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48-501: Its initial 12-month mandate was extended to 31 July 2010. As of 2008, its budget was approximately US $ 106 million per month. Its force of about 26,000 personnel began to deploy to the region in October 2007. The 9,000-strong African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS), which was previously responsible for peacekeeping, had completely merged into this new force by 31 December 2007. The mandate is for

96-570: A battalion of 680 troops on Wednesday, July 13, 2005, with two more coming soon thereafter. Rwanda will send a battalion of troops, Senegal , Gambia , Kenya and South Africa will send troops as well. Canada is providing 105 armoured vehicles, training and maintenance assistance, and personal protective equipment in support of the efforts of the AMIS. On September 15, a series of African Union mediated talks began in Abuja , Nigeria between representatives of

144-616: A civilian Head of Mission, usually called the Special Representative of the UN Secretary General. UNAMID, as a joint mission, has a civilian head appointed by both the UN Secretary General and AU Commission Chairman. In October 2015 Martin Ihoeghian Uhomoibhi (of Nigeria) was appointed as Joint Special Representative for Darfur and Head of UNAMID, succeeding Abiodun Oluremi Bashua (also of Nigeria). On 3 April 2017 it

192-556: A consultant for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Between 1989 and 1992 he was president of ICOM (International Council of Museums; https://web.archive.org/web/20081221013404/http://icom.museum/founders.html#presidents ). Konaré was involved in politics as early as the age of twenty, when he was elected

240-594: A force of up to 19,555 military personnel and 3,772 police, along with a further "19 formed police units comprising up to 140 personnel each." The peacekeepers are allowed to use force to protect civilians and humanitarian operations. UNAMID is the first joint UN/AU force and the largest peacekeeping mission. As of December 2008, it had deployed 15,136 total uniformed personnel, including 12,194 troops, 175 military observers, and 2,767 police officers, who were supported by 786 international civilian personnel, 1,405 local civilian staff, and 266 UN volunteers. On 22 December 2020,

288-534: Is happening to the AU, they are part of the conflict now." Violence in the region continued to rise. According to BBC correspondent Jonah Fisher, hostilities toward AU peacekeepers became more common as 2005 progressed. It has been noted that aid agencies are refusing to travel with African Union personnel, stating that the mere presence of the peacekeepers may draw fire. Kofi Annan , at a press conference in Geneva , responded to

336-636: Is the only Malian president to leave office at the end of his term. On 10 July 2003, he was elected as Chairman of the Commission of the African Union (AU) at a summit in Maputo . He was the only candidate; Amara Essy , who held the post in an interim capacity, withdrew his candidacy prior to the vote. 35 countries voted in Konaré's favor; there were six votes against him, while four countries abstained. Konaré raised

384-613: The African Cup of Nations , to Mali in 2002. On the international stage, Konaré worked for peace and integration in the West African region. He served as president of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1999, and of the West African Monetary Union (UEMOA) in 2000. Term limited to two presidential terms by the constitution, Konaré left office in 2002 and was succeeded by Amadou Toumani Touré. To date, he

432-739: The Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed by the government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement on January 9, 2005, to perform certain functions relating to humanitarian assistance, protection, promotion of human rights, and to support AMIS, the UN Security Council established the United Nations Mission In Sudan (UNMIS) under Resolution 1590 on March 24, 2005 because the Security Council deemed

480-672: The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. He began his professional career as a tutor in Kayes, then a lycée teacher at Markala and Bamako . In 1974, he did research at the Institut des Sciences Humaines du Mali, then, from 1975 to 1978, acted as head of historic patrimony and ethnography at the Ministry of Youth, Sports, Arts, and Culture. In 1980, he

528-719: The International Crisis Group noted, The big money problem is that the Americans and the Europeans promised over the last decade that as long as the Africans deployed in these kinds of situations, we would pay for the soldiers and equip them. And we haven't done it. On July 31, 2007, the United Nations Security Council approved by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1769 the mandate for UNAMID , which

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576-565: The United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS). AMIS was the only external military force in Sudan 's Darfur region until UNAMID was established. It was not able to effectively contain the violence in Darfur. A more sizable, better equipped UN peacekeeping force was originally proposed for September 2006, but due to Sudanese government opposition, it was not implemented at that time. AMIS' mandate

624-537: The United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1564, which gave Sudan the ultimatum of accepting an expanded AU force or facing sanctions of their oil industry. The African Union had hoped to have 3,000 more additional troops in place in the region sometime in November, but could not do so because of a lack of money and difficulty with logistics. The AU resolved that all parties involved would wait on

672-596: The ceasefire agreement. The Associated Press reports the African Union as condemning the government's acts of calculated and wanton destruction that have killed at least 44 people and displaced thousands over two weeks. Forces from the Sudanese rebel group, the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), assisted in liberating 38 African Union (AU) personnel that had been taken hostage on 9 October. The kidnapped personnel consisted of

720-537: The situation in Darfur to be a "threat to peace and international security ." July 2005 saw that there had been no major conflicts since January, and the numbers of attacks on villages was dropping. At the time, there were about 3,000 AMIS troops to keep the peace, and more due to arrive in the coming months, eventually reaching 7,000 troops in April. In keeping with a decision made by the Peace and Security Council, Nigeria sent

768-696: The 1967 Secretary General of the Sudanese Union/African Democratic Rally (US-RDA, the party of President Modibo Keïta ) of the École Normale Supérieure of Bamako. Following the coup d'état of General Moussa Traoré , he became an activist for the Marxist-Leninist , clandestine Malian Party for Work ( Parti malien du travail , or PMT). In 1978, however, he accepted a post in Moussa Traoré's government as Minister of Youth, Sports, Arts, and Culture. Though he resigned in 1980, his term

816-565: The AU's Peace and Security Council to meet on October 20, 2004 and decide on the expanded duties and numbers of the force. It was decided that these Nigerian and Rwandan AU troops would be deployed by October 30. On 9 November, the government of Sudan and the two leading rebel groups, the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and the Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA), signed two short term peace agreements aimed toward progress in ending

864-1532: The AU, announced that UNAMID was likely to be an all-African peacekeeping force. As of 30 June 2013, the total number of personnel in the mission was 19,735: [REDACTED]   Nigeria : 37 [REDACTED]   Rwanda : 30 [REDACTED]   Ethiopia : 26 [REDACTED]   Sudan : 25 [REDACTED]   Senegal : 16 [REDACTED]   Tanzania : 14 [REDACTED]   Burkina Faso : 13 [REDACTED]   Sierra Leone : 13 [REDACTED]   Egypt : 8 [REDACTED]   South Africa : 8 [REDACTED]   Gambia : 7 [REDACTED]   Bangladesh : 6 [REDACTED]   Jordan : 4 [REDACTED]     Nepal : 4 [REDACTED]   Uganda : 4 [REDACTED]   Zambia : 4 [REDACTED]   Ghana : 3 [REDACTED]   Kenya : 3 [REDACTED]   Barbados : 1 [REDACTED]   Fiji : 1 [REDACTED]   Liberia : 1 [REDACTED]   Malawi : 1 [REDACTED]   Malaysia : 1 [REDACTED]   Morocco : 1 [REDACTED]   Pakistan : 1 [REDACTED]   Russian Federation : 1 [REDACTED]   Thailand : 1 [REDACTED]   Togo : 1 [REDACTED]   Yemen : 1 TOTAL : 236 As of 30 June 2017, 236 UN personnel had died whilst serving with UNAMID. African Union Mission in Sudan The African Union Mission in Sudan ( AMIS )

912-549: The African Standby Force, New York, International Peace Academy, 2007 Alpha Oumar Konare Alpha Oumar Konaré (born 2 February 1946) is a Malian politician, professor, historian and archaeologist, who served as President of Mali for two five-year terms from 1992 to 2002 and was Chairperson of the African Union Commission from 2003 to 2008. Alpha Oumar Konaré, fourth son of a Fula homemaker ,

960-514: The Force was reduced to 11 battalions.): Sector North Sector West Sector Central Sector South Sector East During mid-2017 UN Security Council authorisation of the Mission imposed personnel reductions The approved Force strength was to be reduced in two phases: Phase 1 levels to be reached by 31 December 2017 and Phase 2 reductions by 30 June 2018. Along with reductions in personnel UNAMID

1008-450: The PMT with a number of other anti-Traoré groups. With the 1991 fall of Moussa Traoré, Konaré helped transform ADEMA into ADEMA/PASJ, an official political party, and served as its delegate to the 1991 National Conference of Mali. By the end of the democratic transition instituted by Amadou Toumani Touré , he was elected as Mali's first elected president in 1992 , receiving 69.01% of the vote in

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1056-507: The Sudanese government and the two major rebel groups. However, the SLM faction refused to be present and according to a BBC reporter the SLM "will not recognise anything agreed at the talks." After a government-supported Arab militia attacked the Aro Sharow refugee camp on September 28, killing at least 32, the African Union on October 1 accused both the Sudanese government and rebels of violating

1104-643: The UN Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 2559 (2020) to end the UNAMID mandate on 31 December 2020, with full withdrawal to be completed by 30 June 2021. Initial authorization for the mission was given by the UN Security Council in resolution 1769 of 31 July 2007. This resolution set the strength of the mission as "... up to 19,555 military personnel, including 360 military observers and liaison officers, and an appropriate civilian component including up to 3,772 police personnel and 19 formed police units comprising up to 140 personnel each". The mission's authorisation

1152-419: The conflict. The first treaty established a no-fly zone over rebel-controlled areas of Darfur, a measure designed to end the Sudanese military's bombing of rebel villages in the region. The second accord granted international humanitarian aid agencies unrestricted access to the Darfur region. The accords were the product of African Union sponsored peace talks in Abuja that began October 25, 2004. To support

1200-559: The government of Sudan signed a ceasefire agreement with Sudan People's Liberation Army which led to the end of the Second Sudanese Civil War , the AMIS force was increased by 600 troops and 80 military observers. In July 2005, the force was increased by about 3,300 (with a budget of 220 million dollars). In April 2005, AMIS was increased to about 7,000 (at a cost of over 450 million dollars), and as of January 2007 , this remains its projected strength. In September of that year,

1248-487: The government. However, corruption remained a significant problem under Konaré's administration. Konaré publicly rendered homage to Mali's first president, Modibo Keïta , and created a memorial to him in Bamako. Opposed to the death penalty, he commuted the death sentences of Moussa Traoré and his wife to life in prison in 2002. He is also remembered as the man who brought the continent's most prestigious football tournament,

1296-403: The group's leadership. It is said that he subsequently commanded "thousands" of troops in the Darfur region, and is looking for a seat at the ongoing peace talks. He accused the AU of taking sides, and stated that he will not honour the ceasefire. While speaking with Reuters , Saleh said, "We want the AU to leave, and we have warned them not to travel to our areas. We don't know and don't care what

1344-611: The implementation of its proposed UN peacekeeping force of 20,000 due to opposition from the government of Sudan , on 2 October the AU extended AMIS' mandate further, until 31 December 2006, and then again until June 30, 2007. In May 2007, the AU declared that AMIS was on the point of collapse. In the previous month seven peacekeepers had been killed, while lack of funding had caused soldiers' salaries to go unpaid for several months. Rwanda and Senegal warned that they would withdraw their forces if UN member nations did not live up to their commitments of funding and supplies. John Predergast of

1392-582: The ire of civil society in Zimbabwe when, during a visit to Harare on 14 October 2006, in his capacity as Chairperson of the AU Commission, he declined invitations to meet with representatives of non-governmental organizations to discuss the situation in Zimbabwe. On 25 January 2007, Konaré said that he did not intend to seek another term as chairman of the AU Commission. On 1 February 2008, Jean Ping of Gabon

1440-455: The mandate of AMIS would have run out, with the African Union force already on the ground to be incorporated into a UN peacekeeping mission. Nevertheless, during a 10 March 2006 meeting of the African Union's Peace and Security Council , the Council decided to expand the mission for six months until 30 September 2006. On August 31, after United Nations Security Council Resolution 1706 failed to see

1488-676: The northern part of Darfur province, and comes amid increasing tensions and violence between the separatist rebels and foreign peacekeepers, with the latter often accused of abrogating their neutrality and bias towards the central government. [REDACTED]   Nigeria : 14 [REDACTED]   Rwanda : 7 [REDACTED]   Senegal : 6 [REDACTED]   Ghana : 1 [REDACTED]   Botswana : 1 [REDACTED]   Egypt : 1 [REDACTED]   India : 1 [REDACTED]   Mali : 1 Unidentified: 1 TOTAL : 33 Guicherd, Catherine. The AU in Sudan: Lessons for

United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur - Misplaced Pages Continue

1536-427: The original 18 hostages as well as a 20-man rescue team. All were released on October 10. Initially, two hostages remained but were freed following a reported shootout with the kidnappers. A splinter group of JEM was blamed for the attack, but Mohamed Saleh, the head of the dissident faction, has denied the allegations. Saleh was the military head of JEM when it signed a ceasefire agreement in April, but later split with

1584-492: The permitted force strength to 16,200 military personnel, 2,310 police personnel and 17 formed police units of up to 140 personnel. The following year saw the mandate extended once again to 30 June 2015 (Security Council resolution 2173 of 27 August 2014). Security Council resolution 2228 of 29 June 2015 further reduced the force strength, to no more than 15,845 military personnel, 1,583 police personnel and 13 formed police units of up to 140 personnel each. This force authorisation

1632-476: The rising violence by suggesting aid to the region may be partially suspended. "Both rebels and government must understand that, if these incidents continue, it will impede humanitarian assistance and delivery." This marked the first time the African Union has suffered casualties in the region. Three personnel were killed in attacks believed to be perpetrated by the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA). Despite

1680-491: The second round against US-RDA candidate Tiéoulé Mamadou Konaté. He was re-elected for a second term in the 1997 presidential election despite a boycott of the ballot in protest of his annulment of legislative elections, and he was sworn in on 8 June 1997. His terms are noted for the restoration of democracy in spite of the 1997 difficulties, his management of the Tuareg Rebellion in the north, and his decentralization of

1728-456: The violence, the SLA, JEM, and the AU have promised to continue the peace talks which are being held in Abuja . In November 2005 in response to attacks on African Union troops, the government of Sudan agreed to the deployment of 105 armoured personnel carriers from Canada which were to arrive on November 17, also another round, the seventh, of peace talks started on 21 November 2005. On 31 March 2006,

1776-598: Was extended repeatedly throughout 2006, while the situation in Darfur continued to escalate, until AMIS was replaced by UNAMID on 31 December 2007. AMIS originated in early July 2004, when both the African Union and European Union sent monitors to monitor the Darfur crisis cease-fire signed in April 2004. In August 2004, the African Union sent 150 Rwandan troops to protect the ceasefire monitors. It, however, soon became apparent that 150 troops would not be enough, so they were joined by 150 Nigerian troops. In April 2005, after

1824-438: Was an African Union (AU) peacekeeping force operating primarily in the country's western region of Darfur to perform peacekeeping operations related to the Darfur conflict . It was founded in 2004, with a force of 150 troops. By mid-2005, its numbers were increased to about 7,000. Under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1564 , AMIS was to "closely and continuously liaise and coordinate ... at all levels" its work with

1872-542: Was announced that Jeremiah Nyamane Kingsley Mamabolo of South Africa had been appointed as Joint Special Representative and Head of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur. The USAF's 786th Air Expeditionary Squadron helped arrange airlift into Darfur for the 55th Battalion of the Rwandan Army to join UNAMID in 2007. The preceding African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS)

1920-647: Was born in Kayes , Mali, where he went to primary school. He went on to attend Bamako 's Lycée Terrasson des Fougères , the Collège de Maristes of Dakar , Senegal, the Collège Moderne of Kayes and, between 1962 and 1964, the École Normale Secondaire of Katibougou. He completed his advanced studies in history at the École Normale Supérieure in Bamako (1965–1969), at the University of Warsaw between 1971 and 1975 and at

1968-551: Was extended by another 12 months through Security Council resolution 2296 of 29 June 2016. Drawdown The new Trump Administration in Washington argued for a reduction in UN peacekeeping budgets during the first half of 2017. Possibly arising from this, when the UNAMID mandate was renewed for a further 12 months by the UN Security Council on 29 June 2017, significant reductions in deployed personnel were announced. The approved Force strength

United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-415: Was extended in essentially unchanged form for each of the following five years: UN Security Council resolution 1828 adopted on 31 July 2008, resolution 1881 on 30 July 2009, resolution 1935 on 30 July 2010, resolution 2003 on 29 July 2011, and resolution 2063 adopted on 31 July 2012. Security Council resolution 2113 of 30 July 2013 extended the mandate of UNAMID for 13 months – to 31 August 2014 – but reduced

2064-525: Was marked by the formation of many Malian sports organizations. He went on to found and direct the cultural review "Jamana" in 1983, as well as the cultural cooperative of the same name. In 1989 he also founded the daily newspaper Les échos , and in 1991 began "Radio Bamakan," Mali's first free radio station. In 1990, he participated in the creation of the umbrella movement Alliance for Democracy in Mali ( Alliance pour la démocratie au Mali , or ADEMA), which united

2112-820: Was named researcher at the Institut Supérieur de Formation en Recherche Appliquée (I.S.F.R.A), and Professor at the History/Geography department at the Ecole Normale Supérieure of Bamako . In the course of his career, he headed several professional organizations, including the Association of Historians and Geographers of Mali, the West African Association of Archaeologists, and the Union of West African Researchers. Between 1981 and 1992, Konaré served as

2160-613: Was organised in a number of Sectors, each under the command of a Colonel. When UNAMID took over from AMIS some of these sectors were merged and Sectors became Brigadier's commands. Initially the Force was divided into three Sectors: By mid-2015 a further two Sectors had been established: A UNAMID map showing force deployment in December 2016 showed the force then comprised 14 infantry battalions (in addition to engineer, signals, medical and other support units). These battalions were deployed as follows (with changes to December 2017 noted, by when

2208-478: Was to be reduced in two stages. By the end of 2017 the authorized numbers of troops and police would be 11,395 and 2,888, respectively. To be further reduced by mid-2018 to 8,735 troops (eight battalions) and 2,500 police. Reductions in Mission civilian staff were reported to be 426 in Phase 1 (i.e. to 31 December 2017) and a further 147 positions lost in Phase 2 (i.e. to 30 June 2018). United Nations' missions come under

2256-562: Was to close eleven bases during Phase 1. During September four 'team sites' were closed and handed over to Sudanese Government officials: Mellit, Malha and Um Kadada in North Darfur and Muhajeria in East Darfur. During October another seven bases were closed: Abu Shouk, Tine, Habila Eid, Al Fursan (12 October), Tulus (15 October), Forobaranga (17 October) and, finally, Zam Zam (21 October). On 12 August 2007, Alpha Oumar Konare , chairman of

2304-416: Was to take over operations from AMIS by December 31, 2007. AMIS was merged into UNAMID on 31 December 2007. On 30 September 2007, a major raid on an AU base, mounted by approximately 1,000 Sudan Liberation Army rebels, claimed the lives of at least 10 peacekeepers and wounded many more. At least 50 personnel were initially unaccounted for but were later recovered. The attack occurred just after sunset in

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