay for tuition fees, and must be repaid after graduation, in addition to

6622-603: Was already being provided to the ancient Scottish universities, the University of London, and to the Welsh and Irish colleges. Bedford College in London (1894), Reading (1901) and Southampton (1902) were later added to the grant to university colleges. In 1893, the University of Wales was established as another federal body, uniting the colleges in Aberystwyth, Cardiff and Bangor, but not St David's College, Lampeter. The late 19th century saw UCL and King's College London campaigning for

6708-521: Was decided instead to erect the Victoria University as a federal body, with Owens College as, initially, its only college. It was joined by Liverpool in 1884 and Leeds in 1887. In 1889, government funding was provided to the English provincial university colleges (with the exception of Queen's College, Birmingham), along with Dundee in Scotland, and UCL and King's College in London. Government funding

6794-467: Was done in 1836, with the old London University accepting a charter as a college under the name of University College, London. The new University of London achieved one of the principal goals of the founders of UCL: it would award degrees without any religious test, the first university in England to do so. The first degrees were conferred in 1839 to students from UCL and King's College London. But from 1840 it affiliated other colleges and schools, opening up

6880-455: Was established in 1996 and incorporated responsibilities from the U.S. Office of Education's library programs, including those focused on lifelong learning. "Championing Lifelong Learning" through libraries and museums is the first goal listed in the organization's strategic plan for 2022-2026. Lifelong learning has been defined as "all learning activity undertaken throughout life, with the aim of improving knowledge, skills and competences within

6966-506: Was founded in 1822, opened in 1827, and gained a royal charter in 1828. By then, the higher education revolution was well under way. Between 1824 and 1834 ten medical schools were established in provincial cities; many of these went on to form the nuclei of the redbrick universities, and in 1825 there was serious talk of founding a third English university in York. This would, however, have required government support. The opinion of Robert Peel – cabinet minister and MP for Oxford University –

7052-525: Was in contrast to the system at Oxford and Cambridge (and in Durham's original college) where students had to furnish their own rooms, supply their own servants, and provide their own food. In 1834, the House of Commons backed the granting of a charter to the London University. In 1835, the government responded by announcing its intention to establish the University of London as an examining board that would grant degrees to affiliated colleges and medical schools. This

7138-563: Was made independent from the town corporation. The first of the civic university colleges was the Anglican Queen's College, Birmingham , built on the nucleus of the Birmingham Medical School, which gained its royal charter in 1843 but did not ultimately prove a success. This was followed in 1851 by Owens College , Manchester. Further university colleges followed in Newcastle (1871), notable for admitting women to its courses from

7224-504: Was put into effect by an Act of Parliament in 1898, leading to completely new statutes establishing the federal University of London in 1900. 1900 also saw Mason College, Birmingham (which had absorbed the Medical School from Queen's College in 1892) become the University of Birmingham . This was the first of the redbrick universities to gain university status. Over the next decade the Victoria University dissolved, its colleges becoming

7310-434: Was seen as an opportunity, not a threat. Dunlap and Grabinger say that for higher education students to be lifelong learners, they must develop a capacity for self-direction, metacognition awareness, and a disposition toward learning. The Delors Report proposed an integrated vision of education based on two key paradigms: lifelong learning and the four pillars of learning. It argued that formal education tends to emphasize

7396-628: Was sought, and (after consulting with his constituents) he advised against proceeding. This period also saw the establishment of Mechanics Institutes in a number of cities. The first of these, established in Edinburgh in 1821, would eventually become Heriot-Watt University , while the London Mechanics Institute, established in 1823, developed into Birkbeck, University of London . Many others would eventually become polytechnics and then, in 1992, universities. The Polytechnic Institution (now

#664335