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52-641: This Bashkortostan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Sverdlovsk Oblast location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Bashkortostan Bashkortostan or Bashkiria , officially the Republic of Bashkortostan , is a republic of Russia between the Volga river and the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe . The republic borders Perm Krai to

104-612: A base for the further economic growth of all European outlying territories of Russia. Bashkortostan has a diverse economy, including a large agricultural sector. But the republic's most important industry is chemical processing. Bashkortostan produces more oil than any other region of Russia, about 26 million tons annually, and provides 17% of the country's gasoline and 15% of its diesel fuel. Other important products manufactured in Bashkortostan include alcohols, pesticides, and plastics. Bashkortostan's gross regional product (GRP) in 2016

156-546: A Nogai whose 'Hoflager' (German for 'court-camp') was Kasyl-Tura at the mouth of the Ishim River about 160 kilometres (100 mi) east of Tobolsk . Another source says that when Tokhtamysh was defeated he fled to the 'land of Sibir' (the first mention of 'Sibir' in Russian chronicles). Here he was protected by On until both were killed by Edigu about 1405. There is no more information about Taibuga except that some say he drove

208-746: A center in Ufa , was formed in 1865—another step toward territorial identification. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 were the All-Bashkir Qoroltays (conventions), which required a decision on the need to create a national federal republic within Russia. As a result, on 28 November 1917, the Bashkir Regional (Central) Shuro (Council) proclaimed the establishment of territorial and national autonomy in areas of Orenburg, Perm, Samara, and Ufa provinces with

260-635: A new capital named Iskar (or Sibir) located on the Irtysh. The Russian conquest of Kazan in 1552 prompted the Taibugid Khan of Sibir, Yadigar, to seek friendly relations with Moscow . Yadigar, however, was challenged by a Shaybanid, Ibak's grandson Kuchum . Several years of fighting (1556–1563) ended with Yadigar's death and Kuchum becoming Khan. Kuchum attempted to convert the Siberian Tatars, who were mostly shamanists , to Islam. His decision to conduct

312-569: A predominantly Bashkir population. In December 1917, delegates to the All-Bashkir (constituent) Congress, representing the interests of the population edge of all nationalities, voted unanimously for the resolution (Farman #2) of the Bashkir regional Shuro for the proclamation of national-territorial autonomy (of the Republic) Bashkurdistan. The congress formed the government of Bashkurdistan,

364-736: A raid on the Stroganov trading posts resulted in an expedition led by the Cossack Yermak against the Khanate of Sibir. Kuchum's forces were defeated by Yermak at the Battle of Chuvash Cape in 1582 and the Cossacks entered Iskar later that year. Kuchum reorganized his forces, killed Yermak in battle in 1584, and reasserted his authority over Sibir. Over the next fourteen years, however, the Russians slowly conquered

416-734: Is also rich in springs that provide drinking water. The Asselian Age at the start of the Permian Period of geological time is named after the Assel River in Bashkortostan. The head of the government of the Republic of Bashkortostan is called the Head (before 1 January 2015 the title was "President" ). According to the Constitution , the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan guarantees rights and liberties to

468-471: Is among the leaders in real estate development, developed electric power industry and tourism. Ufa was ranked by Forbes as among the best cities for business in Russia in 2013. GRP structure of Bashkortostan for 2013. Tourism in the region is regulated by the Russian Federation . Efforts are underway to enhance tourism and hospitality in the northeast region. These initiatives are founded on

520-414: Is recognized and guaranteed within the republic's territory. The Republic of Bashkortostan resolves all issues of administrative-territorial structure on its own. The list of districts and towns, municipalities, as well as the order of establishing, amending and changing borders of municipalities and their names, are stipulated by the Republic of Bashkortostan law "On administrative-territorial structure of

572-609: Is underway at 12 institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 29 institutes of different branches of industry, as well as numerous design bureaus and organizations, universities, and colleges. The country's system of popular education took shape over many centuries and reflects the Bashkir people's folklore , national customs, and traditions . When Islam spread in Bashkiria in the 10th century, an educational system began to emerge gradually—primarily religious schools operated under

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624-571: The 2019 Bashkir head election . The next election will be in 2024. Before his current role, Radiy Khabirov was the Head of Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast . His predecessor was Rustem Khamitov , the leader after 19 July 2010. He resigned on 11 October 2018 ahead of the election because he decided to not run for reelection. The Republic's parliament is the State Assembly—Kurultai , popularly elected every five years. The one-chamber State Assembly has 110 deputies. The Republic's Constitution

676-564: The Great Patriotic War , Bashkiria became one of the major regions of the Soviet Union to accommodate plants and factories evacuated from Western Russia, as well as great masses of people, while also providing the country with weaponry, fuel, and foodstuffs. After the war, several industries developed further in Bashkiria, such as mining ( Bakr-Tay and Blyavinsky copper mines), machine-building and oil-refining. Bashkiria's industry became

728-764: The Kazan , the Siberia Khanates and the Nogai Horde . The tribes that lived there were headed by bi (tribal heads). After Kazan fell to Ivan the Terrible in 1554–1555, representatives of western and northwestern Bashkir tribes approached the Tsar with a request to voluntarily join Muscovy . The Bashkir rebellion of 1662–1664 and the Bashkir rebellion of 1704–1711 were primarily caused by

780-639: The Kipchak branch of the Turkic language group. The first settlements in the territory of modern Bashkortostan date from the early Paleolithic period, but the Bronze Age spurred an upsurge in the population of this territory. When people of the Abashevo culture started settling here, they possessed high skills in manufacturing bronze tools, weapons and decorations. They were the first to establish permanent settlements in

832-470: The Sunni Hanafi school of Islamic law . Most ethnic Russians, Chuvash, and Ukrainians are Orthodox Christians . Most Mari are Pagan . Non-religious people form a substantial part of any ethnic group in Bashkortostan. There are 13,000 Jews in the republic, with a historic synagogue in Ufa , and a new Jewish Community Center built in 2008. According to a 2012 Sreda survey of 56,900 people, 58% of

884-703: The khan of Tyumen and Sibir. Islam was the professed religion of the Sibir Khanate; it was the religion of the ruling Khan of Tyumen and Sibir. Grand mosques , palaces and fortified walls were constructed by the ruling class in both Tyumen and Sibir. Islam was professed by not only the Khan but also the Mirzas, who were often educated in famous Islamic centers in Central Asia like Bukhara and Samarkand. However, shamanism and other traditional beliefs were practiced by much of

936-778: The Khanate had once formed an integral part of the Mongol Empire , and later came under the control of the White Horde and the Golden Horde of 1242–1502. The Khanate of Sibir had an ethnically diverse population of Turkic peoples – Siberian Tatars and various Uralic peoples – including the Khanty , the Mansi , and the Selkup . The Sibir Khanate was the northernmost Muslim state in recorded history . Its defeat by Yermak Timofeyevich in 1582 marked

988-557: The Khanate. In 1598 Kuchum was defeated on the banks of the Ob and was forced to flee to the territories of the Nogai , bringing an end to his rule. The Khanate of Sibir and the town of Tyumen were founded by Taibuga some time in the 13th century. He was probably of Keraite origin. However, some scholars also attempt to link the Taibugids to the Kipchak elites and others. Control alternated between

1040-595: The Khans was Chimgi-Tura , founded by the first Khan Taibuga , who was a member of the Borjigin . He was succeeded by his son Khoja or Hoca. The Khanate of Sibir as an independent polity was established in the fifteenth century, at a time when the Mongols of the house of Jochi were generally in a state of decline. The Taibugids' control of the region between the Tobol and middle Irtysh

1092-545: The Novgoroders from his lands. In 1428 a 17-year old Shaybanid called Abu'l-Khayr Khan was chosen Khan on the Tura River (possibly at Tyumen). This implies that the Taibugids had been pushed aside. When he led his followers south for better things the remaining Shaybanids gathered around Ibak Khan , who was from a junior branch of the house. The Taibugids must have been restored because some time between 1464 and 1480 Ibak killed

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1144-735: The Pre-parliament—Kese-Qoroltay and other bodies of power and administration, and decisions were made on how to proceed. In March 1919, based on the agreements of the Russian Government, the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed. During the Soviet period, Bashkiria was granted broad autonomous rights, the first among other Russian regions. The administrative structure of the Bashkir ASSR

1196-762: The Republic of Bashkortostan and territory of municipalities". The state has strong economic and cultural ties with its western neighbour, the Republic of Tatarstan . Bashkortostan is one of the Russian Federation's most developed regions in terms of its cross-regional output, the volume of industrial production, agricultural production, and investment in fixed assets. The region's largest companies include Bashneft , Ufa Engine Industrial Association (part of United Engine Corporation ), Peton Holding , Bashkhim , Ufaorgsintez , Beloretsk Iron and Steel Works . The extraction of crude oil in Bashkiria began in 1932. with major deposits first discovered in 1943. During

1248-664: The Republic of Bashkortostan. The judicial power of the republic is in the hands of the Supreme Court , the Court of Appeals, district courts , and justices of the peace . In full accord with universally recognized principles of international law, articles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Bashkortostan ensures in its Constitution that local self-government

1300-429: The Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was signed. On 3 August 1994, a Compact "On separation of authorities and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was signed, granting the republic autonomy. This agreement was unilaterally abolished on 7 July 2005. Bashkortostan contains part of

1352-531: The Russian Federation on equal and agreed bases. The relations of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation are based on the articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation , the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan , the Federative Treaty (with amendments) and the Agreement on Separation of authorities and powers and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of state power of

1404-640: The Russian government's violations of the terms and conditions previously agreed between the Bashkirs and the Russian authorities. Starting from the second half of the 16th century, Bashkiria's territory began taking shape as a part of the Russian state. In 1798, the Spiritual Assembly of Russian Muslims was established, an indication that the tsarist government recognized the rights of Bashkirs, Tatars , and other Muslim nations to profess Islam and perform religious rituals. Ufa Governorate ( guberniya ), with

1456-558: The Southern Urals . Bashkortostan takes its name from its native people, the Bashkirs . The Slavonic name of the country, Bashkiriya, formed at the end of the 16th century. Originally it appeared in the forms Bashkir land , Bashkir , Bashkirda and Bashkir horde . The ethnonym Bashkirs first became known in the 7th century. In the 10th century, Al-Balkhi wrote about Bashkirs as a people, divided into two groups, one of which inhabited

1508-600: The Southern Urals, while the other lived near the Danube River, close to the boundaries of Byzantium. His contemporary Ibn-Ruste described the Bashkirs as "an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural mountain ridge between Volga, Kama, Tobol and upstream of Yaik River". After the early-feudal Mongolian state had broken down in the 14th century, the territory of modern Bashkortostan became divided between

1560-563: The Taibugid Mar and made himself Khan. In 1483 Fyodor Kurbsky is said to have led an army to the Irtysh River, but this had no lasting effects. Ibak went to the Volga where he killed the last Khan of the Golden Horde. Returning, he was killed by Mar's grandson called Mamuk or Makhmet or Mamet (about 1495). Makhmet moved the capital from Tyumen to Sibir and was briefly Khan of Kazan (1496). In 1552

1612-457: The beginning of the Russian conquest of Siberia . The Sibir Khanate was administered by mirzas (which is a noble title) who originated from various indigenous Siberian tribes. These mirzas organized loosely knit dominions, which were all under the nominal authority of the khan of Tyumen and Sibir . Mirzas also led the warriors of the Khanate of Sibir into battle and owed nominal allegiance to

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1664-406: The country's people and citizens, protects the economic and political interests of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and secures legitimacy, law, and order within its territory. Since 11 October 2018, the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan has been Radiy Khabirov . He was first appointed as acting head by Russian President Vladimir Putin . In 2019 he was elected after winning 82% of the vote in

1716-517: The descendants of Taibuga and the Shaybanids who had descended from Genghis Khan. There are hints that the Shaybanids were more connected to the steppe nomads and that the Taibugids were more connected with the forest peoples to the north and east. Taibuga's father was called On (On-Son, Onsom and other variants). Grousset says that they were 'the issue of Taibugha-bäki' without explanation ('bäki' (bek)

1768-527: The innovative scientific, educational, and industrial infrastructure of the Geopark "Yangan-Tau." Bashkirs are the indigenous (autochthonal) peoples of Bashkortostan. According to the 2021 Census , the ethnic composition was: According to the 2021 Census , spoken languages: Russian (97%), Bashkir (23%) and Tatar (20%). Islam is adhered to by a majority of the nation's population of Bashkir and Tatar descent. The Muslims of Bashkortostan follow

1820-456: The masses. Some groups practiced a form of Islam that incorporated elements of shamanism. The leading Imams and Muftis of the Sibir Khanate are known to have had some influence in Kazan and Samarkand . The Khanate of Sibir was the northernmost Muslim state in recorded history. The Khanate of Sibir had extensive trading connections with Central Asia and the Khanate of Kazan . The area

1872-439: The name of the Bashkir ethnic group. While the endonym having various theories on its meaning, the most prominent is being a combination of Turkic words baş , meaning 'head', 'chief', 'main', 'principal' and qurt meaning 'wolf', one of the animals regarded as sacred to Turkic peoples ); the suffix -stan is Persian , commonly used for many Eurasian territorial names. Bashkirs speak the Bashkir language , which belongs to

1924-414: The north, Sverdlovsk Oblast to the northeast, Chelyabinsk Oblast to the east, Orenburg Oblast to the south, Tatarstan to the west and Udmurtia to the northwest. It covers 143,600 square kilometres (55,400 square miles) and has a population of 4 million. It is the seventh-most populous federal subject in Russia and the most populous republic. Its capital and largest city is Ufa . Bashkortostan

1976-440: The northern to the southern border. The highest mountains include: The Republic of Bashkortostan is one of Russia's most mineral-rich territories. With a large share of Russian oil reserves , the region is a principal site of extraction. Other major resources are natural gas , coal , ferrous metal ores , manganese , chromite , and more. The republic has enough mineral resources to provide its own power and fuel. Additionally,

2028-686: The population of Bashkortostan are Muslim , 17% adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church , 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians , 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of other Orthodox churches, and 2% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery), the Mari native religion , Chuvash Vattisen Yaly or Tengrism . In addition, 4% of the population declare to be "spiritual but not religious", 5% are atheist , and 7% follow other religions or did not give an answer to

2080-461: The question. Note, however, that this survey has been criticized as biased. It was conducted by the service "Sreda", which has ties to the Christian organizations. In 2010, there were over 1,000 mosques in Bashkortostan, 200 Orthodox churches and 60 religious buildings of other confessions. About sixty scientific organizations are active in the republic. Fundamental and applied scientific research

2132-507: The region has enough raw materials to support a variety of industries, from metallurgy to glass-making. Bashkortostan is a major source of materials used in non-ferrous metallurgy . The republic has good deposits of lignite with a high degree of bitumen . This lignite can be used for obtaining a variety of different chemical products like resins, surface-active substances, gummy fertilizers , and other stimulants for plant growth. Deposits of raw materials used in mining are also significant in

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2184-472: The region. Bashkortostan is also rich in woodlands. Over one-third of its territory, or 62,000 square kilometres (24,000 sq mi), is wooded. The following types of trees dominate: birch , conifers , lime , oak , and maple . The general stock of timber has been estimated as 717.9 million m . Bashkortostan forests have special sanctuaries and national parks. They cover more than 10,000 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi). Bashkortostan

2236-472: The southern Urals and the adjacent plains. There are over 13,000 rivers in the republic. Many rivers are part of the deep-water transportation system of European Russia; they provide access to ports of the Baltic and Black seas . Major rivers include: There are 2,700 lakes and reservoirs in the republic. Major lakes and reservoirs include: The Republic contains part of the southern Urals, which stretch from

2288-538: The supervision of mosques ( maktabeh and madrasah ). In addition, many institutions of higher education operate in the republic, including branches of 16 leading Russian universities and colleges. Specialists graduate with degrees in about 200 trades and professions . Siberia Khanate The Khanate of Sibir ( Siberian Tatar : Сыбыр ҡанныҡ, Искәр йорт , romanized:  Sıbır qannıq, Iskär yort ; Russian : Сибирское царство, Сибирский юрт , romanized :  Sibirskoye tsarstvo, Sibirsky yurt )

2340-411: Was 1.34 trillion rubles, making the republic the subject with the ninth-highest GRP in Russia. The state had a positive trade balance , with $ 13.7 billion exported and $ 1.2 billion imported in 2013. As much as 82.9% of enterprises in Bashkortostan are profitable, higher than the nationwide average of 68.42%. Bashkortostan has been recognized as the region with the lowest economic risk. Bashkortostan

2392-509: Was a princely suffix and Taibuqa was a Naiman chief at the time of Genghis Khan.) A few sources identify him with Bek Ondi Oglan, the great-great-great-grandson of Shayban , and thus a Shaybanid. The Stroganov chronicle says that On was killed by a chief called Chingi who spared Taibuga, sent him to fight the Ostyaks and granted him his own principality. Taibuga founded Tyumen and named it Chingi-tura in honor of his benefactor. Another source makes On

2444-454: Was a state in western Siberia . It was founded at the end of the 15th century, following the break-up of the Golden Horde . Throughout its history, members of the Shaybanid and Taibugid dynasties often contested the rulership over the Khanate between each other; both of these competing tribes were direct patrilineal descendants of Genghis Khan through his eldest son Jochi and Jochi's fifth son Shayban (Shiban) (died 1266). The area of

2496-419: Was adopted on 24 December 1993. Article 1 of the Constitution stipulates that Bashkortostan is a sovereign state within Russia, it has state power beyond the limits of the authority of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation concerning the aspect of the joint authority of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The Republic of Bashkortostan is a full-fledged subject of

2548-406: Was based on principles similar to those of other autonomous republics of Russia. On 11 October 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Republic adopted the declaration on state sovereignty of the Bashkir ASSR . On 25 February 1992, the Bashkir ASSR was renamed the Republic of Bashkortostan. On 31 March 1992, a Federative Compact "On separation of authorities and powers among federal organs of power of

2600-419: Was established on 28 November [ O.S. 15 November] 1917. On 20 March 1919 it was transformed into the Bashkir ASSR , the first autonomous republic in the Russian SFSR . On 11 October 1990, it adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty . In the Constitution of Bashkortostan and Constitution of Russia , Bashkortostan is defined as a state . The name "Bashkortostan" derives from

2652-408: Was not uncontested. The Shaybanids , descendants of Jochi, frequently claimed the area as their own. Ibak Khan , a member of a junior branch of the Shaybanid house, killed Mar and seized Chimgi-Tura. A Taibugid restoration occurred when Mar's grandson Muhammad fled to the eastern territories around the Irtysh and killed Ibak in battle in c. 1493. Muhammad decided not to remain at Chimgi-Tura, but chose

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2704-418: Was originally inhabited by mainly Samoyedic and Ugric peoples. In the 11th century, Kipchaks began inhabiting the region which led to the Turkification of the population. In the 13th century, the Mongols conquered the region and it was incorporated into the territory of the Golden Horde. Some of the Tatars who arrived with Batu Khan during the conquests settled in the area. The original capital of

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