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27-458: Udbina is located in the large karst field called Krbava . It is approximately 45 kilometres from Gospić , the county capital and nearest sizeable town. The field has a small airport, the only one in Lika. Udbina was one of Illyrian territories. In the medieval Kingdom of Croatia , Udbina was known as Civitas Corbaviae (Town of Krbava) and was the seat of a Diocese of Corbavia from 1185, when it

54-491: Is polye (поле). As a borrowing, apart from English it can be found in a number of languages including: French , German , Greek , Italian , Spanish and Turkish (which uses polye ). Lovinac Lovinac is a village and a municipality in Lika-Senj County , Croatia . The village of Lovinac is located 35 kilometers from Gospić to the southeast of the greatest Croatian karst field, Licko polje. At one time,

81-445: Is fostered by any blockage in the karst drainage. A polje covers the flatbottomed lands of closed basins which may extend over large areas, up to 1,000 km . The flat floor of a polje may consist of bare limestone, of a nonsoluble formation (as with rolling topography), or of soil. A polje typically shows complex hydrogeological characteristics such as exsurgences , estavelles , swallow holes, and lost rivers . In colloquial use,

108-521: Is synonymous with interior valley . The word polje ( Cyrillic : поље ) itself is of Slavic origin (best known as the root for the country Poland , Polska , from the Polish word pole 'field'). English borrowed polje from Slovene or Serbo-Croatian ( Cyrillic : поље , pronounced [pôʎe] ). The equivalent in neighbouring Macedonian and Bulgarian is pole (поле), and in Russian it

135-839: The Battle of Krbava Field in which the Croats under ban Emerik Derenčin and the Frankopans suffered defeat from the Ottoman Empire . The medieval fortified town, from which only the remains were preserved, was governed in 1509 by Ban Ivan Karlović and between 1527 and 1689 by the Turks as part of the Eyalet of Bosnia .The 1712 census of Lika and Krbava records that 44 Croatian, 6 Bunjevci and 20 Vlach families live in Udbina. Ancient tombstones were discovered near

162-768: The Church of St. Mark Graveyard for building a sheep barn. In addition, Serbs also destroyed the Church of St. Augustin in Mutilić and the Catholic cemetery in Korija . During the war, many local Serbs were killed by Ustaše and local Croats by Chetniks and Yugoslav Partisans . The Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas (filial of the Church of the Holy Transfiguration of Mutilić) was also destroyed during World War II . Most Croats fled from Udbina after

189-682: The Croatian War of Independence , Udbina was under control of the Republic of Serbian Krajina . During that time, the remaining Croats from Krbava were forced to leave. The only remaining Croatian settlement on Krbava, Podlapač was saved from the Serb militias by the UNPROFOR 's Czech battalion. The local airport was used as an airbase for offensive operations against Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, in direct defiance of NATO 's Operation Deny Flight . The airstrip

216-573: The Ustaše and calling for the extermination of Serb population in Croatia, which preceded massacres of Serbs. In 1942, Serbs burned two Catholic churches, Church of St. Nicholas and Church of St. Mark Graveyard . In December of the same year, the Croatian population was expelled from Udbina. In order to conceal ruins, Serbs after the war built a hotel on the site of the Church of St. Nicholas , and used stone from

243-682: The "Udbina hill". Yugoslav authorities erected a monument to the Yugoslav Partisans on the site without doing any archeological research or getting approval from the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments . During the construction of the Partisan monument, remains of medieval edifices and human bones were found on the site. In SFR Yugoslavia , Udbina was part of the Korenica municipality. During

270-487: The 2011 census, there were 1,875 residents in the municipality, of which 51% were Serbs and 45% were Croats. In 2016 on the instructions of Vlaho Orepić , Minister of Interior in the Cabinet of Tihomir Orešković , Croatian police started intensive patrols and checking out the residence of local population and that resulted in 71 deletions from the residence register. Voices of criticism of police action were raised, including

297-576: The King Alexander I which was removed only after the establishment of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH). During World War II , Udbina was part of NDH's territory. Local gendarmerie sergeant Drakulić gave 200 rifles to the local Serbs, which on 12 April 1941 began with an ethnic cleansing of Lika from Gračac to Gospić . On 13 July 1941, Catholic priest Father Mate Mugoša delivered a sermon to his parishioners in Udbina pledging allegiance to

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324-504: The Roman period have been found. In the Middle Ages the village was under the control of the noble family Lovinčić. At the beginning of the 16th century it belonged to count Ivan Karlovic. The Turks conquered it around 1522. After the expulsion of the Turks in 1689 the current Bunjevac population was brought in to settle the area. The production of clothes and underwear usually takes place during

351-574: The area during the Operation Storm , constituted the majority of local population. Minister Vlaho Orepić in his statements prior to Police activities in Udbina and the rest of the country called out the Serb minority for election manipulation with the fictive residences. Directly elected minority councils and representatives are tasked with consulting tasks for the local or regional authorities in which they are advocating for minority rights and interests, integration into public life and participation in

378-399: The floor. Drainage may be either by surface watercourses (as an open polje ) or by swallow holes (as a closed polje ) or ponors . Usually, the ponors cannot transmit entire flood flows, so many poljes become wet-season lakes. The structure of some poljes is related to the geological structure, but others are purely the result of lateral dissolution and planation . The development of poljes

405-465: The management of local affairs. At the 2023 Croatian national minorities councils and representatives elections Serbs of Croatia fulfilled legal requirements to elect 10 members minority council of the Municipality of Lovinac. Pilar (population 45) and Vrkljani (population 27) are hamlets near Lovinac. Above the town of Lovinac are the ruins of the medieval city of Lovinac in which artifacts from

432-408: The management of local affairs. At the 2023 Croatian national minorities councils and representatives elections Serbs of Croatia fulfilled legal requirements to elect 10 members minority council of the Municipality of Udbina. Karst field A polje , also called karst polje or karst field , is a large flat plain found in karstic geological regions of the world, with areas usually in

459-502: The massacre on the eve before the St. Lucy's Day. Croats fled through Trovro mountain all the way to Lovinac . After World War II, the new Yugoslav authority took away the houses and lands from the Croats and gave them to Serbs who comprised Udbina's majority, as confirmed by 1961–91 censuses, with smaller numbers of Croats and Muslims. It seems that there was a Franciscan monastery of St. John on

486-562: The one of the Deputy Mayor of Udbina Milan Uzelac, claiming that the action is disproportionately and primarily targeted at the Serbs of Croatia and promoted by a president of a local right wing organization close to the ruling Bridge of Independent Lists . Representatives of local Serb population organized a meeting with Serb National Council to discuss the issue. 2011 census was the first post-war census at which Serbs of Croatia, many of whom left

513-498: The only karst polje in Serbia . In Portugal, the town of Minde is located in a landscape of intensive karst. In the summer the polje is fertile fields, in winter, in case of heavy rain, a temporary lake. The former Lake Copais in Boeotia , Greece, fed subterranean channels (some artificial) until a 1957 land reclamation project drained it completely. In its original languages, the word

540-935: The rainy winters and spring seasons as masses of water called izvor or vrelo appears at the margins. The water disappears through shafts called ponor . Prominent karst poljes are Livanjsko polje (about 60 km long and 7 km wide), Glamočko Polje , Grahovsko Polje , Drvarsko Polje , Duvanjsko Polje , Kupreška Visoravan (Kupres Highlands) , Popovo Polje , Dabarsko Polje, Nevesinjsko Polje and Gatačko Polje in Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Logatec , Planina , and Cerknica Polje in Slovenia ; Grahovsko Polje and Nikšićko Polje in Montenegro ; Ličko Polje and Krbava in Lika , Croatia ; Begovo Pole in North Macedonia and Odorovsko polje

567-584: The range of 5–400 km (2–154 sq mi). The name derives from the Slavic languages , where polje literally means 'field', whereas in English polje specifically refers to a karst plain or karst field. A polje, in geological terminology, is a large, flat-floored depression within karst limestone, whose long axis develops in parallel with major structural trends and can become several miles (tens of kilometers) long. Superficial deposits tend to accumulate along

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594-523: The remains of the Church of St. Mark Graveyard (Named after the folk tradition that martyr saint and several heroes of the Battle of Krbava were buried on the site), which was a shrine with a triangular ending destroyed by the Serbs in 1942. In the vicinity, near Mutilić , there are ruins of the old Church of St. Augustine (quadrangular sanctuary with a bell tower). In the late 19th and early 20th century, Udbina

621-507: The shortest trade routes from Lika's interior to the sea went through Lovinac. The new highway which was recently built alongside the village has resulted in more tourism. It has 1,096 inhabitants in the municipality, Croats make up 90% of the population. Directly elected minority councils and representatives are tasked with consulting tasks for the local or regional authorities in which they are advocating for minority rights and interests, integration into public life and participation in

648-491: The term "polje" designates flat-bottomed lands which are overgrown or are under cultivation. The Dinaric Karst has many poljes. They are mostly distributed in subtropical and tropical latitudes but some also appear in temperate or, rarely, boreal regions. Usually covered with thick sediments , called "terra rossa", they are used extensively for agricultural purposes. Some poljes of the Dinaric Alps are inundated during

675-441: Was eventually destroyed by a NATO's 39 aircraft-strong strike on 21 November 1994 . Udbina was taken over by Croatian forces on 7 August 1995, during Operation Storm . In the 2001 census, 51% of Udbina's population were Croats, mostly from Bosnia. Today, Udbina is a part of the Lika-Senj County . In recent years, Udbina recorded an increase in tourist visits. The settlements in the municipality are (2011 census): According to

702-510: Was part of the Lika-Krbava County of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . According to the 1910 census, the town of Udbina was inhabited by a Croat majority and Serb minority; 1,317 Croats and 621 Serbs. Despite the fact that by 1942 the entire population of Udbina and Podudbina had been inhabited by Croat Catholics, the government of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia erected in Udbina a monument to

729-526: Was separated from the Archdiocese of Split , until 1460, when the diocese seat moved to the Krbava's former canonical territory of Modruš due to Ottoman military campaigns in the area. The Bishop's Court was built during Bishop Bonifacio in the 14th century. In the Middle Ages, Udbina was a seat ( Latin : castrum ) of the historic Krbava County. The name Udbina was mentioned for the first time in 1493, following

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