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93-514: The first official census in the territory of Ukraine took place in 1818 when Western Ukraine was part of the Austrian Empire . However a modern census did not take place until 1857. Since then the next censuses took place in the dual-power state of the Austria-Hungary in 1869, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1910. Those last five censuses also included the territory of the today Zakarpattia Oblast which

186-438: A pro-Western and state reform platform . Of the regions of Western Ukraine, Galicia tends to be the most pro-Western and pro-nationalist area. Volhynia's politics are similar, though not as nationalist or as pro-Western as Galicia's. Bukovina-Chernvisti's electoral politics are more mixed and tempered by the region's significant Romanian minority. Finally, Zakarpattia's electoral politics tend to be more competitive, similar to

279-551: A tightly-knit hereditary caste . Noticeable cultural differences in the region (compared with the rest of Ukraine especially Southern Ukraine and Eastern Ukraine ) are more "negative views" on the Russian language and on Joseph Stalin and more "positive views" on Ukrainian nationalism . A higher percentage of voters in Western Ukraine supported Ukrainian independence in the 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum than in

372-489: A "National Assembly" without any semblance of a democratic process, and effectively ordered to endorse incorporation into Czechoslovakia. He further asserts that Clemenceau had personally instructed the French general on the spot to get the area incorporated into Czechoslovakia "at all costs", so as to create a buffer separating Soviet Ukraine from Hungary, as part of the French anti-Communist " Cordon sanitaire " policy, and that it

465-849: A 2016 survey of religion in Ukraine held by the Razumkov Center , approximately 93% of the population of western Ukraine declared to be believers, while 0.9% declared to non-believers, and 0.2% declared to atheists . Of the total population, 97.7% declared to be Christians (57.0% Eastern Orthodox , 30.9% members of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church , 4.3% simply Christians, 3.9% members of various Protestant churches, and 1.6% Latin Church Catholics ), by far more than in all other regions of Ukraine, while 0.2% were Jews . Non-believers and other believers not identifying with any of

558-552: A Central Ukrainian oblast. This is due to the region's distinct historical and cultural identity as well as the significant Hungarian and Romanian minorities. The politics in the region was dominated by such Ukrainian parties as Andriy Baloha's Team , Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) , Congress of Carpathian Ruthenians led by the Rusyn Orthodox Church bishop Dimitry Sydor and KMKSZ – Hungarian Party in Ukraine . Religion in western Ukraine (2016) According to

651-464: A decision that happened parallel to other events that affected these proceedings. At the Paris Peace Conference , several other countries (including Hungary, Ukraine and Russia) laid claim to Carpathian Rus'. The Allies, however, had few alternatives to choosing Czechoslovakia. Hungary had lost the war and therefore gave up its claims; Ukraine was seen as politically unviable; and Russia was in

744-799: A distinctive culture from the main Ruthenian -speaking areas. Over time, because of geographical and political isolation from the main Ruthenian-speaking territory, the inhabitants developed distinctive features. In 1526 the region was divided between the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary and the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom . Beginning in 1570 the latter transformed to the Principality of Transylvania , which soon fell under Ottoman suzerainty. The part of Transcarpathia under Habsburg administration

837-481: A historical and political point of view. It includes several historical regions such as Carpathian Ruthenia , Halychyna including Pokuttia (the eastern portion of Eastern Galicia ), most of Volhynia , northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region , and Podolia . Western Ukraine is sometimes considered to include areas of eastern Volhynia, Podolia, and the small northern portion of Bessarabia . The area of Western Ukraine

930-627: A referendum conducted in Subcarpathian Rus' in 1937. In November 1938, under the First Vienna Award —a result of the Munich Agreement — Czechoslovakia ceded southern Carpathian Rus to Hungary . The remainder of Subcarpathian Rus' received autonomy , with Andrej Bródy as prime minister of the autonomous government. After the resignation of the government following a local political crisis, Avhustyn Voloshyn became prime minister of

1023-557: Is closely associated with the history of the following lands: "Perhaps, if Ukraine did not have its western regions, with Lviv at the centre, it would be easy to turn the country into another Belarus . But Galicia ( Halychyna ) and Bukovina , which became part of Soviet Ukraine under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , brought to the country a rebellious and free spirit." Andrey Kurkov in an opinion piece about Euromaidan on BBC News Online (28 January 2014) Ukrainian

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1116-427: Is sometimes used for the contiguous cross-border area of Ukraine, Slovakia and Poland inhabited by Ruthenians . The local Ruthenian population self-identifies in different ways: some consider themselves to be a separate and unique Slavic group of Rusyns and some consider themselves to be both Rusyns and Ukrainians. To describe their home region, most of them use the term Zakarpattia (Trans-Carpathia; literally "beyond

1209-564: Is the dominant language in the region. Back in the schools of the Ukrainian SSR learning Russian was mandatory; currently, in modern Ukraine, in schools with Ukrainian as the language of instruction, classes in Russian and in other minority languages are offered. In terms of religion, the majority of adherents share the Byzantine Rite of Christianity as in the rest of Ukraine, but due to

1302-599: Is usually described as Subcarpathia (literally "below the Carpathians"), although technically this name refers only to a long, narrow basin that flanks the northern side of the mountains. During the period in which the region was administered by the Hungarian states , it was officially referred to in Hungarian as Kárpátalja (literally: "the base of the Carpathians") or the north-eastern regions of medieval Upper Hungary , which in

1395-667: The Balkans in the 7th century. Those who remained were conquered by Kievan Rus' in the late 10th century. In 896 the Hungarians crossed the Carpathian Range and migrated into the Pannonian Basin . Nestor's Chronicle wrote that Hungarian tribes had to fight against the Volochi and settled among Slavs when on their way to Pannonia. Prince Laborec fell from power under the efforts of

1488-644: The Kievan Rus' Principality of Halych to the north. Slavs from the north ( Galicia ) and east—who actually arrived from Podolia via the mountain passes of Transylvania —continued to settle in small numbers in various parts of the Carpathian borderland, which the Hungarians and other medieval writers referred to as the Marchia Ruthenorum—the Rus' March. These new immigrants, from the north and east, like

1581-452: The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria , after 1804 crownland of the Austrian Empire . Its northern flank with the cities of Lutsk and Rivne was acquired in 1795 by Imperial Russia following the third and final partition of Poland . Throughout its existence Russian Poland was marred with violence and intimidation, beginning with the 1794 massacres , imperial land-theft and the deportations of

1674-707: The November and January Uprisings . By contrast, the Austrian Partition with its Sejm of the Land in the cities of Lviv and Stanyslaviv (Ivano-Frankivsk) was freer politically perhaps because it had a lot less to offer economically . Imperial Austria did not persecute Ukrainian organizations. In 1846, the Austrian government used the peasant uprising to decimate Polish nobles, who were organising an uprising against Austria. In later years, Austria-Hungary de facto encouraged

1767-613: The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic . It is an ethnically diverse region, inhabited mostly by people who regard themselves as ethnic Ukrainians , Rusyns , Hungarians , Romanians , Slovaks , and Poles . It also has small communities of Jewish and Romani minorities. Prior to World War II, many more Jews lived in the region, constituting over 13% of its total population in 1930. The most commonly spoken languages are Rusyn , Ukrainian , Hungarian , Romanian , Slovak , and Polish . The name Carpathian Ruthenia

1860-609: The Uriadova rada ("Governing Council) of Rus'ka Krajina. Prior to this, in July 1918, Rusyn immigrants in the United States had convened and called for complete independence . Failing that, they would try to unite with Galicia and Bukovina ; and failing that, they would demand autonomy, though they did not specify under which state. They approached the American government and were told that

1953-599: The World War II in 1939, the Soviet Union conducted another census that was accepted as the official one. After World War II , Ukraine was united in its current borders (including Crimea ) and within the Soviet Union. The first Soviet census after the war took place in 1959, followed by three more in 1970, 1979 and 1989. The next planned census never took place as the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991. The first (and so far only) national census of Ukraine took place in 2001. It

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2046-733: The fortress of Kamianets , the Old Town of Lviv , the former Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans , the Tserkvas , the Khotyn Fortress and the Pochayiv Lavra . Its landscapes and natural sites also represent a major tourist asset for the region, combining the mountain landscapes of the Ukrainian Carpathians and those of the Podolian Upland . These include Mount Hoverla ,

2139-506: The invasion of Poland and the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina , with the borders finalized after the end of World War II . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , it became part of the independent Ukrainian state. Western Ukraine is known for its exceptional natural and cultural heritage, several sites of which are on the List of World Heritage . Architecturally, it includes

2232-647: The semi-colonial Distrikt Galizien (District of Galicia) created on August 1, 1941 (Document No. 1997-PS of July 17, 1941 by Adolf Hitler) with headquarters in Chełm Lubelski , bordering district of General Government to the west. Its northern part ( Volhynia ) was assigned to the Reichskommissariat Ukraine formed in September 1941. Notably, the District of Galicia was a separate administrative unit from

2325-1326: The 16th century was contested between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire. The Romanian name of the region is Maramureș , which is geographically located in the eastern and south-eastern portions of the region. During the period of Czechoslovak administration in the first half of the 20th century, the region was referred to for a while as Rusinsko (Ruthenia) or Karpatske Rusinsko , and later as Subcarpathian Rus ( Czech and Slovak : Podkarpatská Rus ) or Subcarpathian Ukraine (Czech and Slovak: Podkarpatská Ukrajina ), and from 1928 as Subcarpathian Ruthenian Land. (Czech: Země podkarpatoruská , Slovak: Krajina podkarpatoruská ). Alternative, unofficial names used in Czechoslovakia before World War II included Subcarpathia (Czech and Slovak: Podkarpatsko ), Transcarpathia (Czech and Slovak: Zakarpatsko ), Transcarpathian Ukraine (Czech and Slovak: Zakarpatská Ukrajina ), Carpathian Rus/Ruthenia (Czech and Slovak: Karpatská Rus ) and, occasionally, Hungarian Rus/Ruthenia ( Czech : Uherská Rus ; Slovak : Uhorská Rus ). The region declared its independence as Carpatho-Ukraine on March 15, 1939, but

2418-457: The 1931 census: Carpathian Ruthenia Transcarpathia ( Ukrainian : Закарпаття , romanized :  Zakarpattia , pronounced [zɐkɐrˈpatʲːɐ] ) is a historical region on the border between Central and Eastern Europe , mostly located in western Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast . From the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin (at the end of

2511-606: The 9th century) to the end of World War I ( Treaty of Trianon in 1920), most of this region was part of the Kingdom of Hungary . In the interwar period , it was part of the First and Second Czechoslovak Republics . Before World War II, the region was annexed by the Kingdom of Hungary once again when Germany dismembered the Second Czechoslovak Republic. After the war, it was annexed by the Soviet Union and became part of

2604-458: The Carpathian mountains"). This is contrasted implicitly with Prykarpattia (Ciscarpathia; "Near-Carpathia"), an unofficial region in Ukraine, to the immediate north-east of the central area of the Carpathian Range, and potentially including its foothills, the Subcarpathian basin and part of the surrounding plains. From a Hungarian (and to an extent Slovak and Czech) perspective, the region

2697-461: The Hungarian government on December 21, 1918, thereby establishing the autonymous Rusyn province of Rus'ka Krajina from the Rusyn-inhabited parts of four eastern counties ( Máramaros County , Ugocha County, Bereg County , Ung County . On February 5, 1919, a provisional government for Rus'ka Krajina was established. The "Rus'ka rada " (or Rusyn Council), was made up of 42 representatives from

2790-460: The Hungarians and the Kievan forces. According to Gesta Hungarorum , the Hungarians defeated a united Bulgarian and Byzantine army led by Salan in the early 10th century on the plains of Alpár, who ruled over territory that was finally conquered by Hungarians. During the tenth and for most of the eleventh century the territory remained a borderland between the Kingdom of Hungary to the south and

2883-450: The Jews of Transcarpathia were killed, though a number survived, either because they were hidden by their neighbours, or were forced into labour battalions , which often guaranteed food and shelter. The end of the war had a significant impact on the ethnic Hungarian population of the area: 10,000 fled before the arrival of Soviet forces. Many of the remaining adult men (25,000) were deported to

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2976-639: The Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, a successor of Kievan Rus' formed in 1199 after the weakening of Kievan Rus' and attacks from the Golden Horde. Following the 14th century Galicia–Volhynia Wars , most of the region was transferred to the Crown of Poland under Casimir the Great , who received the lands legally by a downward agreement in 1340 after his nephew's death, Bolesław-Jerzy II . The eastern Volhynia and most of Podolia

3069-656: The Orthodox faithful in Galicia), this position is notably weaker, as the main rivals, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church , have a far greater influence. Within the lands of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church , the largest Eastern Catholic Church, priests' children often became priests and married within their social group, establishing

3162-560: The Slavs already living in Carpathian Ruthenia, had by the eleventh century come to be known as the people of Rus', or Rusyns . Local Slavic nobility often intermarried with the Hungarian nobles to the south. Prince Rostislav , a Ruthenian noble unable to continue his family's rule of Kiev, governed a great deal of Transcarpathia from 1243 to 1261 for his father-in-law , Béla IV of Hungary . The territory's ethnic diversity increased with

3255-532: The Soviet Union incorporated all territories of current Western Ukraine into the Ukrainian SSR. Between 1944 and 1946, a population exchange between Poland and Soviet Ukraine occurred in which all ethnic Poles and Jews who had Polish citizenship before September 17, 1939 (date of the Soviet Invasion of Poland) were transferred to post-war Poland and all ethnic Ukrainians to the Ukrainian SSR, in accordance with

3348-455: The Soviet Union; about 30% of them died in Soviet labor camps . As a result of this development since 1938, the Hungarian and Hungarian-speaking population of Transcarpathia was recorded differently in various censuses and estimations from that time: 1930 census recorded 116,548 ethnic Hungarians, while the contested Hungarian census from 1941 shows as many as 233,840 speakers of Hungarian language in

3441-571: The Tisza river. The two major cities are Uzhhorod and Mukachevo , both with populations around 100,000. The population of the other five cities (including Khust and Berehove ) varies between 10,000 and 30,000. Other urban and rural populated places have a population of less than 10,000. During the Late Bronze Age in the 2nd millennium BC, the region was characterized by Stanove culture; however, it only gained more advanced metalworking skills with

3534-576: The United States under Zatkovich and voted unanimously to accept the admission of Carpathian Ruthenia to Czechoslovakia. Back in Ruthenia, on May 8, 1919, a general meeting of representatives from all the previous councils was held, and declared that "The Central Russian National Council... completely endorse the decision of the American Uhro-Rusin Council to unite with the Czech-Slovak nation on

3627-624: The actual Reichskommissariat Ukraine with capital in Rivne . They were not connected with each other politically for Nazi Germans. The division was administrative and conditional, in his book "From Putyvl to the Carpathian" Sydir Kovpak never mentioned about any border-like divisions. Bukovina was controlled by the Nazi-allied Kingdom of Romania. After the defeat of Germany in World War II, in May 1945

3720-656: The administration of Transylvania. From 1699 the entire region eventually became part of the Habsburg monarchy , divided between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Principality of Transylvania. Later, the entire region was included into the Kingdom of Hungary. Between 1850 and 1860 the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary was divided into five military districts, and the region was part of the Military District of Kaschau . After 1867,

3813-523: The area was used as a conduit for arms and ammunition for the anti-Soviet Poles fighting in the Polish-Soviet War directly to the north, while local Communists sabotaged the trains and tried to help the Soviet side. During and after the war many Ukrainian nationalists in East Galicia who opposed both Polish and Soviet rule fled to Carpathian Ruthenia. Gregory Žatkovich was appointed governor of

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3906-685: The arrival of Thracians from the South with Kushtanovytsia culture in the 6th-3rd century BC. In the 5th-3rd century BC, Celts arrived from the West, bringing iron-melting skills and La Tène culture . A Thracian-Celtic symbiosis existed for a time in the region, after which appeared the Bastarnae . At that time, the Iranian-speaking Scythians and later a Sarmatian tribe called the Iazyges were present in

3999-422: The basis of full national autonomy." Note that the Central Russian National Council was an offshoot of the Central Ruthenian National Council and represented a Carpathian branch of the Russophiles movement that existed in the Austrian Galicia. The Hungarian left-wing writer Béla Illés claimed that the meeting was little more than a farce, with various "notables" fetched from their homes by police, formed into

4092-414: The border with Poland. In the Interbellum most of the territory of today's Western Ukraine belonged to the Second Polish Republic . Territories such as Bukovina and Carpatho-Ukraine belonged to Romania and Czechoslovakia , respectively. At the onset of Operation Barbarossa by Nazi Germany, the region became occupied by Nazi Germany in 1941. The southern half of West Ukraine was incorporated into

4185-461: The city. In 1920, a census was conducted only in those areas of Ukraine that were not involved in the Russian Civil War . The next census conducted in most of the territory of Western Ukraine (Eastern Galicia) was the Polish census of 1921 , while the 1921 Czechoslovakia Census took place on the territory of the Zakarpattia Oblast . In 1930 another census took place in both regions as part of their respective national censuses that were conducted in

4278-411: The county administrative system was expanded to the whole of Transcarpathia, and the area was divided between the counties of Ung, Bereg , Ugocsa , and Máramaros . At the end of the 13th and beginning of the 14th century, during the collapse of the central power in the Kingdom of Hungary, the region was part of the domains of semi-independent oligarchs Amadeus Aba and Nicholas Pok . From 1280 to 1320,

4371-435: The defeat of Ukrainian People's Republic (1918) in the Soviet–Ukrainian War of 1921, Western Ukraine was partitioned by the Treaty of Riga between Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and the Soviet Russia acting on behalf of the Soviet Belarus and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic with capital in Kharkiv . The Soviet Union gained control over the entire territory of the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic east of

4464-487: The desire of its members to separate from the newly formed Hungarian state but did not specify a particular alternative—only that it must involve the right to self-determination . Other councils, such as the Carpatho-Ruthenian National Council meetings in Huszt ( Khust ) (November 1918), called for unification with the West Ukrainian People's Republic . Only in early January 1919 were the first calls heard in Ruthenia for union with Czechoslovakia . Throughout November and

4557-414: The ethnic makeup of the region, with ideas such as the Lemko-Boiko-Hutsul schema looking to prove the Slavic nature of the Rus, and therefore justifying union with Russia (or later a Ukrainian state) under the claim that the Rus were part of that Slavic cultural sphere. These Rus or Ruthenians would argue this point until the early 1900's when action would be taken. In 1910, the population of Transcarpathia

4650-512: The existence of Ukrainian political organizations in order to counterbalance the influence of Polish culture in Galicia . The southern half of West Ukraine remained under Austrian administration until the collapse of the House of Habsburg at the end of World War One in 1918. In 1775, following the Russo-Turkish Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca , Moldavia lost to the Habsburg monarchy its northwestern part, which became known as Bukovina , and remained under Austrian administration until 1918. Following

4743-434: The exploiters of the same nationalities". Communist sympathizers accused the Czechoslovaks and Romanians of atrocities, such as public hangings and the clubbing to death of wounded prisoners. This fighting prevented the arrival of Soviet aid, for which the Hungarian Communists hoped in vain; the Bolsheviks were also too preoccupied with their own civil war to assist. In May 1919, a Central National Council convened in

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4836-430: The following few months, councils met every few weeks, calling for various solutions. Some wanted to remain part of the Hungarian Democratic Republic, but with greater autonomy; the most notable of these, the Uzhhorod Council (November 9, 1918), declared itself the representative of the Rusyn people and began negotiations with Hungarian authorities. These negotiations ultimately resulted in the passage of Law no. 10 by

4929-419: The former Austro-Hungarian Empire ) are typically included. In addition, Volyn and Rivne oblasts (parts of the territory annexed from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during its Third Partition ) are also usually included. In modern sources, Khmelnytskyi Oblast is often included because of its geographical, linguistic and cultural association with Western Ukraine, although this can not be confirmed from

5022-489: The former counties of Ung , Bereg and partially Máramaros . On March 23, 1939, Hungary annexed further territories disputed with Slovakia bordering with the west of the former Carpatho-Rus. The Hungarian invasion was followed by a few weeks of terror in which more than 27,000 people were shot dead without trial and investigation. Over 75,000 Ukrainians decided to seek asylum in the Soviet Union ; of those almost 60,000 of them died in Gulag prison-camps. Others joined

5115-405: The four constituent counties and headed by a chairman, Orest Sabov, and vice-chairman, Avhustyn Shtefan. The following month, on March 4, elections were held for a formal diet of 36 deputies. Upon election, the new diet requested the Hungarian government define the borders of the autonomous region, which had not yet been elaborated; without an established territory, the deputies argued that the diet

5208-444: The ground was established, when Czechoslovak Army troops acting in coordination with Royal Romanian Army forces arriving from the east—both acting under French auspices—entered the area. In a series of battles they defeated and crushed the local militias of the newly formed Hungarian Soviet Republic , which had created the Slovak Soviet Republic and whose proclaimed aim was to "unite the Hungarian, Rusyn and Jewish toilers against

5301-569: The highest point in Ukraine, Optymistychna Cave , the largest in Europe, Bukovel Ski Resort, Synevyr National Park , Carpathian National Park or the Uzhanskyi National Nature Park protecting part of the primary forests included in the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve . The city of Lviv is the main cultural center of the region and was the historical capital of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia. Other important cities are Chernivtsi , Rivne , Ivano-Frankivsk , Ternopil , Lutsk , Khmelnytskyi and Uzhhorod . Western Ukraine, takes its roots from

5394-407: The independent West Ukraine Republic. However, for most of this period the region was controlled by the newly formed independent Hungarian Democratic Republic , with a short period of West Ukrainian control. On November 8, 1918, the first National Council (the Lubovňa Council, which later reconvened as the Prešov Council) was held in western Ruthenia. The first of many councils, it simply stated

5487-448: The influx of some 40,000 Cuman settlers, who came to the Pannonian Basin after their defeat by Vladimir II (Monomakh) in the 12th century and their ultimate defeat at the hands of the Mongols in 1238. During the early period of Hungarian administration, part of the area was included into the Gyepű border region, while the other part was under county authority and was included into the counties of Ung , Borsova and Szatmár . Later,

5580-434: The jurisdiction of Rome , thus establishing the so-called "Unia" of Eastern Catholic churches , the Ruthenian Catholic Church and the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church . In the 17th century (until 1648) the entire region was part of the Principality of Transylvania and between 1682 and 1685 its north-western part was administered by the Ottoman vassal state of Upper Hungary , while the south-eastern parts remained under

5673-514: The listed major religious institutions constituted about 2.1% of the population. Prior to World War II the areas of current Lviv Oblast , Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast , Ternopil Oblast , Volyn Oblast and Rivne Oblast were parts of Polish voivodeships of Lwów , Stanisławów , Tarnopol and Wołyń (Volhynia). This area was ethnically very mixed. Table below shows the linguistic ( mother tongue ) and religious structure of interwar South-East Poland (now part of Western Ukraine) by county, according to

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5766-443: The midst of a civil war. Thus the only importance of Rusyns' decision to become part of Czechoslovakia was in creating, at least initially, good relations between the leaders of Carpathian Rus' and Czechoslovakia. The Ukrainian language was not actively persecuted in Czechoslovakia during the interwar period , unlike in Poland and Romania . 73 percent of local parents voted against Ukrainian language education for their children in

5859-400: The national sphere was less than that hoped for. Carpathian Ruthenia included former Hungarian territories of Ung County , Bereg County , Ugocsa County and Máramaros County . After the Paris Peace Conference , Transcarpathia became part of Czechoslovakia . Whether this was widely popular among the mainly peasant population, is debatable; clearly, however, what mattered most to Ruthenians

5952-426: The new government. In December 1938, Subcarpathian Rus' was renamed to Carpathian Ukraine. Following the Slovak proclamation of independence on March 14, 1939 and the Nazis' seizure of the Czech lands on March 15, Carpathian Ukraine declared its independence as the Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine , with Avhustyn Voloshyn as head of state, and was immediately occupied and annexed by Hungary , restoring provisionally

6045-441: The nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Rusyn-Jewish relations were generally peaceful. In 1939, census records showed that 80,000 Jews lived in the autonomous province of Ruthenia. Jews made up approximately 14% of the prewar population; however, this population was concentrated in the larger towns, especially Mukachevo , where they constituted 43% of the prewar population. After the German occupation of Hungary (19 March 1944)

6138-471: The north-western part of Carpathian Ruthenia was part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia . Between the 12th and 15th centuries, the area was probably colonized by Eastern Orthodox groups of Vlach ( Romanian ) highlanders with accompanying Ruthenian populations. Initially, the Romanians were organized into the Voivodeship of Maramureș , formally integrated into Hungary in 1402. All the groups, including local Slavic population, blended together, creating

6231-573: The only viable option was unification with Czechoslovakia . Their leader, Gregory Zatkovich , then signed the "Philadelphia Agreement" with Czechoslovak President Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk , guaranteeing Rusyn autonomy upon unification with Czechoslovakia on 25 October 1918. A referendum was held among American Rusyn parishes in November 1918, with a resulting 67% in favor. Another 28% voted for union with Ukraine , and less than one percent each for Galicia, Hungary and Russia. Less than 2% desired complete independence. In April 1919, Czechoslovak control on

6324-406: The population illiterate, no industry, and a herdsman way of life, up to the level of the rest of Czechoslovakia. Thousands of Czech teachers, policemen, clerks and businessmen went to the region. The Czechoslovak government built thousands of kilometers of railways, roads, airports, and hundreds of schools and residential buildings. The Rusyn people decided to join the new state of Czechoslovakia,

6417-415: The pro- Nazi policies of the Hungarian government resulted in emigration and deportation of Hungarian-speaking Jews , and other groups living in the territory were decimated by war. During the Holocaust , 17 main ghettos were set up in cities in Carpathian Ruthenia, from which all Jews were taken to Auschwitz for extermination. Ruthenian ghettos were set up in May 1944 and liquidated by June 1944. Most of

6510-415: The province by Masaryk on April 20, 1920 and resigned almost a year later, on April 17, 1921, to return to his law practice in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US. The reason for his resignation was dissatisfaction with the borders with Slovakia. His tenure is a historical anomaly as the only American citizen ever acting as governor of a province that later became a part of the USSR. In 1928, Czechoslovakia

6603-428: The region escaping the 1920s and 1930s Soviet persecution , a notably greater church adherence and belief in religion's role in society is present. Due to the complex post-independence religious confrontation of several church groups and their adherents, the historical influence played a key role in shaping the present loyalty of Western Ukraine's faithful. In Galician provinces, the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church has

6696-947: The region possessed some form of quasi-autonomy with its own legislature, while remaining under the governance of the Communist Party of Transcarpathian Ukraine. After the signing of a treaty between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union as well as the decision of the regional council, Transcarpathia joined the Ukrainian SSR as the Zakarpattia Oblast . The region has subsequently been referred to as Zakarpattia ( Ukrainian : Закарпаття ) or Transcarpathia , and on occasions as Carpathian Rus’ ( Ukrainian : Карпатська Русь , romanized :  Karpatska Rus ), Transcarpathian Rus’ ( Ukrainian : Закарпатська Русь , romanized :  Zakarpatska Rus ), or Subcarpathian Rus’ ( Ukrainian : Підкарпатська Русь , romanized :  Pidkarpatska Rus ). Carpathian Ruthenia rests on

6789-449: The region was administratively included into Transleithania or the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary . In the 19th and 20th centuries, many nationalist groups vied for unification or alignment with many different possible nationalities, all arguing that the Rus people would be better off uniting with that nation for security or staying within the nation of Hungary. Many of these groups utilized

6882-792: The region. Proto-Slavic settlement began between the 2nd-century BCE and 2nd century CE, and during the Migration Period , the region was traversed by Huns and Gepids (4th century) and Pannonian Avars (6th century). By the 8th and 9th century, the valleys of the Northern and Southern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains were "densely" settled by Slavic tribe of White Croats , who were closely related to East Slavic tribes who inhabited Prykarpattia , Volhynia , Transnistria and Dnieper Ukraine . Whereas some White Croats remained behind in Carpathian Ruthenia, others moved southward into

6975-646: The region. Subsequent estimations are showing 66,000 ethnic Hungarians in 1946 and 139,700 in 1950, while the Soviet census from 1959 recorded 146,247 Hungarians. The Soviet takeover of the region started with the East Carpathian Strategic Offensive in the fall of 1944. This offensive consisted of two parts: the Battle of the Dukla Pass in effort to support the Slovak National Uprising ; and

7068-720: The remaining Czech troops from the Czechoslovak army-in-exile . Upon liquidation of Carpatho-Ukraine , in the territory annexed the Governorate of Subcarpathia was installed and divided into three, the administrative branch offices of Ung ( Hungarian : Ungi közigazgatási kirendeltség ), Bereg ( Hungarian : Beregi közigazgatási kirendeltség ) and Máramaros ( Hungarian : Máramarosi közigazgatási kirendeltség ) governed from Ungvár , Munkács and Huszt respectively, having Hungarian and Rusyn language as official languages. Memoirs and historical studies provide much evidence that in

7161-688: The resolutions of the Yalta and Tehran conferences and the plans about the new Poland–Ukraine border. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia attacked Ukrainian military facility near the city of Lviv , in Western Ukraine with cruise missiles. Later in March Russia performed missile attacks on oil depots in Lviv , Dubno and Lutsk . Western Ukraine includes such lands as Zakarpattia , Volyn , Halychyna ( Prykarpattia , Pokuttia ), Bukovina , Polissia , and Podillia . The history of Western Ukraine

7254-655: The rest of the country. In a poll conducted by Kyiv International Institute of Sociology in the first half of February 2014 0.7% of polled in West Ukraine believed "Ukraine and Russia must unite into a single state", nationwide this percentage was 12.5. The Russian-occupied parts of the Luhansk and Donetsk regions of Ukraine were not polled. During elections voters of Western oblasts (provinces) vote mostly for parties ( Our Ukraine , Batkivshchyna ) and presidential candidates ( Viktor Yushchenko , Yulia Tymoshenko ) with

7347-500: The same year. Also the area of today Chernivtsi Oblast saw its first national census in 1930 for the first time since the last one that was conducted in the Austria-Hungary in 1910, while the area of Budjak of today Odessa Oblast along with the rest of Bessarabia had the Russian demographic statistic data back from 1897. Already during the World War II one more census took place in 1941 in Hungary which previously sacked and occupied

7440-638: The southern slopes of the eastern Carpathian Mountains , bordered to the east and south by the Tisza River, and to the west by the Hornád and Poprad Rivers . The region borders Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania, and makes up part of the Pannonian Plain . The region is predominantly rural and infrastructurally underdeveloped. The landscape is mostly mountainous; it is geographically separated from Ukraine, Slovakia, and Romania by mountains, and from Hungary by

7533-457: The strongest following in the country, and the largest share of property and faithful. In the remaining regions: Volhynia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia the Orthodoxy is prevalent. Outside of Western Ukraine the greatest in terms of Church property, clergy, and according to some estimates, faithful, is the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) . In the listed regions (and in particular among

7626-526: The territory of Carpatho-Ukraine (today Zakarpattia Oblast). As it was mentioned before, the first national Russian Census since 1897 took place only in 1926 as part of the First All-Union Census in the USSR. The next census in the Soviet Union took place in 1937, but it was recognized as unofficial and was never disclosed. The census was also recognized as a conspiracy against the Soviet regime. Just before

7719-486: Was 605,942, of which 330,010 (54.5%) were speakers of Ruthenian , 185,433 (30.6%) were speakers of Hungarian , 64,257 (10.6%) were speakers of German , 11,668 (1.9%) were speakers of Romanian , 6,346 (1%) were speakers of Slovak or Czech , and 8,228 (1.4%) were speakers of other languages. After World War I , the Austro-Hungarian monarchy collapsed and the region was briefly (in 1918 and 1919) claimed as part of

7812-569: Was added to the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Lubart . The territory of Bukovina was part of Moldavia since its formation by voivode Dragoș , who was departed by the Kingdom of Hungary , during the 14th century. After the 18th century partitions of Poland ( Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ), the territory was split between the Habsburg monarchy and the Russian Empire . The modern south-western part of Western Ukraine became

7905-458: Was divided into four provinces: Bohemia, Moravia-Silesia, Slovakia, and the Subcarpathian Rus'. The main town of the region, and its capital until 1938, was Užhorod . It had an area of 12,097 square kilometres (4,671 sq mi), and its 1921 population was estimated as being 592,044. In the period 1918–1938 the Czechoslovak government attempted to bring the Subcarpathian Rus', with 70% of

7998-588: Was included into the Captaincy of Upper Hungary , which was one of the administrative units of the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary. During this period, an important factor in the Ruthenian cultural identity, namely religion, came to the forefront. The Union of Brest (1595) and Union of Uzhhorod (1646) were instituted, causing the Byzantine Orthodox Churches of Carpathian and Transcarpathian Rus' to come under

8091-521: Was not which country they would join, but that they be granted autonomy within it. After their experience of Magyarization , few Carpathian Rusyns were eager to remain under Hungarian rule, and they desired to ensure self-determination. According to the Czechoslovak Constitution of 1920 , the former region of the Kingdom of Hungary, Ruthenian Land ( Ruszka Krajna ), was officially renamed to Subcarpathian Ruthenia ( Podkarpatská Rus ). In 1920,

8184-475: Was occupied and annexed by Hungary on the same day, and remained under Hungarian control until the end of World War II. During this period the region continued to possess a special administration and the term Kárpátalja was locally used. In 1944–1946, the region was occupied by the Soviet Army and was a separate political formation known as Transcarpathian Ukraine or Subcarpathian Ruthenia. During this period

8277-525: Was originally planned that the next one would follow in 2011, but it has been repeatedly postponed. Western Ukraine Western Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Західна Україна , romanized :  Zakhidna Ukraina ) or West Ukraine refers to the western territories of Ukraine . There is no universally accepted definition of the territory's boundaries, but the contemporary Ukrainian administrative regions ( oblasts ) of Chernivtsi , Ivano-Frankivsk , Lviv , Ternopil and Zakarpattia (which were part of

8370-565: Was part of the Kingdom of Hungary . The further censuses discontinued as the country fell apart. The rest of Ukraine which was part of Russian Empire conducted its first census as part of the 1897 Russian Census. The next national census in Russia did not take place until after World War I and the formation of the Soviet Union . A city-census of Kyiv took place in March 1919, after the Bolsheviks occupied

8463-558: Was ruled by various polities, including the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia , which became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , but also the Principality of Moldavia ; it would then variously come under rule of the Austrian Empire , Austria-Hungary , the Second Polish Republic , the Kingdom of Romania , and finally the Soviet Union (via the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic ) in 1939 and 1940 following

8556-545: Was the French rather than the Czechoslovaks who made the effective decisions. The Article 53, Treaty of St. Germain (September 10, 1919) granted the Carpathian Ruthenians autonomy, which was later upheld to some extent by the Czechoslovak constitution . Some rights were, however, withheld by Prague, which justified its actions by claiming that the process was to be a gradual one; and Ruthenians representation in

8649-578: Was useless. On March 21, 1919 the Democratic Republic of Hungary was replaced by the Hungarian Soviet Republic , which then announced the existence of a "Soviet Rus'ka Krajina". Elections organized by the new Hungarian government of a people's soviet (council) on April 6 and 7, 1919 led to Rus'ka Krajina then had two councils: the original diet, and the newly elected soviet. Representatives from both councils then decided to join, forming

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