76-535: Udayāditya (reigned c. 1070–1093) was a Paramara ruler of Malwa region of central India , who succeeded Jayasimha I . He was succeeded by his son, either Lakshmadeva or Naravarman . Udayāditya was a brother of Bhoja , the most renowned king of the Paramara dynasty. At the time of Bhoja's death, the Paramara kingdom suffered simultaneous invasions from its Chaulukya and Kalachuri neighbours. Bhoja's successor Jayasimha , possibly his son, appears to have ascended
152-567: A Pratihara vassal, but shifted his allegiance to the Rashtrakutas as the Pratihara power declined. The inscriptions of Siyaka are the earliest known Paramara inscriptions: they have been discovered in present-day Gujarat, and therefore, it appears that the Paramaras were connected with Gujarat in their early years. The Harsola inscriptions record Siyaka's village grants to two Nagar Brahmins , after
228-459: A Rashtrakuta feudatory as well. Nava-sahasanka-charita , an epic poem by the Paramara court poet Padmagupta, states that Siyaka defeated Huna princes, and turned their harems into a residence of widows. The fragmentary Modi inscription also corroborates this victory of Siyaka, stating that he ruled the land "sprinkled over by the blood of the Hunas". This Huna territory was probably located in
304-556: A defeat against the Chandelas. In 963 CE, the Rashtrakuta king Krishna III led a second expedition of northern India. The 965 CE and 968 CE inscriptions of his Western Ganga feudatory Marasimha state that their forces destroyed Ujjayani , a major city of the Malwa region. Based on this, historians such as A. S. Altekar theorize that Siyaka had rebelled against the Rashtrakutas, resulting in
380-565: A disease at the same time the allied army attacked his kingdom. At its zenith, Bhoja's empire extended from Chittor in the north to upper Konkan in the south, and from the Sabarmati River in the west to Vidisha in the east. He was recognized as a capable military leader, but his territorial conquests were short-lived. His major claim to fame was his reputation as a scholar-king, who patronized arts, literature and sciences. Noted poets and writers of his time sought his sponsorship. Bhoja
456-459: A family of Brahmins who became Kshatriyas . In addition, the Patanarayana temple inscription states that the Paramaras were of Vashistha gotra , which is a gotra among Brahmins claiming descent from the sage Vashistha. However, historian Arvind K. Singh points out that several other sources point to a Kshatriya ancestry of the dynasty. For example, the 1211 Piplianagar inscription states that
532-511: A foreign origin for the Paramaras. According to this theory, the ancestors of the Paramaras and other Agnivanshi Rajputs came to India after the decline of the Gupta Empire around the 5th century CE. They were admitted in the Hindu caste system after performing a fire ritual. However, this theory is weakened by the fact that the legend is not mentioned in the earliest of the Paramara records, and even
608-429: A military campaign against him. However, K. N. Seth believes that Ujjain was under Gurjara-Pratihara rule at this time, and Krishna III's campaign was directed against them: there is no evidence to show that Siyaka rebelled against Krishna III or faced a battle against his forces. After the death of Krishna III in c. 967 CE , the Rashtrakuta power started declining. His successor Khottiga , probably wary of
684-514: A victorious campaign against one Yogaraja. The identity of Yogaraja is uncertain: he may have been a Chavda chief or the Chalukya chief Avantivarman Yogaraja II. Both these rulers were vassals of the Pratiharas , and Siyaka may have led an expedition against either of them as a Rashtrakuta subordinate. Siyaka issued the grants at the request of the ruler of Khetaka-mandala ( Kheda ), who might have been
760-649: A work composed by Dhanapala (the court poet of Siyaka's son Munja), suggests that Siyaka was a devotee of the goddess Lakshmi ( Sri ). Siyaka and his queen Vadaja had two sons: Munja-raja (alias Vakpati) and Sindhu-raja . Siyaka sacked Manyakheta in c. 972 CE, and his successor Munja's earliest inscription is dated 974 CE, so Siyaka must have retired or died somewhere between 972 and 974 CE. Following inscriptions of Siyaka have been discovered. All of these record grants, and are written in Sanskrit language and Nagari script . This inscription, issued on 31 January 949 CE,
836-456: Is attributed to him. Because of his patronage to literary figures, several legends written after his death featured him as a righteous scholar-king. In terms of the number of legends centered around him, Bhoja is comparable to the fabled Vikramaditya . Bhoja's successor Jayasimha I , who was probably his son, faced the joint Kalachuri - Chaulukya invasion immediately after Bhoja's death. Bilhana 's writings suggest that he sought help from
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#1732856074808912-561: Is called "Siyaka". In Udaipur prashasti inscription (which mentions an earlier king called Siyaka), as well as the Arthuna inscription, the predecessor of Munja has been called Harsha (or Shri Harsha- deva ). Therefore, modern historians also refer to him as Siyaka II to distinguish him from Siyaka I mentioned in the Udaipur inscription; some scholars believe that Siyaka I is a fictional person. Merutunga, in his Prabandha-Chintamani , names
988-724: Is depicted. On the reverse, the Devanagari legend, Shrimad Udayadeva is inscribed in three lines. Paramara dynasty The House of Paramara was a prominent Indian Rajput dynasty that ruled over the Kingdom of Malwa , the Garhwal Kingdom , and many other kingdoms , princely states and feudal estates in North India . They belonged to the Parmara clan of the Rajputs . The dynasty
1064-472: Is no definitive proof of this. The start of the Paramara rule in Malwa cannot be dated with certainty, but they certainly did not rule the Malwa before the 9th century CE. Siyaka is the earliest known Paramara king attested by his own inscriptions. His Harsola copper plate inscription (949 CE) is the earliest available Paramara inscription: it suggests that he was a vassal of the Rashtrakutas. The list of his predecessors varies between accounts: Paramara
1140-460: Is scanty; there are no records, and they are known only from later sources." The Paramara rulers mentioned in the various inscriptions and literary sources include: An inscription from Udaipur indicates that the Paramara dynasty survived until 1310, at least in the north-eastern part of Malwa. A later inscription shows that the area had been captured by the Delhi Sultanate by 1338. Besides
1216-536: Is the dynasty's mythical progenitor, according to the Agnikula legend. Whether the other early kings mentioned in the Udaipur Prashasti are historical or fictional is a topic of debate among historians. According to C. V. Vaidya and K. A. Nilakantha Sastri , the Paramara dynasty was founded only in the 10th century CE. Vaidya believes that the kings such as Vairisimha I and Siyaka I are imaginary, duplicated from
1292-757: The Hammira Mahakavya , he was killed by Vagabhata of Ranthambhor , who suspected him of plotting his murder in connivance with the Delhi Sultan. During the reign of Devapala's son Jaitugideva , the power of the Paramaras greatly declined because of invasions from the Yadava king Krishna, the Delhi Sultan Balban , and the Vaghela prince Visala-deva. Devapala's younger son Jayavarman II also faced attacks from these three powers. Either Jaitugi or Jayavarman II moved
1368-459: The Agnikula or Agnivansha ("fire clan"). The Agnikula myth of origin, which appears in several of their inscriptions and literary works, goes like this: The sage Vishvamitra forcibly took a wish-granting cow from another sage Vashistha on the Arbuda mountain ( Mount Abu ). Vashistha then conjured a hero from a sacrificial fire pit ( agni-kunda ), who defeated Vishvamitra's enemies and brought back
1444-498: The Ain-i-Akbari legend is historically accurate, Aditya Ponwar was not a descendant of Dhanji: he was most probably a local magnate rather than a native of Deccan. Critics of Ganguly's theory also argue that the Rashtrakuta titles in these inscriptions refer to Paramara rulers, who had assumed these titles to portray themselves as the legitimate successors of the Rashtrakutas in the Malwa region. The Rashtrakutas had similarly adopted
1520-577: The Chalukyas of Lata in present-day Gujarat. Between 1018 CE and 1020 CE, he gained control of the northern Konkan , whose Shilahara rulers probably served as his feudatories for a brief period. Bhoja also formed an alliance against the Kalyani Chalukya king Jayasimha II , with Rajendra Chola and Gangeya-deva Kalachuri . The extent of Bhoja's success in this campaign is not certain, as both Chalukya and Paramara panegyrics claimed victory. During
1596-705: The Chandela king Vidyadhara . However, Bhoja was able to extend his influence among the Chandela feudatories, the Kachchhapaghatas of Dubkund. Bhoja also launched a campaign against the Kachchhapaghatas of Gwalior , possibly with the ultimate goal of capturing Kannauj , but his attacks were repulsed by their ruler Kirtiraja. Bhoja also defeated the Chahamanas of Shakambhari , killing their ruler Viryarama . However, he
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#17328560748081672-605: The Chaulukyas of Gujarat, the Chalukyas of Kalyani , the Kalachuris of Tripuri , Chandelas of Jejakabhukti and other neighbouring kingdoms. The later Paramara rulers moved their capital to Mandapa-Durga (now Mandu) after Dhara was sacked multiple times by their enemies. Mahalakadeva , the last known Paramara king, was defeated and killed by the forces of Alauddin Khalji of Delhi in 1305 CE, although epigraphic evidence suggests that
1748-633: The Hoysalas and the Yadavas of Devagiri . He was also defeated by the Chaulukya general Kumara. Despite these setbacks, he was able to restore the Paramara power in Malwa before his death. Vindhyavarman's son Subhatavarman invaded Gujarat, and plundered the Chaulukya territories. But he was ultimately forced to retreat by the Chaulukya feudatory Lavana-Prasada. His son Arjunavarman I also invaded Gujarat, and defeated Jayanta-simha (or Jaya-simha), who had usurped
1824-630: The Kabul Shahi ruler Anandapala 's fight against the Ghaznavids . He may have also been a part of the Hindu alliance that expelled Mahmud's governors from Hansi , Thanesar and other areas around 1043 CE. During the last year of Bhoja's reign, or shortly after his death, the Chaulukya king Bhima I and the Kalachuri king Karna attacked his kingdom. According to the 14th-century author Merutunga, Bhoja died of
1900-621: The Kalachuris of Tripuri . Udayaditya's younger son Naravarman faced several defeats, losing to the Chandelas of Jejakabhukti and the Chaulukya king Jayasimha Siddharaja . By the end of his reign, one Vijayapala had carved out an independent kingdom to the north-east of Ujjain. Yashovarman lost control of the Paramara capital Dhara to Jayasimha Siddharaja. His successor Jayavarman I regained control of Dhara, but soon lost it to an usurper named Ballala. The Chaulukya king Kumarapala defeated Ballala around 1150 CE, supported by his feudatories
1976-627: The Naddula Chahamana ruler Alhana and the Abu Paramara chief Yashodhavala. Malwa then became a province of the Chaulukyas. A minor branch of the Paramaras, who styled themselves as Mahakumara s, ruled the area around Bhopal during this time. Nearly two decades later, Jayavarman's son Vindhyavarman defeated the Chaulukya king Mularaja II, and re-established the Paramara sovereignty in Malwa. During his reign, Malwa faced repeated invasions from
2052-568: The Somavanshi of south Kosala , the Shilaharas of Konkana , and the ruler of Lata (southern Gujarat). His court poet Padmagupta wrote his biography Nava-Sahasanka-Charita , which credits him with several other victories, although these appear to be poetic exaggerations. Sindhuraja's son Bhoja is the most celebrated ruler of the Paramara dynasty. He made several attempts to expand the Paramara kingdom varying results. Around 1018 CE, he defeated
2128-415: The Udaipur Prashasti are same as Vairisimha II and Siyaka II; the names might have been repeated by mistake. Alternatively, he theorizes that these names have been omitted in other inscriptions because these rulers were not independent sovereigns. Several other historians believe that the early Paramara rulers mentioned in the Udaipur Prashasti are not fictional, and the Paramaras started ruling Malwa in
2204-622: The 945-946 CE Pratapgah inscription of the Gurjara-Prathiara king Mahendrapala, which states that he recaptured Malwa. Whether or not the Paramaras were descended from the Rashtrakutas, they were most probably subordinates of the Rashtrakutas in the 9th century. Historical evidence suggests that between 808 and 812 CE, the Rashtrakutas expelled the Gurjara-Pratiharas from the Malwa region. The Rashtrakuta king Govinda III placed Malwa under
2280-469: The 9th century (as Rashtrakuta vassals). K. N. Seth argues that even some of the later Paramara inscriptions mention only 3-4 predecessors of the king who issued the inscription. Therefore, the absence of certain names from the genealogy provided in the early inscriptions does not mean that these were imaginary rulers. According to him, the mention of Upendra in Nava-Sahasanka-Charitra (composed by
2356-608: The Chalukyas of Kalyani. Jayasimha's successor and Bhoja's brother Udayaditya was defeated by Chamundaraja, his vassal at Vagada . He repulsed an invasion by the Chaulukya ruler Karna , with help from his allies. Udayaditya's eldest son Lakshmadeva has been credited with extensive military conquests in the Nagpur Prashasti inscription of 1104-05 CE. However, these appear to be poetic exaggerations. At best, he might have defeated
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2432-609: The Chaulukya throne for a brief period. He was defeated by Yadava general Kholeshvara in Lata . Arjunavarman was succeeded by Devapala , who was the son of Harishchandra, a Mahakumara (chief of a Paramara branch). He continued to face struggles against the Chaulukyas and the Yadavas. The Sultan of Delhi Iltutmish captured Bhilsa during 1233-34 CE, but Devapala defeated the Sultanate's governor and regained control of Bhilsa. According to
2508-500: The Harsola plates (Vappairaja appears to be the Prakrit form of Vakpati-raja). In his support, Seth points out that Vairisimha has been called Krishna-padanudhyata in the inscription of Munja i.e. Vakpati II. He theorizes that Vakpati II used the name "Krishnaraja" instead of Vakpati I to identify his ancestor, in order to avoid confusion with his own name. The first independent sovereign of
2584-773: The Kalyani Chalukya throne - invaded the Paramara kingdom, and captured the territory to the south of the Godavari River . Udayaditya repulsed an invasion by the Chaulukya king Karna . He formed matrimonial alliances with his Guhila , Kalachuri , Vaghela , and Chaulukya neighbours to strengthen his position. Udayaditya was Bhoja's brother, as attested by the Jainad inscription, which names Udayaditya as Jagadeva 's father and Bhoja as Jagadeva's paternal uncle. He had three sons - Lakshmadeva , Naravarman , and Jagadeva; and one daughter - Shyamaladevi. His daughter Shyamaladevi married
2660-425: The Malwa region in present-day Madhya Pradesh had become the core Paramara territory, with Dhara (now Dhar) as their capital. The dynasty reached its zenith under Munja's nephew Bhoja , whose empire extended from Chittor in the north to Konkan in the south, and from the Sabarmati River in the west to Vidisha in the east. The Paramara power rose and declined several times as a result of their struggles with
2736-526: The Paramara capital from Dhara to the hilly Mandapa-Durga (present-day Mandu ), which offered a better defensive position. Arjunavarman II , the successor of Jayavarman II, proved to be a weak ruler. He faced rebellion from his minister. In the 1270s, the Yadava ruler Ramachandra invaded Malwa, and in the 1280s, the Ranthambhor Chahamana ruler Hammira also raided Malwa. Arjuna's successor Bhoja II also faced an invasion from Hammira. Bhoja II
2812-448: The Paramara dynasty was Siyaka (sometimes called Siyaka II to distinguish him from the earlier Siyaka mentioned in the Udaipur Prashasti ). The Harsola copper plates (949 CE) suggest that Siyaka was a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna III in his early days. However, the same inscription also mentions the high-sounding Maharajadhirajapati as one of Siyaka's titles. Based on this, K. N. Seth believes that Siyaka's acceptance of
2888-412: The Paramara king Siyaka II mentions a king called Akalavarsha, followed by the expression tasmin kule ("in that family"), and then followed by the name "Vappairaja" (identified with the Paramara king Vakpati I). Based on the identification of "Akalavarsha" (which was a Rashtrakuta title) with the Rashtrakuta king Krishna III , historian as D.C. Ganguly theorized that the Paramaras were descended from
2964-598: The Paramara kingdom. The conquest of Rudapati would have brought Siyaka in conflict with the Chandela king Yashovarman . A 956 CE Chandela inscription in Khajuraho states that Yashovarman was the God of death for the Malavas (that is Paramaras, the rulers of Malwa region). Yashovarman extended the Chandela kingdom up to Bhasvat (Vidisha) and Malava river (possibly Betwa ) in the west. Based on these facts, it appears that Siyaka had to face
3040-452: The Paramara rule continued for a few years after his death. Malwa enjoyed a great level of political and cultural prestige under the Paramaras. The Paramaras were well known for their patronage to Sanskrit poets and scholars, and Bhoja was himself a renowned scholar. Most of the Paramara kings were Shaivites and commissioned several Shiva temples, although they also patronized Jain scholars. The Harsola copper plates (949 CE) issued by
3116-419: The Paramara sovereigns of Malwa, several branches of the dynasty ruled at various places. These include: The rulers of several princely states claimed connection with the Paramaras. Some of them are given below: Siyaka Sindhuraja Siyaka ( IAST : Sīyaka; reigned c. 949-972 CE), also known as Harsha (IAST: Harṣa), was the king of Malwa , who ruled in west-central India. He appears to have been
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3192-457: The Paramara throne with the support of the Kalyani Chalukya prince Vikramaditya VI ; he was probably dethroned by Vikramaditya's rival brother Someshvara II . After Jayasimha, Udayaditya ascended the Paramara throne. The Udaypur Prashasti inscription says that at Bhoja 's death " Dhara was filled with a dense darkness by his foes and his hereditary warriors become infirm in body. Then arose king Udayaditya, another sun as it were, destroying
3268-709: The Paramaras began to be called Malavas only after they began ruling the Malwa region. Based on the Agnikula legend, some scholars such as C. V. Vaidya and V. A. Smith speculated that Mount Abu was the original home of the Paramaras. Based on the Harsola copper plates and Ain-i-Akbari , D. C. Ganguly believed they came from the Deccan region. The earliest of the Paramara inscriptions (that of Siyaka II) have all been discovered in Gujarat, and concern land grants in that region. Based on this, D. B. Diskalkar and H. V. Trivedi theorized that
3344-525: The Paramaras to invent a legend of their own. A legend mentioned in a recension of Prithviraj Raso extended their Agnikula legend to describe other dynasties as fire-born Rajputs. The earliest extant copies of Prithviraj Raso do not contain this legend; this version might have been invented by the 16th-century poets who wanted to foster Rajput unity against the Mughal emperor Akbar . Some colonial-era historians interpreted this mythical account to suggest
3420-528: The Paramaras were associated with Gujarat during their early days. Another possibility is that the early Paramara rulers temporarily left their capital city of Dhara in Malwa for Gujarat because of a Gurjara-Pratihara invasion. This theory is based on the combined analysis of two sources: the Nava-sahasanka-charita , which states that the Paramara king Vairisimha cleared the Dhara city in Malwa of enemies; and
3496-506: The Rashtrakuta capital Manyakheta , and sacked that city in 972 CE. His victory ultimately led to the decline of the Rashtrakutas, and the establishment of the Paramaras as an independent sovereign power in Malwa. Siyaka's successor Munja achieved military successes against the Chahamanas of Shakambari , the Chahamanas of Naddula , the Guhilas of Mewar , the Hunas , the Kalachuris of Tripuri , and
3572-405: The Rashtrakuta capital Manyakheta , and sacked that city. The Udaipur prashasti states that Siyaka was as fierce as garuda when he took the wealth of Khottiga in battle. This event happened in 972-973 CE, as suggested by the poet Dhanapala, who states that he wrote Paiyalacchi-namamala when the lord of Malava was looting Manyakheta. Siyaka's victory led to the decline of the Rashtrakutas, and
3648-508: The Rashtrakuta lordship was nominal. As a Rashtrakuta feudatory, Siyaka participated in their campaigns against the Pratiharas . He also defeated some Huna chiefs ruling to the north of Malwa. He might have suffered setbacks against the Chandela king Yashovarman . After the death of Krishna III , Siyaka defeated his successor Khottiga in a battle fought on the banks of the Narmada River . He then pursued Khottiga's retreating army to
3724-410: The Rashtrakutas and the Chandelas . Siyaka's 949 CE Harsola inscriptions suggests that he was a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna III . However, the same inscription also mentions the high-sounding Maharajadhirajapati as one of Siyaka's titles. Based on this, K. N. Seth believes that Siyaka's acceptance of the Rashtrakuta lordship was nominal. Seth also theorizes that Siyaka was originally
3800-470: The Rashtrakutas. Ganguly tried to find support for his theory in Ain-i-Akbari , whose variation of the Agnikula myth (see below) states that a predecessor of the Paramaras came to Malwa from Deccan . According to Ain-i-Akbari , Dhanji - a man born from a fire sacrifice - came from Deccan to establish a kingdom in Malwa; when his descendant Putraj died heirless, the nobles established Aditya Ponwar -
3876-507: The Rawal of Mewar, The Guhila prince Vijaysinha, and gave birth to Alhandevi, who married the Kalachuri king Gayakarna . Inscriptions recording grants made by and military achievements of both Lakshmadeva and Naravarman have been discovered. According to one theory, Lakshmadeva succeeded Udayaditya on the throne. An alternative view is that Lakshmadeva's grants and military successes happened during
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#17328560748083952-441: The ancestor of the Paramaras - as the new king. Ganguly also noted Siyaka's successor Munja (Vakpati II) assumed titles such as Amoghavarsha , Sri-vallabha and Prithvi-vallabha : these are distinctively Rashtrakuta titles. However, there is a gap before the words tasmin kule ("in that family") in the Harsola inscription, and therefore, Ganguly's suggestion is a pure guess in absence of any concrete evidence. Moreover, even if
4028-567: The ancestors of the Paramaras were "crest-jewel of the Kshatriyas", and the Prabha-vakara-charita mentions that Vakpati was born in the dynasty of a Kshatriya. According to Singh, the expression "Brahma-Kshatriya" refers to a learned Kshatriya. D. C. Sircar theorized that the dynasty descended from the Malavas . However, there is no evidence of the early Paramara rulers being called Malava;
4104-475: The court poet of the later king Sindhuraja) proves that Upendra is not a fictional king. Historians such as Georg Bühler and James Burgess identify Upendra and Krishnaraja as one person, because these are synonyms (Upendra being another name of Krishna ). However, an inscription of Siyaka's successor Munja names the preceding kings as Krishnaraja, Vairisimha, and Siyaka. Based on this, Seth however identifies Krishnaraja with Vappairaja or Vakpati I mentioned in
4180-517: The cow. Vashistha then gave the hero the title Paramara ("enemy killer"). The earliest known source to mention this story is the Nava-sahasanka-charita of Padmagupta Parimala, who was a court-poet of the Paramara king Sindhuraja ( c. 997 –1010). The legend is not mentioned in earlier Paramara-era inscriptions or literary works. By this time, all the neighbouring dynasties claimed divine or heroic origin, which might have motivated
4256-425: The decline of the Rashtrakutas, and established the Paramaras as a sovereign power. Siyaka was the son of Vairisimha II. The Harsola copper-plate inscriptions issued by Siyaka are dated 31 January 949 CE. Based on this, it can be inferred that Siyaka must have ascended the Paramara throne sometime before January 949 CE. In his own inscriptions, as well as the inscriptions of his successors Munja and Bhoja , he
4332-495: The dense darkness......and gladdening the sight of his people by his splendour". According to the Nagpur inscription, "when he(Bhoja) had become Indra's companion, when the realm was overrun by floods in which its sovereign was submerged, his relative Udayaditya become king delivering the earth which was troubled by kings and taken possession of by Karna ...... joined by Karnatas." During Udayaditya's reign, Vikramaditya VI - who now held
4408-561: The earliest Paramara-era account does not mention the other dynasties as Agnivanshi. Some historians, such as Dasharatha Sharma and Pratipal Bhatia, have argued that the Paramaras were originally Brahmins from the Vashistha gotra . This theory is based on the fact that Halayudha , who was patronized by Munja, describes the king as "Brahma-Kshtra" in Pingala-Sutra-Vritti . According to Bhatia this expression means that Munja came from
4484-470: The establishment of the Paramaras as a sovereign power in Malwa. At its zenith, Siyaka's kingdom extended from Banswara in north to the Narmada River in south, and from Khetaka-mandala (present-day Kheda / Mahi River ) in the west to Vidisha area ( Betwa River ) in the east. According to the Paramara court poet Padmagupta, Siyaka was a Rajarshi ("king-sage"): he retired as an ascetic , after which he wore clothes made of grass. Tilaka-Manjari ,
4560-552: The first independent ruler of the Paramara dynasty . Siyaka is the earliest Paramara ruler known from his own inscriptions , which have been discovered in present-day Gujarat , and suggest that he was once a feudatory of the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta . After the death of the Rashtrakuta emperor Krishna III , he fought against the new king Khottiga , and sacked the Rashtrakuta capital Manyakheta in c. 972 CE. This ultimately led to
4636-403: The grants was a Thakkura named Vishnu. This fragmentary inscription, issued on 14 October 969 CE, was in the possession of a resident of Kheda in the early 20th century. He presented it to Muni Jinavijaya of Ahmedabad's Gujarat Puratatva Mandir in 1920. The inscription originally comprised two copper plates, of which only the second one is now available. The inscription records a grant, but
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#17328560748084712-421: The growing Paramara power, fought a battle against Siyaka. The battle was fought at Khalighatta on the banks of the Narmada River . Khottiga appears to have been the aggressor in this battle, as it was fought closer to the traditional Paramara territory. Siyaka was victorious, although he lost his Vagada feudatory Kanka (or Chachha) in the battle. After the battle, Siyaka pursued Khottiga's retreating forces to
4788-472: The king as Simha-danta-bhata (alternatively Simha-bhata). According to one theory, "Siyaka" is the Prakrit corruption of the Sanskrit "Simhaka". Georg Bühler suggested that the full name of the king was Harsha-simha, and both parts of this name were used to refer to him. By the time of Siyaka's ascention to the Paramara throne, the once-powerful Gurjara-Pratiharas had declined in power, because of attacks from
4864-451: The last years of Bhoja's reign, sometime after 1042 CE, Jayasimha's son and successor Someshvara I invaded Malwa, and sacked his capital Dhara . Bhoja re-established his control over Malwa soon after the departure of the Chalukya army, but the defeat pushed back the southern boundary of his kingdom from Godavari to Narmada . Bhoja's attempt to expand his kingdom eastwards was foiled by
4940-420: The names of later historical kings in order to push back the dynasty's age. The 1274 CE Mandhata copper-plate inscription of Jayavarman II similarly names eight successors of Paramara as Kamandaludhara, Dhumraja, Devasimhapala, Kanakasimha, Shriharsha, Jagaddeva , Sthirakaya and Voshari: these do not appear to be historical figures. HV Trivedi states that there is a possibility that Vairisimha I and Siyaka I of
5016-466: The north-western part of Malwa. Siyaka might have defeated a successor of the Huna chief Jajjapa, who had been killed by the Chalukya feudatory Balavarman in 9th century. Nava-Sahasanka-Charita also mentions that Siyaka defeated the lord of Rudapati. This territory appears to be same as "Rodapadi" mentioned in a fragmentary inscription found at Vidisha ; it appears that Rudapati lay on the eastern frontier of
5092-433: The protection of Karka-raja, the Rashtrakuta chief of Lata (a region bordering Malwa, in present-day Gujarat). The 871 Sanjan copper-plate inscription of Govinda's son Amoghavarsha I states that Govinda had appointed a vassal as the governor of Malwa. Since the Paramaras became the rulers of the Malwa region around this time, epigraphist H. V. Trivedi theorizes that this vassal was the Paramara king Upendra, although there
5168-406: The reign of his father, and Naravarman succeeded Udayaditya on the throne. Udayaditya appears to have had the hereditary fondness for literature and art, and to have brought up his sons as scholars, and his son Naravarman is believed to have been the author of more than one Prashasti. The gold coins issued by Udayaditya are of 4.05 g weight. On the obverse of these coins the image of seated Lakshmi
5244-468: The ruler of Gurjara region (possibly a Gujarat Chaulukya or Pratihara ruler). He also achieved some early successes against the Western Chalukya king Tailapa II , but was ultimately defeated and killed by Tailapa some time between 994 CE and 998 CE. As a result of this defeat, the Paramaras lost their southern territories (possibly the ones beyond the Narmada River ) to the Chalukyas. Munja
5320-406: The titles such as Prithvi-vallabha , which had been used by the preceding Chalukya rulers. Historian Dasharatha Sharma points out that the Paramaras claimed the mythical Agnikula origin by the 10th century: had they really been descendants of the Rashtrakutas, they would not have forgotten their prestigious royal origin within a generation. The later Paramara kings claimed to be members of
5396-428: Was discovered in the possession of a Visnagar Brahmin of Harsol in the 20th century. It suggests that Siyaka was a Rashtrakuta feudatory in his early years. It records the grants of two villages to a Nagar Brahmin father-son duo of Anandpura (identified with Vadnagar ). The villages - Kumbharotaka and Sihaka - are identified with the modern villages of Kamrod and Sika. The dapaka or the officer-in-charge of registering
5472-411: Was either a titular ruler controlled by his minister, or his minister had usurped a part of the Paramara kingdom. Mahalakadeva , the last known Paramara king, was defeated and killed by the army of Ayn al-Mulk Multani , a general of Alauddin Khalji of the Delhi Sultanate , in 1305 CE. According to historical 'Kailash Chand Jain', "Knowledge of the early Paramara rulers from Upendra to Vairisimha
5548-461: Was established in either the 9th or 10th century, and its early rulers most probably ruled as vassals of the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta . The earliest extant Paramara inscriptions, issued by the 10th-century ruler Siyaka , have been found in Gujarat . Around 972 CE, Siyaka sacked the Rashtrakuta capital Manyakheta , and established the Paramaras as a sovereign power. By the time of his successor Munja ,
5624-413: Was forced to retreat by the Chahamanas of Naddula . According to medieval Muslim historians, after sacking Somnath , Mahmud of Ghazni changed his route to avoid confrontation with a Hindu king named Param Dev. Modern historians identify Param Dev as Bhoja: the name may be a corruption of Paramara-Deva or of Bhoja's title Parameshvara-Paramabhattaraka . Bhoja may have also contributed troops to support
5700-557: Was himself a polymath, whose writings cover a wide variety of topics include grammar, poetry, architecture, yoga, and chemistry. Bhoja established the Bhoj Shala which was a centre for Sanskrit studies and a temple of Sarasvati in present-day Dhar . He is said to have founded the city of Bhojpur , a belief supported by historical evidence. Besides the Bhojeshwar Temple there, the construction of three now-breached dams in that area
5776-465: Was reputed as a patron of scholars, and his rule attracted scholars from different parts of India to Malwa. He was also a poet himself, although only a few stanzas composed by him now survive. Munja's brother Sindhuraja (ruled c. 990s CE) defeated the Western Chalukya king Satyashraya , and recovered the territories lost to Tailapa II. He also achieved military successes against a Huna chief,
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