112-658: The Sabarmati River is one of the major west-flowing rivers in India. It originates in the Aravalli Range of the Udaipur District of Rajasthan and meets the Gulf of Khambhat of Arabian Sea after travelling 371 km (231 mi) in a south-westerly direction across Rajasthan and Gujarat . 48 km (30 mi) of the river length is in Rajasthan, while 323 km (201 mi)
224-498: A rigid indentor which controlled the overall wedge shaped geometry of the orogen. Lithology of area shows that the base rocks of Aravalli are of Mewar Gneiss formed by high-grade regional metamorphic processes from preexisting formations that were originally sedimentary rock with earliest life form that were formed during the archean eon, these contain fossils of unicellular organism such as green algae and cyanobacteria in stromatolitic carbonate ocean reefs formed during
336-502: A buffer against pollution, 51% of which is caused by the industrial pollution, 27% by vehicles, 8% by crop burning and 5% by diwali fireworks . It was proposed several times form the 1990s, but as of 2024 the project is still in the planning stage. The Sariska–Delhi leopard wildlife corridor or the Northern Aravalli leopard wildlife corridor is a 200 km long important biodiversity and wildlife corridor which runs from
448-566: A convergent plate boundary) of the oceanic crust along the Rakhabdev lineament, flattening and eventual wrenching (also called strike-slip plate fault, sideways horizontal movement of colliding plates with no vertical motion) parallel to the collision zone. Associated mafic igneous rocks show both continental and oceanic tholeiitic geochemistry (magnesium and iron-rich igneous rocks) from phanerozoic eon (541–0 million) with rift-related magmatic rock formations. The Aravalli-Delhi Orogen
560-524: A craton where basement rock crops out at the surface and it is the relatively oldest and most stable part that are undeformed by the plate tectonics . The Aravalli Craton (Marwar-Mewar Craton or Western Indian Craton) covers Rajasthan as well as western and southern Haryana . It includes the Mewar Craton in the east and Marwar Craton in the west. It is limited by the Great Boundary Fault in
672-539: A delta; Rift valley rivers form estuaries. Other rivers which flow through the rift valley include the Damodar River in Chota Nagpur Plateau and Tapti. The Tapti River and Mahi River also flow through rift valleys, but between different ranges. It flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh (1,077 km (669.2 mi)), and Maharashtra , (74 km (46.0 mi)), (39 km (24.2 mi)) (actually along
784-831: A high-level Committee was appointed by the Government of India (GOI) in September 1964. In 1965, the Committee prepared a Master Plan for the basin, which involved construction of 12 major projects in Madhya Pradesh and the Navagam Dam in Gujarat. Gujarat endorsed the proposal, but Maharashtra did not. After intense parleys failed to resolve the problem, in 1968 GOI agreed to establish the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (NWDT) under
896-821: A large contiguous forest block that harbours a community of plant and animal species typical of the central highland region. Apart from the above national parks, there are also a number of natural preserves such as the Amarkantak , the Bagh Caves and the Bhedaghat . In compliance of the Environmental Action Plan for the Narmadasagar and Omkareswar HEPs, as per the recommendations of the Wildlife Institute of India three new protected areas may be created, which are, a)
1008-582: A law. This amendment will reduce the Haryana's Natural Conservation Zones (NCZs) by 47% or 60,000 acres from 122,113.30 hectares to only 64,384.66 hectares. This is in violation of multiple guidelines of the Supreme Court of India as well as " NCR Planning Board " (NCRPB) notification which states the original 122,113.30 hectares ecologically sensitive forest of South Haryana is a forest, "The major natural features, identified as environmentally sensitive areas, are
1120-677: A major watershed feeding the Sardar Sarovar and Karjan reservoir (on the Karjan River, a tributary of Narmada in Gujarat). It is the habitat of mammals and a variety of birds, including eagles and hawks . The development of the Narmada river has led to the inundation of some archaeological and architectural sites. The Department of Archaeology, Museums and Archives, Government of Madhya Pradesh, undertook rescue excavations in response, and transplanted
1232-586: A near-orderly Wilson supercontinental cycle of events . The range rose in a Precambrian event called the Aravalli - Delhi Orogen . The Aravalli Range is a northeast–southwest trending orogenic belt located in the northwestern part of Indian Peninsula. It is part of the Indian Shield that formed from a series of cratonic collisions. In ancient times, Aravalli were extremely high but since have worn down almost completely from millions of years of weathering , whereas
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#17328487484341344-586: A number of temples. An attempt to comprehensively list and publish lost sites has been undertaken by Jürgen Neuss. Many Dinosaur fossils have been found in the Narmada valley. The first fossil was discovered in 1828 by William Sleeman . In 1982 fossil remains of Rajasaurus narmadensis , which lived in the Cretaceous Period , was discovered. The Narmada river has a huge water resources potential, as much as 33,210,000 acre-feet (40.96 km ) of average annual flow (more than 90% of this flow occurring during
1456-796: A right bank tributary, the Sei River . Continuing its journey, it is joined by a left bank tributary, the Harnav River, before entering the Dharoi reservoir. After the Sabarmati passes the Dharoi dam it meets another left bank tributary, the Hathmati River . From there, the river flows past the city of Ahmedabad and is joined by a left bank tributary, the Watrak River. The Sabarmati River continues to flow and drains into
1568-524: A rigid Archaean continent banded gneissic complex around 2.2 Ga with the coexisting formation of the Bhilwara aulacogen in its eastern part and eventual rupturing and separation of the continent along a line parallel to the Rakhabdev (Rishabhdev) lineament to the west, simultaneous development of a passive continental margin with the undersea shelf rise sediments of the Aravalli-Jharol belts depositing on
1680-799: A variety of birds. Hornbill and peafowl are the common birds. The flora of the national park consists of mainly sal , teak, tendu , aonla , mahua , bael , bamboo , and a variety of grasses and medicinal plants . Forest areas outside protected areas are also quite rich in floral and faunal diversity. Mandla Plant Fossils National Park , Dindori National fossils park Ghughuya is situated in Dindori district of Madhya Pradesh in India. This national park has plants in fossil form that existed in India anywhere between 40 million and 150 million years ago spread over seven villages of Mandla District (Ghuguwa, Umaria, Deorakhurd, Barbaspur, Chanti-hills, Chargaon and Deori Kohani). The Mandla Plant Fossils National Park
1792-522: Is Guru Shikhar on Mount Abu at 1,722 m (5,650 ft). The Aravalli Range is one of the oldest geological features on Earth , having its origin in the Proterozoic era. The Aravalli Range is rich in natural resources and serves as check to the growth of the western desert. Aravalli, a composite Sanskrit word from the roots "ara" and "vali" , literally means the "line of peaks" . The Aravalli Range, an eroded stub of ancient mountains,
1904-589: Is a Sanskrit word meaning "The Giver of Pleasure" . The source of the Narmada is a small reservoir, known as the Narmada Kund . It is located at Amarkantak on the Amarkantak Plateau in the Anuppur District on Shahdol zone of eastern Madhya Pradesh . The river descends from Sonmuda, then falls over a cliff as Kapildhara waterfall and meanders in the hills, flowing through a tortuous course crossing
2016-416: Is a seasonal river whose flows are dominated by the monsoon, with little or no flows post-monsoon. An average flow of 33 m (1,200 cu ft) per second was measured at Ahmedabad during the period 1968–1979. Over the past century, the flood of August 1973 is considered to be the largest flood, when a flow of 14,150 m (500,000 cu ft) per second was measured at Dharoi. In Rajasthan , it
2128-778: Is along the Ferozpure Jhirka-Nuh Aravali range as well as Delhi South Ridge (Faridabad-Gurugram) to Farrukhnagar area on the Delhi–Haryana border, with reports of sightings in Saidpur, Lokri and Jhund Sarai Viran villages near the KMP expressway; Bhukarka 7 km from Pataudi; Pathkori, Bhond, Mandawar in Ferozepur Jirka region. In May 1992, some parts of the Aravalli hills in Rajasthan and Haryana were protected from mining through
2240-603: Is also said to have been engaged with the Sonbhadra , another river flowing on the Chota Nagpur Plateau . According to the Puranas , the Narmada is also called the Reva, from its leaping motion (from the root 'rev') through its rocky bed. The Narmada River is also worshipped as mother goddess Muktidayani, or liberating mother. The importance of the Narmada River as sacred is testified by
2352-470: Is an orogen event that led to a large structural deformation of the Earth's lithosphere (crust and uppermost mantle, such as Aravalli and Himalayas fold mountains) due to the interaction between tectonic plates when a continental plate is crumpled and is pushed upwards to form mountain ranges, and involve a great range of geological processes collectively called orogenesis . The archean basement had served as
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#17328487484342464-640: Is an area that spreads over 274,100 m (2,950,387.8 sq ft). Such fossils are found in three other villages of the district also, but they lie outside the national park. The Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve covers part of three civil districts viz., Narmadapuram, Betul and Chhindwara of Madhya Pradesh. The total area is 4,926.28 km (1,902.0 sq mi). It envelops three wildlife conservation units viz., Bori Sanctuary (518.00 km ), Satpura National Park (524.37 km (202.5 sq mi)), and Pachmarhi Sanctuary (461.37 km (178.1 sq mi)). Satpura National Park comprises
2576-607: Is an important place of worship in Madhya Pradesh. At first, the descent is rapid and the stream, quickening in pace, rushes over a barrier of rocks. The Sikta and the Kaveri join it below the Khandwa plain. At two points, at Mandhar, about 40 km (24.9 mi) below Nemawar , and Dadrai, 40 km (24.9 mi) further down near Punasa, the river falls over a height of about 12 m (39.4 ft). A few kilometres further down in Barwaha
2688-514: Is believed that the Sabarmati River originated due to the penance of ascetic Kashyapa on Mount Abu . His penance had pleased Shiva and in return, Shiva gave ascetic Kashyapa the Ganges River. The Ganges River flowed from Shiva's hair onto Mount Abu and became the Sabarmati River. In another legend surrounding the origin of the river, Shiva brought the goddess Ganga to Gujarat and that caused
2800-717: Is believed to be the oldest range of fold mountains in India. The natural history of the Aravalli Range dates back to times when the Indian Plate was separated from the Eurasian Plate by an ocean. The Proterozoic Aravalli-Delhi orogenic belt in northwest India is similar to the younger Himalayan-type orogenic belts of the Mesozoic - Cenozoic era (of the Phanerozoic ) in terms of component parts and appears to have passed through
2912-611: Is derived from Satpura hill ranges (Mahadeo hills) and covers an area of 524 km (202.3 sq mi) and along with the adjoining Bori and Panchmarhi Sanctuaries, provides 1,427 km (551.0 sq mi) of unique central Indian Highland ecosystem. Satpura National Park, being part of a unique ecosystem, is very rich in biodiversity. The fauna comprises tiger, leopard , sambar , chital , bhedki, nilgai , four-horned antelope , chinkara , gaur , wild boar , wild dog , sloth bear , black buck , fox, porcupine , flying squirrel , mouse deer , Indian giant squirrel . There are
3024-459: Is in Gujarat. The Sabarmati River originates in the Aravalli Range in the Indian state of Rajasthan . The total length of the river is 371 km (231 mi). After travelling 48 km (30 mi) in Rajasthan it flows into the Indian state of Gujarat where it is joined by a left bank tributary, Wakal, near the village Ghonpankhari. From there, the river continues southwest to Mhauri and meets
3136-495: Is located on the main river. The Hathmati, Harnav and Guhai dams are located on the tributaries meeting the main river upstream of Ahmedabad while Meshvo reservoir, Meshvo pick-ueir, Mazam and Watrak dams are located on tributaries meeting downstream. The Kalpasar is planned project in the Gulf of Khambhat. In 2002, water from the Narmada river was released into the Sabarmati River through
3248-587: Is navigable for vessels of the burthen of 95 tonnes (i.e., 380 Bombay candies) up to Bharuch and for vessels up to 35 tonnes (140 Bombay candies) up to Shamlapitha or Ghangdia. The small vessels (10 tonnes) voyage up to Tilakawada in Gujarat. There are sand bases and shoals at mouth and at Bharuch. The nearby island of Kabirvad, in the Narmada River, features a gigantic Banyan tree , which covers 10,000 square metres (2.5 acres). The Narmada basin , hemmed between Vindhya and Satpura ranges, extends over an area of 98,796 km (38,145.3 sq mi) and lies on
3360-674: The Aravalli Supergroup and Delhi Supergroup . These two supergroups rest over the Archean Bhilwara Gneissic Complex basement , which is a gneissic (high-grade metamorphism of sedimentary or igneous rocks) basement formed during the archean eon 4 Ga ago. It started as an inverted basin , that rifted and pulled apart into granitoid basement , initially during Aravalli passive rifting around 2.5 to 2.0 Ga years ago and then during Delhi active rifting around 1.9 to 1.6 Ga years ago. It started with rifting of
3472-557: The Geological Survey of India to declare the site as a National Geological Monument . Tectonic-stratigraphic evolution of the Aravalli Range: The stratigraphic classification of the Aravalli Range can be divided into the following parts (north to south direction): The Aravalli Range has been site of three broad stages of human history, early Stone Age saw the use of flint stones; mid-Stone Age starting from 20,000 BP saw
Sabarmati River - Misplaced Pages Continue
3584-573: The Gulf of Khambhat into the Arabian Sea , 30 km (18.6 mi) west of Bharuch city of Gujarat . It is one of only two major rivers in peninsular India that runs from east to west (longest west flowing river), along with the Tapti River . It is one of the rivers in India that flows in a rift valley , bordered by the Satpura and Vindhya ranges. As a rift valley river, the Narmada does not form
3696-461: The Gulf of Khambhat , in the Arabian Sea . The catchment area of the Sabarmati basin is 21,674 km (8,368 sq mi) out of which 4,124 km (1,592 sq mi) lies in Rajasthan State and the remaining 18,550 km (7,160 sq mi) in Gujarat. The basin is located in a semi-arid zone with rainfall ranging from 450 to 800 mm (18 to 31 in) in different parts of
3808-612: The Himalayas , young fold mountains, are still continuously rising. Aravalli have stopped growing higher due to the cessation of upward thrust caused by the tectonic plates in the Earth's crust below them. The Aravalli Range joins two of the ancient Earth's crust segments that make up the greater Indian craton , the Aravalli Craton which is the Marwar segment of Earth's crust to the northwest of
3920-501: The Interstate River Water Disputes Act of 1956 to adjudicate on the dispute relating to sharing of water of the interstate Narmada and its valley. After ten years of deliberations and taking into considering the development of the water resources of the basin as a whole gave its award December 1978. Even though the tribunal award resolved the initial issue of water sharing, the height of dam, benefit sharing and
4032-609: The Rann of Kutch . "The Great Green Wall of Aravalli" is a proposed 1,600 km long and 5 km wide green ecological corridor along Aravalli range from Gujarat to Delhi, it will be connected to Shivalik hill range and 1.35 billion (135 crore) new native trees will be planted over 10 years to rehabilitate the forest cover in this area. To be implemented on a concept similar to the Great Green Wall of Sahara in Africa, it will act as
4144-681: The Sabarmati Ashram as his home on the banks of this river. In 2018, an assessment by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) named the Kheroj-Vautha stretch of the Sabarmati among the most polluted river stretches in India. Ahmedabad civic body's failure to build a sewage treatment plant in Motera resulted in further pollution of the river water. There are several reservoirs on the Sabarmati and its tributaries. The Dharoi dam
4256-477: The Sardar Sarovar dam . The Sabarmati Riverfront project is one of the most ambitious projects undertaken by the government to enrich the economy. As per the research conducted by couple of academics, the main concern of the riverfront project was to reduce river pollution, increase tourism, and prevent future floods. As of 2020, the second phase of the project has received in-principle approval. KPMG has listed
4368-474: The Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan to Delhi Ridge. This corridor is an important habitat for the Indian leopards and jackals of Aravalli. In January 2019, the Wildlife Institute of India announced that they will undertake the survey of leopard and wildlife, using pugmarks and trap cameras, subsequently, leopards and jackals will be tracked via the radio collars . Urban development, especially
4480-807: The Sher River , Shakkar River , the Dudhi River , the Tawa (biggest tributary) and the Ganjal. The Hiran , the Barna , the Choral , the Karam and the Lohar are the important tributaries joining from the north. Below Handia and Nemawar to Hiran fall (the deer's leap), the river is approached by hills from both sides. In this stretch the character of the river is varied. Omkareshwar , sacred to Shiva
4592-513: The Sindh - Baluchistan and Kutch . At one time, a marine ravine penetrated the very centre of Peninsular India through a narrow inlet along the present valley of Narmada. During this time India was divided into two halves by narrow strips of marine transgressions and there was no land communication between the Peninsular and northern India. Along the Narmada Valley, several patches of sediments have been deposited which contains ancient remains of animals. These fossils are similar to those found along
Sabarmati River - Misplaced Pages Continue
4704-559: The paleoproterozoic era . Sedimentary exhalative deposits of base metal sulfide ores formed extensively along several, long, linear zones in the Bhilwara aulacogen or produced local concentration in the rifted Aravalli continental margin, where rich stromatolitic phosphorites also formed. Tectonic evolution of the Aravalli Mountains shows Mewar Gneiss rocks are overlain by Delhi Supergroup type of rocks that also have post-Aravalli intrusions. Metal sulfide ores were formed in two different epochs, lead and zinc sulfide ores were formed in
4816-573: The Aravalli Range, and the Bundelkand Craton segment of the Earth's crust to the southeast of the Aravalli Range. Cratons, generally found in the interiors of tectonic plates, are old and stable parts of the continental lithosphere that have remained relatively undeformed during the cycles of merging and rifting of continents. It consists of two main sequences formed in the Proterozoic eon , metasedimentary rock (sedimentary rocks metamorphosed under pressure and heat without melting) and metavolcanic rock (metamorphosed volcanic rocks) sequences of
4928-463: The Aravalli Range. The Aravalli Range has several forests with a diversity of environment. The Aravalli Range is rich in wildlife. The first-ever 2017 wildlife survey of a 200 square kilometre area crossing five districts (Gurgaon, Faridabad, Mewat, Rewari and Mahendergarh) of Haryana by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) found 14 species, including leopards , striped hyena (7 sightings), golden jackal (9 sightings, with 92% occupancy across
5040-403: The Aravalli and the lack of an integrated Aravalli management agency are the major causes of concern. Narmada River The Narmada River , previously also known as Narbada or anglicised as Nerbudda , is the 5th longest river in India and overall the longest west-flowing river in the country. It is also the largest flowing river in the state of Madhya Pradesh . This river flows through
5152-507: The Aravalli range dates back to at least the 5th century BCE, based on carbon dating . Recent research indicates that copper was already mined here during the Sothi - Siswal period going back to c. 4000 BCE . Ancient Kalibangan and Kunal, Haryana settlements obtained copper here. The Indian Craton includes five major cratons . Cratons are part of continental crust made up of upper layer called platforms and older bottom layer called basement rocks . shields are part of
5264-474: The Bank conducting an Independent Review Mission (IRM) in 1991 of the Sardar Sarovar Project and identified several recommendations. However, the IRM's report was neither accepted by the Government of India or the World Bank . Finally the Government of India decided to terminate further drawing from the World Bank loan and would complete the project with national resources. The Supreme Court has also deliberated on this issue for several years but finally upheld
5376-641: The Central Rajasthan region, Sharma states that the presence of some mining has had both positive and negative effects on neighboring agriculture and the ecosystem. The rain-induced erosion brings nutrients as well as potential contaminants. The Aravali Range is the source area of many rivers, resulting in development of human settlements with sustainable economy since pre-historic times. The Delhi–Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project , Western Dedicated Freight Corridor , Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor , North Western Railway network, Jaipur–Kishangarh Expressway and Delhi–Jaipur Expressway , all run parallel to
5488-507: The Ecologically Sensitive Areas clauses of Indian laws. In 2003, the central government of India prohibited mining operations in these areas. In 2004, India's Supreme Court banned mining in the notified areas of Aravalli Range. In May 2009, the Supreme Court extended the ban on mining in an area of 448 km across the Faridabad , Gurgaon and Mewat districts in Haryana , covering the Aravalli Range. A 2013 report used high-resolution Cartosat-1 and LISS-IV satellite imaging to determine
5600-472: The Khosla Committee recommended that further investigations be carried out on four of the seven proposed sites. The four sites included Tawa, Bargi, Punasa and the Broach Barrage and Canal Project. In 1951 CWNIC was renamed Central Waterways & Power Commission (CWPC) and in 1957 a senior member of the CWPC selected further investigations to be completed at Navagam, a site that fell under the Broach Project. Navagam eventually became CWPC's preferred site because
5712-441: The Narmada Control Authority had approved a series of changes in the final height and the associated displacement caused by the increased reservoir, from the original 80 m (260 ft) to a final 163 m (535 ft) from foundation. Investigations for harnessing the Narmada waters began in 1945 to 1946 by A. N. Khosla who was the chairman of the Central Waterways, Irrigation and Navigation Commission (CWINC). In 1948
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#17328487484345824-451: The Narmada National Park (496.70 km ), b) the Surmanya Sanctuary (126.67 km ) and c) Omkareshwar Sanctuary (119.96 km ) comprising a total area of 788.57 km (304.47 sq mi). Shoolpaneshwar Sanctuary in Gujarat, near the Sardar Sarovar dam site, previously called the Dumkal Sloth Bear Sanctuary (old sanctuary has been expanded four times) now covers an area of about 607 km (234.4 sq mi), comprises
5936-405: The Narmada River. According to the Rewa Khand, the Narmada was created from Shiva's perspiration while he was performing penance on Mount Riksha. Due to this, the Narmada River is known as Shiva's daughter. In another legend, two teardrops fell from the eyes of Brahma , the creator of the universe, which yielded two rivers – the Narmada and the Son . Narmada is also considered sacred because of
6048-409: The Narmada did not have enough water supply to meet the requirements as planned by the two states. This began inter-State conflicts that went on for several years until 1963 when the Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat arrived at a set of compromises called the Bhopal Agreement. Gujarat State ratified the agreement but Madhya Pradesh did not, which led to another impasse. To break the logjam,
6160-412: The Narmada enters the Mandleshwar plain, the second basin about 180 km (111.8 mi) long and 65 km (40.4 mi) wide in the south. The northern strip of the basin is only 25 km (15.5 mi). The second valley section is broken only by Saheshwar Dhara fall. The early course of about 125 km (77.7 mi) up to Markari falls is met with a succession of cataracts and rapids from
6272-520: The Sabarmati Riverfront project in its top 100 most innovative global infrastructure projects. 22°18′N 72°22′E / 22.300°N 72.367°E / 22.300; 72.367 Aravalli Range The Aravalli Range (also spelled Aravali ) is a mountain range in Northern - Western India , running approximately 670 km (420 mi) in a south-west direction, starting near Delhi , passing through southern Haryana , Rajasthan , and ending in Ahmedabad Gujarat . The highest peak
6384-399: The Sabarmati to come into being. Rajashekhara 's Kavya-mimamsa (10th century) calls the river Shvabhravati ( IAST : Śvabhravatī). The 11th century text Shringara-manjari-katha calls it "Sambhramavati" (literally, "full of fickleness"). Jain Acharya Buddhisagarsuri has written many poems about the Sabarmati River. During India's independence struggle , Mahatma Gandhi established
6496-434: The Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP), ex-Maheshwar Project. The operation of Indira Sagar Project will be carried out in such a way as to facilitate the regulation of Sardar Sarovar. The dam and the powerhouse have been completed, but storage has been restricted up to EL 260 m under orders of the High Court, Jabalpur from R&R consideration. All the units of the powerhouse have been commissioned and generation of power from
6608-691: The Satpura range and the rest on the right bank are from the Vindhya range. Dhupgarh (1,350 m), near Pachmarhi is the highest point of the Narmada basin. The basin has five well defined physiographic regions. They are:(1) The upper hilly areas covering parts of Anuppur , Mandla , Dindori , Balaghat and Seoni , (2) The upper plains covering parts of Jabalpur , Narsinghpur , Chhindwara , Narmadapuram , Betul , Harda , Raisen and Sehore districts, (3) The middle plains covering parts of Khandwa , Khargone , Dewas , Indore and Dhar , (4) The lower hilly areas covering parts of Barwani , Alirajpur , Nandurbar , Chhota Udepur and Narmada , and (5)
6720-401: The Tribunal Award and allowed the construction to proceed, subject to conditions. The Court introduced a mechanism to monitor the progress of resettlement pari passu with the raising of the height of the dam through Grievance Redressal Authorities (GRA) in each of the party states. The court's decision referred in this document, given in the year 2000, after 7 years of deliberations, has paved
6832-411: The Vindhyas, but not the Vindhyan tableland , the streams from which flow into the Ganges and Yamuna . Like the Ganges, the Narmada River is a goddess and a river in Hinduism. The Matsya Purana states that all of the banks along the Narmada are sacred. Ptolemy called the Narmada River 'Nammadus' and the author of the Periplus called it 'Nammadios.' There are many stories about the origin of
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#17328487484346944-429: The area of the Aravalli Hill Range. Among them, there are similarities in material culture, and in the production of copper tools. They are located near the copper mines. "The GSCC is east of the Harappan culture, to the north-east of Ahar–Banas Complex , north/north west to the Kayatha Culture and at a later date, west of the OCP-Copper Hoard sites ( Ochre Coloured Pottery culture – Copper Hoard culture ). Located within
7056-506: The attenuated crust on the eastern flank of the separated continent, subsequent destruction of the continental margin by accretion of the Delhi island arc (a type of archipelago composed of an arc-shaped chain of volcanoes closely situated parallel to a convergent boundary between two converging tectonic plates) from the west around 1.5 Ga. This tectonic plates collision event involved early thrusting with partial obduction (overthrusting of oceanic lithosphere onto continental lithosphere at
7168-432: The basin. The river traverses three geomorphic zones: rocky uplands, middle alluvial plains, and lower estuarine zone. The major tributaries are the Watrak, Wakal, Hathmati, Harnav, and Sei rivers. Average annual water availability in the Sabarmati basin is 308 m (10,900 cu ft) per capita, which is significantly lower than the national average of 1,545 m (54,600 cu ft) per capita. The Sabarmati
7280-421: The blocks on either side due to ancient spreading of the Earth's crust. Two normal faults , known as the Narmada North fault and Narmada South fault, parallel to the river's course, and mark the boundary between the Narmada block and the Vindhya and Satpura blocks or Horsts which rose relative to the Narmada Graben. The Narmada's watershed includes the northern slopes of the Satpuras, and the steep southern slope of
7392-421: The border between Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra (39 km (24.2 mi)) and then the border between Maharashtra and Gujarat (74 km (46.0 mi)) and in Gujarat (161 km (100.0 mi)). The Periplus Maris Erythraei (c. 80 AD) called the river the Namnadius (Ναμνάδιος), Ptolemy called it Namadus (Νάμαδος) and Namades (Ναμάδης) and the British Raj called it the Nerbudda or Narbada. Narmada
7504-461: The core zone and the remaining area of 4,501.91 km (1,738.2 sq mi)), surrounding the core zone serves as buffer zone. The area comprises 511 villages. The area exhibits variety of geological rock and soil formations. There is a wide spectrum of floral and faunal features that occupy the Satpura conservation area. It is one of the oldest forest reserves, which has an established tradition of scientific management of forests. It constitutes
7616-526: The domestication of cattle for agriculture; and post Stone Age starting from 10,000 BP saw the development of the Kalibangan civilisation, 4,000 BP the Aahar civilisation and 2,800 BP the Gneshwar civilisation. The Tosham hills have several Indus Valley Civilisation sites in and around the hill range as the area falls under copper-bearing zone of Southwest Haryana and Northeast Rajasthan of Aravalli hill range. Investigation of IVC network of mineral ore needs for metallurgical work and trade, shows that
7728-461: The drier forests and scrublands of the Deccan to the south and Malwa and Gujarat to the west and northwest. The natural vegetation of the region is a three–tiered forest. Tectona grandis is the dominant canopy tree, in association with Diospyros melanoxylon , Dhaora ( Anogeissus latifolia ), Lagerstroemia parviflora , Terminalia tomentosa , Lannea coromandelica , Hardwickia binata and Boswellia serrata . Riparian areas along
7840-449: The east, the Thar Desert in the west, Indo-gangetic alluvium in the north, and the Son River - Narmada River - Tapti River basins in the south. It mainly has quartzite , marble , pelite , greywacke and extinct volcanos exposed in the Aravalli-Delhi Orogen . Malani Igneous Suite is the largest in India and third largest igneous suit in the world. The uniqueness of the geological feature of Malani Igneous Suite at Jodhpur prompted
7952-400: The ecoregion is covered in relatively intact vegetation. The ecoregion includes some large blocks of habitat in the Vindhya and Satpura ranges. About 5% of the ecoregion lies within protected areas , including Bandhavgarh , Panna , and Sanjay National Parks . Some of the important national parks and wild life sanctuaries in the valley are the following-: Kanha National Park located in
8064-451: The elevated table land of Malwa to the low level of Gujarat plain. Towards the west of this basin, the hills draw very close but soon dwindle down. Below Makrai, the river flows between Vadodara district and Narmada district and then meanders through the rich plain of Bharuch district of Gujarat state. The banks are high between the layers of old alluvial deposits, hardened mud, gravels of nodular limestone and sand . The width of
8176-593: The existence and condition of mines in the Aravalli Range. In the Guru Gram district, the Aravalli hills occupy an area of 11,256 hectares, of which 491 (4.36%) hectares had mines, of which 16 hectares (0.14%) were abandoned flooded mines. In the Faridabad and Mewat districts, about 3610 hectares were part of mining industry, out of a total of 49,300 hectares. These mines were primarily granite and marble quarries for India's residential and real estate construction applications. In
8288-527: The extension of Aravalli ridge in Rajasthan, Haryana and NCT-Delhi; forest areas; rivers and tributaries... major lakes and water bodies such as Badkhal lake , Suraj Kund and Damdama in Haryana sub-region" . This area as part of Northern Aravalli leopard and wildlife corridor is an important habitat for the leopards in Haryana . This corridor runs from Sariska and Ranthmbor to Rann of Kutch National Park and Gir National Park in Gujarat. The following national parks, wildlife reserves, and forests lie in
8400-463: The fact that the pilgrims perform a holy pilgrimage of a parikrama or circumambulation of the river. The Narmada Parikrama, as it is called, is considered to be a meritorious act that a pilgrim can undertake. Many sadhus and pilgrims walk on foot from the Arabian Sea at Bharuch in Gujarat, along the river, to the source in Maikal Mountains (Amarkantak hills) in Madhya Pradesh and back along
8512-571: The fall of mist , it flows for (3 km (1.9 mi)), in a deep narrow channel through the magnesium limestone and basalt rocks called the Marble Rocks ; from a width of about 90 m (295.3 ft), above, it is compressed in this channel of (18 m (59.1 ft)), only. Beyond this point up to its meeting the Arabian Sea, the Narmada enters three narrow valleys between the Vindhya scarps in
8624-468: The falls are the Dugdhdhara, Dhardi falls, Bheraghat, Dhuandhara, Kapiladhara and Sahastradhara. The lower Narmada River Valley and the surrounding uplands, covering an area of 169,900 km (65,598.8 sq mi) consists of dry deciduous forests. The ecoregion lies between moister forests to the northeast, southeast, and southwest, which receive greater rainfall from the southeast monsoon , and
8736-488: The forest land can be exploited and opened up for the intrusive human development. This habitat is under serious threat from the wrong actions of the Government of Haryana which in 2019 passed the amendment to the Punjab Land Alienation Act, 1900 (PLPA). Governor has given his assent for the act, but it has not yet been notified by the Haryana government, hence it is in limbo and has not officially become
8848-471: The geography allowed the dam's height to be raised higher. In 1960, the federal Government of India's Ministry of Irrigation and Power consultant team recommended that the Navagam Dam height be raised in one phase and that the drought prone areas in then Bombay State (modern day Saurashtra and Kutch regions) receive irrigation. On 1 May 1960 Bombay state was separated into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. The Navagam Dam site and Broach Project fell under
8960-809: The grounds of the Government School in Khanak, during 2014 and 2016. They found early to mature Harappan phase IVC materials, pottery, semiprecious beads of lapis lazuli , carnelian and others. They also found evidence of metallurgical activities, such as crucibles (used for pouring molten metal), furnace lining, burnt floor, ash and ore slugs. Ceramic petrography , metallography , scanning electron microscope (SEM, non-destructive, surface images of nanoscale resolution), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXA and EDXMA non-destructive, qualitative and quantitative elemental composition) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, destructive method) scientific studies of
9072-654: The highways and railways bisecting the Aravalli range and wildlife corridor in several places pose a great risk. Large parts of Aravalli are legally and physically unprotected, with no wildlife passages and little or no wildlife conservation work resulting in deaths of over 10 leopards in 4 years between January 2015 to January 2019. The Haryana side of the Gurugram-Faridabad Aravalli hill forests lack availability of water due to which wild animals are seldom seen there. The Government of Haryana used drones for aerial surveys and dug 22 ephemeral pits in 2018 to store
9184-557: The latter at Vyas in Vadodara district of Gujarat, opposite each other and form a Triveni (confluence of three rivers) on the Narmada. The Amaravati and the Bhukhi are other tributaries of significance. Opposite the mouth of the Bhukhi is a large drift called Alia Bet or Kadaria Bet. The tidal rise is felt up to 32 km (19.9 mi) above Bharuch, where the neap tides rise to about a metre and spring tide 3.5 m (11.5 ft). The river
9296-522: The length of the Aravalli Range providing an economic boost. The Aravalli Range is the home of forests, wildlife, protected areas, UNESCO heritage listed forts, rivers, and historical monuments which sustain a large tourism industry. Damage to the environment and ecology from the unorganized urbanization , overexploitation of the natural resources including water and minerals, mining , untreated human waste and disposal, pollution, loss of forest cover and wildlife habitat , unprotected status of most of
9408-482: The lower plains covering mainly the districts of Narmada, Bharuch , and parts of Vadodara district . The hill regions are well forested. The upper, middle and lower plains are broad and fertile areas, well suited for cultivation. The Narmada basin mainly consists of black soils. The coastal plains in Gujarat are composed of alluvial clays with a layer of black soils on the surface. The valley experiences extremes of hydrometeorological and climatic conditions with
9520-475: The material found prove that the Khanak site was inhabited by the IVC metal-workers who used the locally mined polymetallic tin , and they were also familiar with metallurgical work with copper and bronze . The lowest level of site dates back as far the pre-Harappan era to Sothi-Siswal culture (6600 BP) tentatively. The Ganeshwar Sunari Cultural Complex (GSCC) is a collection of third millennium BCE settlements in
9632-399: The mode of settlement of affected people caused serious difficulties in implementation, particularly of the Sardar Sarovar dam. The social movement Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) was formed to address environmental concerns and rehabilitation and resettlement of affected people. The movement created worldwide attention to the major development activity planned in the valley. This resulted in
9744-606: The monsoon months of June – September), which according to estimates is greater than the combined annual flows of the Ravi , Beas and the Sutlej rivers, which feed the Indus basin. The 75% dependable flow is 28,000,000 acre-feet (35 km ). As one of the 30 dams planned on river Narmada, the Sardar Sarovar Dam is the largest structure to be built. It is the second largest concrete dam in
9856-512: The most common type of grinding stone at Harappa is of Delhi quartzite type found only in the westernmost outliers of the Aravalli range in southern Haryana near Kaliana and Makanwas villages of Bhiwani district. The quartzite is red-pink to pinkish grey in colour and is crisscrossed with thin haematite and quartz filled fractures with sugary size grain texture. Ravindra Nath Singh and his team of Banaras Hindu University carried out ASI -financed excavations of Indus Valley Civilisation site on
9968-639: The newly formed State of Gujarat and further development and planning was given to the Gujarat State government. The Gujarat State government began planning studies for harnessing Narmada's water past the Punasa site in Madhya Pradesh. At the same time, the Government of Madhya Pradesh was also finalising a separate report for the Punasa Project. The competing plans led to inter-State water conflicts to arise because
10080-501: The north and the Satpura range in the South. The southern extension of the valley is wider at most places. These three valley sections are separated by the closely approaching line of the scarps and the Satpura hills . Emerging from the Marble Rocks the river enters its first fertile basin, which extends about 320 km (198.8 mi), with an average width of 35 km (21.7 mi), in
10192-630: The northern extremity of the Deccan Plateau . The basin covers large areas in the states of Madhya Pradesh (82%), Gujarat (12%) and a comparatively smaller area in Maharashtra (4%) and in Chhattisgarh (2%). 60% of the basin is made up of arable land, 35% is forest cover and 5% is made up of other types of land such as grassland or wasteland. In the entire course of the river of 1,312 km (815.2 mi), there are 41 tributaries, out of which 22 are from
10304-569: The opposite bank of the river. It is a 2,600-kilometre (1,600 mi) walk. The spiritual journey is usually taken for 3 years, 3 months and 13 days and the pilgrims are stipulated not to cross the river at any point of time. Important towns of interest in the valley are Jabalpur , Barwaha , Narmadapuram , Harda, Narmada Nagar, Omkareshwar, Dewas (Nemavar, Kity, Pipri), Mandla and Maheshwar in Madhya Pradesh, and Rajpipla and Bharuch in Gujarat. Some places of historical interest are Joga Ka Quilla, Chhatri of Baji Rao Peshwa and Bhimbetka , and among
10416-471: The pebbles known as banalinga that are found on the river bed. The pebbles are made up of white quartz and are linga shaped. They are believed to be the personified form of Shiva and there is a popular saying, "Narmada Ke Kanker utte Sankar" which means that 'Shiva is in the pebbles of Narmada'. Adi Shankara met his guru Govinda Bhagavatpada in Omkareshwar, a town on the banks of the Narmada. Narmada
10528-531: The proposed villages (6,513) by 2010 in Gujarat. The Indira Sagar Project (ISP) at Punasa is one of the 30 major projects proposed in the Narmada basin with the largest storage capacity in the country. The project is located near Punasa village, in Khandwa District, Madhya Pradesh. This Multipurpose River Valley Project envisages construction of a concrete gravity dam, 653 metres (2,142 ft) long and 92 metres (302 ft) high with gross storage capacity of
10640-430: The rainwater which became dry during the summer months. In January 2019, the government announced the plan to make the pit perennial by connecting those with pipelines from the nearby villages. Human activity, such as unplanned urbanization and polluting industrial plants, also pose a great threat. There is often reluctance and denial on part of the government officials of the presence of wildlife such as leopard so that
10752-1302: The regions of the Aravalli Hill Range, primarily along the Kantli, Sabi, Sota, Dohan and Bondi rivers, the GJCC is the largest copper producing community in third millennium BCE South Asia, with 385 sites documented. Archaeological indicators of the GSCC were documented primarily in Jaipur, Jhunjhunu, and Sikar districts of Rajasthan, India ..." Pottery found in the area include incised ware, and reserved slipware. There are two main type sites , Ganeshwar , and Sunari , in Tehsil Kot Putli, Jaipur district (Geo coordinates: N 27° 35' 51", 76° 06' 85" E). The Northern Aravalli range in Delhi and Haryana has humid subtropical climate and hot semi-arid continental climate with very hot summers and relatively cool winters. The main characteristics of climate in Hisar are dryness, extremes of temperature, and scanty rainfall. The maximum daytime temperature during
10864-402: The regions' rivers and streams, which receive yearg– round water, are home to moist evergreen forests, whose dominant tree species are Terminalia arjuna , Syzygium cumini (Jambul), Syzygium Heyneanum , Salix tetrasperma , Homonoia riparia , and Vitex negundo . The ecoregion is home to 76 species of mammals and to 276 bird species, none of which are endemic . About 30% of
10976-543: The reservoir of 12.22 km (9,910,000 acre⋅ft) and live storage of 9.75 km (7,900,000 acre⋅ft) to provide an annual irrigation potential of 1,690 km (650 sq mi) and a generation of 1000 MW of hydropower . The project also ensures supply of 60,000 acre⋅ft (74,000,000 m ) of drinking water to rural areas in Khandwa district. In accordance with NWDT award, an annual regulated flow of 8,120,000 acre⋅ft (10.02 km ) shall be released to
11088-477: The river spans from about 1.5 km (0.9 mi) at Makrai to 3 km (1.9 mi) near Bharuch and to an estuary of 21 km (13.0 mi) at the Gulf of Cambay . An old channel of the river, 1 km (0.6 mi) to 2 km (1.2 mi) south from the present one, is very clear below Bharuch. The Karanjan and the Orsing are the most important tributaries in the original course. The former joins at Rundh and
11200-464: The rocks and islands up to the ruined palace of Ramnagar. Between Ramnagar and Mandla , (25 km (15.5 mi)), further southeast, the course is comparatively straight with deep water devoid of rocky obstacles. The Banger joins from the left. The river then runs north–west in a narrow loop towards Jabalpur . Close to this city, after a fall of some (9 m (29.5 ft)), called the Dhuandhara ,
11312-474: The sedimentary rocks around 1.8 Ga years ago during Paleoproterozoic phase. The tectonic setting of zinc-lead-copper sulfides mineralisation in the Delhi supergroup rocks in Haryana-Delhi were formed by mantle plume volcanic action around one billion years ago covering Haryana and Rajasthan during the mesoproterozoic . In the southern part of the Aravalli supergroup arc base metal sulfides were generated near
11424-581: The south. In the north, the valley is limited to the Barna–Bareli plain terminating at Barkhara Hills opposite Narmadapuram . However, the hills again recede in the Kannod plains. The banks are about (12 m (39.4 ft)) high. It is in the first valley of the Narmada that many of its important tributaries from the south join it and bring the waters of the northern slopes of the Satpura Hills . Among them are:
11536-528: The states of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat in India. It is also known as the "Lifeline of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat" due to its huge contribution to the two states in many ways. The Narmada River rises from the Amarkantak Plateau in Anuppur district in Madhya Pradesh. It forms the traditional boundary between North and South India and flows westwards for 1,312 km (815.2 mi) before draining through
11648-598: The subduction zone on the western fringe and in zones of back-arc extension to the south-east. Continued subduction produced tungsten - tin mineralisation in S-type (sedimentary unmetamorphosed rock), felsic (volcanic rock), and plutons (crystallised solidified magma). This includes commercially viable quantities of minerals, such as rock phosphate , lead - zinc - silver mineral deposits at Zawar , Rikahbdev serpentinite , talc , pyrophyllite , asbestos , apatite , kyanite and beryl . Mining of copper and other metals in
11760-545: The summer varies between 40 and 46 °C (104 and 115 °F). During winter, its ranges between 1.5 and 4 °C. The Central Aravalli range in Rajasthan has an arid and dry climate. The Southern Aravalli range in Gujarat has a tropical wet and dry climate Three major rivers and their tributaries flow from the Aravalli, namely Banas and Sahibi rivers which are tributaries of Yamuna , as well as Luni River which flows into
11872-456: The supercontinent Pangea broke into two large masses. The northern part was Laurasia and the southern continental mass was Gondwana . Between the two continents, a large sea, Tethys existed. Presently the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau have taken the position of the ancient Tethys Ocean . The Gondwana was intruded by few large marine transgressions . A deep gulf or sea existed along
11984-452: The survey area), nilgai (55 sightings), palm civet (7 sightings), wild pig (14 sightings), rhesus macaque (55 sightings), peafowl (57 sightings) and Indian crested porcupine (12 sightings). Encouraged by the first survey, the wildlife department has prepared a plan for a comprehensive study and census of wildlife across the whole Aravalli Range, including radio collar tracking of the wild animals. Well known leopard and hyena habitat
12096-412: The tracts of Tapi river . Such similarity probably suggests that even about 3 million years ago, Narmada and Tapi were confluent and the separate fate of these two rivers was decided by recent earth movements. The Bhedaghat falls of Narmada, near Jabalpur , was probably created during one such movement. The Narmada Valley is a graben , a layered block of the Earth's crust that dropped down relative to
12208-430: The upper catchment having an annual precipitation in the range of 1,000 mm (3.3 ft) to 1,850 mm (6.1 ft) and with half or even less than half in its lower regions (650 mm (2.1 ft)–750 mm (2.5 ft)); the diversity of vegetation from lush green in the upper region to dry deciduous teak forest vegetation in the lower region is testimony to this feature. About 160 million years ago,
12320-567: The upper reaches of Narmada, about 18 km (11.2 mi) from Mandla, boasts of several wild animals including the Tiger . Two tributaries of Narmada, namely, Sulkum and Banjar, flow through this park. It is one of the best National Parks of Asia , which has been described vividly by Rudyard Kipling in his famous creation The Jungle Book . Satpura National Park , set up in 1981, is located in Narmadapuram district of Madhya Pradesh . Its name
12432-433: The way for completing the project to attain full envisaged benefits. The Narmada canal brings water from the Sardar Sarovar dam to the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan. The canal is 532 km long, with 485 km in Gujarat and 75 km in Rajasthan. The Narmada canal has helped both states supply water to arid regions of Kutch and Saurashtra for irrigation purposes. The Narmada canal had covered over 68 percent of
12544-606: The world in terms of the volume of concrete used in its construction, after the Grand Coulee Dam across the Columbia River , US. It is a part of the Narmada Valley Project, a large hydraulic engineering project involving the construction of a series of large irrigation and hydroelectricity multi-purpose dams on the Narmada River. After a number of cases before the Supreme Court of India (1999, 2000, 2003), by 2014
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