88-520: [REDACTED] Look up tuzo in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Tuzo may refer to: People [ edit ] Harry Tuzo (1917–1998), British army officer John Tuzo Wilson (1908–1993), Canadian geophysicist and geologist Places [ edit ] Mount Tuzo , Canada Tuzo Wilson Seamounts Other [ edit ] Alto Rendimiento Tuzo , Mexican football club Tuzo chicken ,
176-703: A Lambeth Conference in 1897, and Bernard and his brother Harold were educated at The King's School, Canterbury . In 1901, Bishop Montgomery became secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel , and the family returned to London. Montgomery attended St Paul's School and then the Royal Military College, Sandhurst , from which he was almost expelled for rowdiness and violence. On graduation in September 1908 he
264-459: A true bantam chicken breed Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tuzo . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuzo&oldid=1125479037 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
352-566: A decisive victory, and put into action his beliefs with the gathering of resources, detailed planning, the training of troops—especially in clearing minefields and fighting at night —and in the use of 252 of the latest American-built Sherman tanks , 90 M7 Priest self-propelled howitzers, and making a personal visit to every unit involved in the offensive. By the time the offensive was ready in late October, Eighth Army had 231,000 men on its ration strength. The Second Battle of El Alamein began on 23 October 1942, and ended 12 days later with one of
440-501: A general staff officer, he took part in the Battle of Arras in April–May 1917. He also took part in the Battle of Passchendaele in late 1917 before finishing the war as chief of staff of the 47th (2nd London) Division . In the inter-war years he commanded the 17th (Service) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers and, later, the 1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment before becoming commander of
528-512: A great success. Over 30,000 prisoners of war were taken, including the German second-in-command, General von Thoma , as well as eight other general officers. Montgomery was advanced to KCB and promoted to full general. He kept the initiative, applying superior strength when it suited him, forcing Rommel out of each successive defensive position. On 6 March 1943, Rommel's attack on the over-extended Eighth Army at Medenine ( Operation Capri ) with
616-592: A hospital, was treated and eventually evacuated to England, where he would remain for well over a year. He was appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO), for his gallant leadership during this period: the citation for this award, published in The London Gazette in December 1914 reads: Conspicuous gallant leading on 13th October, when he turned the enemy out of their trenches with
704-511: A native of Inishowen in County Donegal in the north-west of Ulster , the noted colonial administrator in British India ; Sir Robert died a month after his grandson's birth. He was probably a descendant of Colonel Alexander Montgomery . Bernard's mother, Maud, was the daughter of Frederic William Canon Farrar , the famous preacher, and was eighteen years younger than her husband. After
792-412: A particular habit, which he would keep throughout the war, of going to bed at 21:30 every night without fail and giving only a single order—that he was not to be disturbed—which was only very rarely disobeyed. The 3rd Division saw comparatively little action but, owing to the strict training methods of Montgomery, the division always managed to be in the right place at the right time, especially so during
880-479: A river line, only to come under attack and forced to withdraw to another position, usually behind another river. These exercises usually occurred at night with only very minimal lighting being allowed. By the spring of 1940 Montgomery's division had gained a reputation of being a very agile and flexible formation. By then the Allies had agreed to Plan D , where they would advance deep into Belgium and take up positions on
968-671: A significant amount of equipment. On his return Montgomery antagonised the War Office with trenchant criticisms of the command of the BEF and was briefly relegated to divisional command of 3rd Division, which was the only fully equipped division in Britain. He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath . Montgomery was ordered to make ready the 3rd Division to invade the neutral Portuguese Azores . Models of
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#17328587275381056-610: A week after Montgomery had taken command. Alan Brooke said that Churchill was always impatient for his generals to attack at once, and he wrote that Montgomery was always "my Monty" when Montgomery was out of favour with Churchill. Eden had some late night drinks with Churchill, and Eden said at a meeting of the Chiefs of Staff the next day (29 October 1942) that the Middle East offensive was "petering out". Alanbrooke had told Churchill "fairly plainly" what he thought of Eden's ability to judge
1144-523: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Harry Tuzo General Sir Harry Crawford Tuzo , GCB , OBE , MC , DL (26 August 1917 – 7 August 1998), was a British Army officer who was Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe and General Officer Commanding of the British Army in Northern Ireland during
1232-497: The 33rd Division and took part in the Battle of Arras in April–May. In July he transferred over as a GSO2 to IX Corps , part of General Sir Herbert Plumer 's Second Army . It was in this role that Montgomery served at the Battle of Passchendaele which began in late July 1917. He was promoted to the temporary rank of major in February 1918, and brevet major in June. He finished
1320-689: The 9th Infantry Brigade and then general officer commanding (GOC), 8th Infantry Division . During the Western Desert campaign of the Second World War, Montgomery commanded the British Eighth Army from August 1942. He subsequently commanded the British Eighth Army during the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Allied invasion of Italy and was in command of all Allied ground forces during
1408-574: The Albert Canal bridgehead , the attacks on Hechtel , Elst [ nl ] , Sittard and particularly in support of the Coldstream Guards at Wesel ; he was slightly wounded three times during this period. Later in Germany he had the rare distinction as a battery commander of accepting the surrender of a German admiral who was Flag Officer U-boats . As the end of the war approached, he
1496-667: The Battle of Normandy ( Operation Overlord ), from D-Day on 6 June 1944 until 1 September 1944. He then continued in command of the 21st Army Group for the rest of the North West Europe campaign , including the failed attempt to cross the Rhine during Operation Market Garden . When German armoured forces broke through the US lines in Belgium during the Battle of the Bulge , Montgomery received command of
1584-636: The British Expeditionary Force (BEF). Remaining there and seeing no action until the German Army invaded France in May 1940, he was amongst the last of those evacuated from Dunkirk , travelling in a paddle cruiser to Harwich . He stayed with his regiment, which in 1942 transferred to the Guards Armoured Division , engaged in coastal defence until June 1944 when they returned to France in
1672-519: The British First Army for Operation Torch , the invasion of French North Africa . A story, probably apocryphal but popular at the time, is that the appointment caused Montgomery to remark that "After having an easy war, things have now got much more difficult." A colleague is supposed to have told him to cheer up—at which point Montgomery said "I'm not talking about me, I'm talking about Rommel !" Montgomery's assumption of command transformed
1760-476: The Church of England and Roman Catholic senior chaplains objected; Brooke told Monty that he did not want any further errors of this kind, though deciding not to get him to formally withdraw it as it would remove any "vestige of respect" left for him. Although Montgomery's new command was a Regular Army formation, comprising the 7th (Guards) , and the 8th and 9th Infantry Brigades along with supporting units, he
1848-545: The Essex Regiment : Personally, my whole attention was given to defeating the rebels but it never bothered me a bit how many houses were burnt. I think I regarded all civilians as 'Shinners' and I never had any dealings with any of them. My own view is that to win a war of this sort, you must be ruthless. Oliver Cromwell , or the Germans, would have settled it in a very short time. Nowadays public opinion precludes such methods,
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#17328587275381936-632: The Indian Army Staff College (now the Pakistan Command and Staff College ) in Quetta , British India. On completion of his tour of duty in India, Montgomery returned to Britain in June 1937 where he took command of the 9th Infantry Brigade with the temporary rank of brigadier . His wife died that year. In 1938, he organised an amphibious combined operations landing exercise that impressed
2024-519: The River Dyle by the time the German forces attacked. Brooke, Montgomery's corps commander, was pessimistic about the plan but Montgomery, in contrast, was not concerned, believing that he and his division would perform well regardless of the circumstances, particularly in a war of movement . Montgomery's training paid off when the Germans began their invasion of the Low Countries on 10 May 1940 and
2112-745: The Staff College in Camberley , Surrey (his only hope of ever achieving high command). But at a tennis party in Cologne , he was able to persuade the Commander-in-chief (C-in-C) of the British Army of Occupation, Field Marshal Sir William Robertson , to add his name to the list. After graduating from the Staff College, he was appointed brigade major in the 17th Infantry Brigade in January 1921. The brigade
2200-644: The War Office to help write the Infantry Training Manual in mid-1929. In 1931 Montgomery was promoted to substantive lieutenant-colonel and became the Commanding officer (CO) of the 1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment and saw service in Palestine and British India . He was promoted to colonel in June 1934 (seniority from January 1932). He attended and was then recommended to become an instructor at
2288-515: The invasion of Normandy . His regiment was in support of the division in Normandy where he won the Military Cross (MC) for his actions up to Operation Goodwood (the breakout from Caen ). He was then a war substantive captain and temporary major commanding Y Battery of the regiment consisting of self-propelled anti-tank guns , the original recommendation for his MC mentions his actions at
2376-567: The retreat into France . By 27 May, when the Belgian Army on the left flank of the BEF began to disintegrate, the 3rd Division achieved something very difficult, the movement at night from the right to the left of another division and only 2,000 yards behind it. This was performed with great professionalism and occurred without any incidents and thereby filled a very vulnerable gap in the BEF's defensive line. On 29/30 May, Montgomery temporarily took over from Brooke, who received orders to return to
2464-644: The " hearts and minds " of the locals, but also participated with the SAS in Operation Claret , which interdicted Indonesian troops as they attempted to cross the border. The Sultan of Brunei honoured Tuzo with the title Dato Setia Nagara in 1965. His work also earned him a Mention in Despatches . Tuzo was appointed as General Officer Commanding and Director of Operations, Northern Ireland, on 2 March 1971 together with promotion to lieutenant general . His appointment
2552-487: The 3rd Division advanced to its planned position, near the Belgian city of Louvain . Soon after arrival, the division was fired on by members of the Belgian 10th Infantry Division who mistook them for German paratroopers ; Montgomery resolved the incident by approaching them and offering to place himself under Belgian command, although Montgomery himself took control when the Germans arrived. During this time he began to develop
2640-843: The Allied position at the First Battle of El Alamein , but after a visit in August 1942, the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, replaced him as C-in-C with General Sir Harold Alexander and William Gott as commander of the Eighth Army in the Western Desert . However, after Gott was killed flying back to Cairo , Churchill was persuaded by Brooke, who by this time was Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS), to appoint Montgomery, who had only just been nominated to replace Alexander, as commander of
2728-519: The British Army on 15 July 1939 as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery , Supplementary Reserve of Officers, just prior to the outbreak of the Second World War in September. After a fortnight's training he crossed to France with the 21st Anti-Tank Regiment , Royal Artillery, which was part of the 3rd Infantry Division under Major General Bernard Montgomery . The division was part of
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2816-476: The British Commander-in-Chief, neither French nor Haig, and only twice did I see an Army Commander. The higher staffs were out of touch with the regimental officers and with the troops. The former lived in comfort, which became greater as the distance of their headquarters behind the lines increased. There was no harm in this provided there was touch and sympathy between the staff and the troops. This
2904-563: The Castle. At this point another IRA officer, Pat O'Sullivan, whistled to Montgomery drawing his attention to scores of IRA volunteers who had quietly taken up firing positions all around the square—surrounding Montgomery's forces. Realising his precarious position, Montgomery led his troops out of the town, a decision which raised hostile questions in the House of Commons but was later approved by Montgomery's own superiors. Unknown to Montgomery at this time,
2992-449: The German commander, Erwin Rommel, to attack with the heights as his objective, something that Rommel soon did. Montgomery ordered all contingency plans for retreat to be destroyed. "I have cancelled the plan for withdrawal. If we are attacked, then there will be no retreat. If we cannot stay here alive, then we will stay here dead", he told his officers at the first meeting he held with them in
3080-504: The Nile Delta. He moved his field HQ to Burg al Arab, close to the Air Force command post in order to better coordinate combined operations. Montgomery was determined that the army, navy and air forces should fight their battles in a unified, focused manner according to a detailed plan. He ordered immediate reinforcement of the vital heights of Alam Halfa, just behind his own lines, expecting
3168-580: The Portuguese islands, also did not go ahead and in July 1940, Montgomery was appointed acting lieutenant-general and after handing over command of his division to James Gammell , he was placed in command of V Corps , responsible for the defence of Hampshire and Dorset and started a long-running feud with the new Commander-in-chief (C-in-C) of Southern Command, Lieutenant-General Claude Auchinleck . In April 1941, he became commander of XII Corps responsible for
3256-549: The South-Eastern Army to promote offensive spirit. During this time he further developed and rehearsed his ideas and trained his soldiers, culminating in Exercise Tiger in May 1942, a combined forces exercise involving 100,000 troops. In 1942, a new field commander was required in the Middle East, where Auchinleck was fulfilling both the role of C-in-C of Middle East Command and commander Eighth Army . He had stabilised
3344-614: The United Kingdom, as GOC of II Corps for the final stages of the Dunkirk evacuation . The 3rd Division, temporarily commanded by Kenneth Anderson in Montgomery's absence, returned to Britain intact with minimal casualties. Operation Dynamo—codename for the Dunkirk evacuation—saw 330,000 Allied military personnel, including most of the BEF, to Britain, although the BEF was forced to leave behind
3432-745: The army he accepted a position in 1979 as chairman of Marconi Space and Defence Systems which he held until 1983. Tuzo was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Norfolk on 12 September 1983. He lived in Fakenham and was chairman of Pensthorpe Nature Reserve . Tuzo's granddaughter is the journalist Rosie Garthwaite . Bernard Montgomery Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein KG , GCB , DSO , PC , DL ( / m ə n t ˈ ɡ ʌ m ər i ... ˈ æ l ə m eɪ n / ; 17 November 1887 – 24 March 1976), nicknamed " Monty ",
3520-597: The bayonet. He was severely wounded. After recovering in early 1915, he was appointed brigade major , first of the 112th Infantry Brigade , and then with 104th Infantry Brigade , then training in Lancashire . He returned to the Western Front in early 1916 with his brigade, seeing service with it during the Battle of the Somme later in the year. In January 1917 he was assigned as a general staff officer, grade 2 (GSO2) with
3608-433: The brief hiatus between Italy's departure from the war and the German seizure of the country. He eventually reached British lines on 5 December 1943, to the delight of his stepfather, who sent him home to Britain to recuperate. In January 1929 Montgomery was promoted to brevet lieutenant-colonel. That month he returned to the 1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment again, as Commander of Headquarters Company; he went to
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3696-606: The death of Sir Robert Montgomery, Henry inherited the Montgomery ancestral estate of New Park in Moville , a small town in Inishowen in the north of County Donegal in Ulster, the northern province in Ireland . There was still £13,000 to pay on a mortgage , a large debt in the 1880s (equivalent to £1,825,976 in 2023) and Henry was at the time still only an Anglican vicar. Despite selling off all
3784-451: The defence of Kent . During this period he instituted a regime of continuous training and insisted on high levels of physical fitness for both officers and other ranks. He was ruthless in sacking officers he considered unfit for command in action. Promoted to temporary lieutenant-general in July, overseeing the defence of Kent, Sussex and Surrey . In December Montgomery was given command of South-Eastern Command . He renamed his command
3872-450: The desert, he briefly wore an Australian broad-brimmed hat before switching to wearing the black beret (with the badge of the Royal Tank Regiment and the British General Officer's cap badge ) for which he became notable. The black beret was offered to him by Jim Fraser while the latter was driving him on an inspection tour. Both Brooke and Alexander were astonished by the transformation in atmosphere when they visited on 19 August, less than
3960-415: The desert, though, in fact, Auchinleck had no plans to withdraw from the strong defensive position he had chosen and established at El Alamein. Montgomery made a great effort to appear before troops as often as possible, frequently visiting various units and making himself known to the men, often arranging for cigarettes to be distributed. Although he still wore a standard British officer's cap on arrival in
4048-429: The division's arrival overseas, Montgomery faced serious trouble from his military superiors and the clergy for his frank attitude regarding the sexual health of his soldiers, but was defended from dismissal by his superior Alan Brooke , commander of II Corps , of which Montgomery's division formed a part. Montgomery had issued a circular on the prevention of venereal disease, worded in such "obscene language" that both
4136-427: The early period of the Troubles . Harry Craufurd Tuzo was born in Bangalore , India , on 26 August 1917, the son of John Atkinson Tuzo, a British Army officer and civil engineer , and his wife Annie Catherine (née Craufurd). Tuzo was educated at Wellington College, Berkshire (where he was a member of the Officer Training Corps ), and Oriel College, Oxford , where he read jurisprudence . Tuzo first entered
4224-460: The farms that were in the townland of Ballynally, on the north-western shores of Lough Foyle , "there was barely enough to keep up New Park and pay for the blasted summer holiday" (i.e., at New Park). It was a financial relief of some magnitude when, in 1889, Henry was made Bishop of Tasmania , then still a British colony , and Bernard spent his formative years there. Bishop Montgomery considered it his duty to spend as much time as possible in
4312-522: The fighting spirit and abilities of the Eighth Army. Taking command on 13 August 1942, he immediately became a whirlwind of activity. He ordered the creation of the X Corps , which contained all armoured divisions, to fight alongside his XXX Corps , which was all infantry divisions. This arrangement differed from the German Panzer Corps: one of Rommel's Panzer Corps combined infantry, armour and artillery units under one corps commander. The only common commander for Montgomery's all-infantry and all-armour corps
4400-407: The first large-scale, decisive Allied land victories of the war. Montgomery correctly predicted both the length of the battle and the number of casualties (13,500). Historian Correlli Barnett has pointed out that the rain also fell on the Germans, and that the weather is therefore an inadequate explanation for the failure to exploit the breakthrough, but nevertheless the Battle of El Alamein had been
4488-429: The four missing officers had already been executed. In May 1923, Montgomery was posted to the 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division , a Territorial Army (TA) formation. He returned to the 1st Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment in 1925 as a company commander and was promoted to major in July 1925. From January 1926 to January 1929 he served as Deputy Assistant Adjutant General at the Staff College, Camberley, in
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#17328587275384576-406: The islands were prepared and detailed plans worked out for the invasion. The invasion plans did not go ahead and plans switched to invading Cape Verde island also belonging to neutral Portugal. These invasion plans also did not go ahead. Montgomery was then ordered to prepare plans for the invasion of neutral Ireland and to seize Cork , Cobh and Cork harbour. These invasion plans, like those of
4664-421: The largest concentration of German armour in North Africa was successfully repulsed. At the Mareth Line , 20 to 27 March, when Montgomery encountered fiercer frontal opposition than he had anticipated, he switched his major effort into an outflanking inland pincer, backed by low-flying RAF fighter-bomber support. For his role in North Africa he was awarded the Legion of Merit by the United States government in
4752-433: The men, he was under strict orders not to attack the IRA. On arriving in the town square in front of Macroom Castle, he summoned the IRA commander, Charlie Browne, to parley. At the castle gates Montgomery spoke to Browne explaining what would happen should the officers not be released. Once finished, Browne responded with his own ultimatum to Montgomery to "leave town within 10 minutes". Browne then turned heels and returned to
4840-411: The motives of others—within reasonable bounds long enough for him to have a chance of attaining high command. Both of Montgomery's stepsons became army officers in the 1930s (both were serving in India at the time of their mother's death), and both served in the Second World War, each eventually attaining the rank of colonel. While serving as a GSO2 with Eighth Army, Dick Carver was sent forward during
4928-465: The nation would never allow it, and the politicians would lose their jobs if they sanctioned it. That being so, I consider that Lloyd George was right in what he did, if we had gone on we could probably have squashed the rebellion as a temporary measure, but it would have broken out again like an ulcer the moment we removed the troops. I think the rebels would probably have refused battles, and hidden their arms etc. until we had gone. The only way therefore
5016-418: The new C-in-C of Southern Command , General Sir Archibald Percival Wavell . He was promoted to major-general on 14 October 1938 and took command of the 8th Infantry Division in the British mandate of Palestine. In Palestine, Montgomery was involved in suppressing an Arab revolt which had broken out over opposition to Jewish emigration . He returned in July 1939 to Britain, suffering a serious illness on
5104-404: The northern shoulder of the Bulge. Montgomery's 21st Army Group, including the US Ninth Army and the First Allied Airborne Army , crossed the Rhine in Operation Plunder in March 1945. By the end of the war, troops under Montgomery's command had taken part in the encirclement of the Ruhr Pocket , liberated the Netherlands, and captured much of north-west Germany. On 4 May 1945, Montgomery accepted
5192-440: The officers and men of Montgomery's battalion chose to leave them where they were until darkness arrived and stretcher bearers managed to recover the two bodies, with Montgomery by this time barely clinging on to life. The doctors at the advanced dressing station (ADS), too, had no hope for him and ordered a grave to be dug. Miraculously, however, Montgomery was still alive and, after being placed in an ambulance and then being sent to
5280-436: The parade following the liberation of Lille . Montgomery was profoundly influenced by his experiences during the war, in particular by the leadership, or rather the lack of it, being displayed by the senior commanders. He later wrote: There was little contact between the generals and the soldiers. I went through the whole war on the Western Front, except during the period I was in England after being wounded; I never once saw
5368-541: The plans recast to concentrate the Allied forces, having Lieutenant General George Patton 's US Seventh Army land in the Gulf of Gela (on the Eighth Army's left flank, which landed around Syracuse in the south-east of Sicily) rather than near Palermo in the west and north of Sicily. Inter-Allied tensions grew as the American commanders, Patton and Omar Bradley (then commanding US II Corps under Patton), took umbrage at what they saw as Montgomery's attitudes and boastfulness. However, while they were considered three of
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#17328587275385456-424: The pursuit after El Alamein to help identify a new site for Eighth Army HQ. He was taken prisoner at Mersa Matruh on 7 November 1942. Montgomery wrote to his contacts in England asking that inquiries be made via the Red Cross as to where his stepson was being held, and that parcels be sent to him. Like many British POWs, the most famous being General Richard O'Connor , Dick Carver escaped in September 1943 during
5544-442: The rank of Chief Commander. The next major Allied attack was the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky). Montgomery considered the initial plans for the Allied invasion, which had been agreed in principle by General Dwight D. Eisenhower , the Supreme Allied Commander Allied Forces Headquarters , and General Alexander, the 15th Army Group commander, to be unworkable because of the dispersion of effort. He managed to have
5632-465: The right lung by a sniper. Lying in the open, he remained still and pretended to be dead, in the hope that he would not receive any more enemy attention. One of his men did attempt to rescue him but was shot dead by a hidden enemy sniper and collapsed over Montgomery. The sniper continued to fire and Montgomery was hit once more, in the knee, but the dead soldier, in Montgomery's words, "received many bullets meant for me." Assuming them to both be dead,
5720-483: The rural areas of Tasmania and was away for up to six months at a time. While he was away, his wife, still in her mid-twenties, gave her children "constant" beatings, then ignored them most of the time. Of Bernard's siblings, Sibyl died prematurely in Tasmania, and Harold, Donald and Una all emigrated. Maud Montgomery took little active interest in the education of her young children other than to have them taught by tutors brought from Britain, although he briefly attended
5808-522: The surrender of the German forces in north-western Europe at Lüneburg Heath , south of Hamburg , after the surrender of Berlin to the USSR on 2 May. After the war he became Commander-in-Chief of the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) in Germany and then Chief of the Imperial General Staff (1946–1948). From 1948 to 1951, he served as Chairman of the Commanders-in-Chief Committee of the Western Union . He then served as NATO 's Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe until his retirement in 1958. Montgomery
5896-417: The tactical situation from a distance, and was supported at the Chiefs of Staff meeting by Smuts . Rommel attempted to turn the left flank of the Eighth Army at the Battle of Alam el Halfa from 31 August 1942. The German/Italian armoured corps infantry attack was stopped in very heavy fighting. Rommel's forces had to withdraw urgently lest their retreat through the British minefields be cut off. Montgomery
5984-500: The temporary rank of lieutenant-colonel. In 1925, in his first known courtship of a woman, Montgomery, then in his late thirties, proposed to a 17-year-old girl, Betty Anderson. His approach included drawing diagrams in the sand of how he would deploy his tanks and infantry in a future war, a contingency which seemed very remote at that time. She respected his ambition and single-mindedness but declined his proposal. In 1927, he met and married Elizabeth (Betty) Carver, née Hobart. She
6072-437: The then coeducational St Michael's Collegiate School . The loveless environment made Bernard something of a bully, as he himself recalled: "I was a dreadful little boy. I don't suppose anybody would put up with my sort of behaviour these days." Later in life Montgomery refused to allow his son David to have anything to do with his grandmother, and refused to attend her funeral in 1949. The family returned to England once for
6160-484: The war appeared to me to be those who had a complete disregard for human life. There were of course exceptions and I suppose one such was Plumer; I had only once seen him and had never spoken to him. After the First World War, Montgomery commanded the 17th (Service) Battalion of the Royal Fusiliers , a battalion in the British Army of the Rhine , before reverting to his substantive rank of captain ( brevet major ) in November 1919. He had not at first been selected for
6248-411: The war in November 1918 as GSO1 (effectively chief of staff ) of the 47th (2nd London) Division , with the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel, to which appointment and rank he had been assigned to on 16 July. A photograph from October 1918, reproduced in many biographies, shows the then unknown Lieutenant-Colonel Montgomery standing in front of Winston Churchill (then the Minister of Munitions ) at
6336-516: The way, to command the 3rd Infantry Division . Reporting the suppression of the revolt in April 1939, Montgomery wrote, "I shall be sorry to leave Palestine in many ways, as I have enjoyed the war out here". Britain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 and the 3rd Division, together with its new General Officer Commanding (GOC), was deployed to France as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), commanded by General Lord Gort . Shortly after
6424-656: Was a senior British Army officer who served in the First World War , the Irish War of Independence and the Second World War . Montgomery first saw action in the First World War as a junior officer of the Royal Warwickshire Regiment . At Méteren , near the Belgian border at Bailleul , he was shot through the right lung by a sniper, during the First Battle of Ypres . On returning to the Western Front as
6512-399: Was at the time part of the 10th Infantry Brigade of the 4th Division of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). He was promoted to temporary captain on 14 September. He saw action at the Battle of Le Cateau that month and during the retreat from Mons . At Méteren , near the Belgian border at Bailleul on 13 October 1914, during an Allied counter-offensive, he was shot through
6600-581: Was born in Kennington , Surrey, in 1887, the fourth child of nine, to a Church of Ireland minister, Henry Montgomery , and his wife Maud ( née Farrar). The Montgomerys, an Ulster Scots ' Ascendancy ' gentry family, were the County Donegal branch of the Clan Montgomery . The Rev. Henry Montgomery, at that time Vicar of St Mark's Church , Kennington, was the second son of Sir Robert Montgomery ,
6688-401: Was commissioned into the 1st Battalion the Royal Warwickshire Regiment as a second lieutenant , and first saw overseas service later that year in India. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1910, and in 1912 became adjutant of the 1st Battalion of his regiment at Shorncliffe Army Camp . The Great War began in August 1914 and Montgomery moved to France with his battalion that month, which
6776-424: Was criticised for not counter-attacking the retreating forces immediately, but he felt strongly that his methodical build-up of British forces was not yet ready. A hasty counter-attack risked ruining his strategy for an offensive on his own terms in late October, planning for which had begun soon after he took command. He was confirmed in the permanent rank of lieutenant-general in mid-October. The conquest of Libya
6864-482: Was essential for airfields to support Malta and to threaten the rear of Axis forces opposing Operation Torch. Montgomery prepared meticulously for the new offensive after convincing Churchill that the time was not being wasted. (Churchill sent a telegram to Alexander on 23 September 1942 which began, "We are in your hands and of course a victorious battle makes amends for much delay." ) He was determined not to fight until he thought there had been sufficient preparation for
6952-571: Was granted a Regular Army commission, with the substantive rank of lieutenant (with seniority from 24 February 1941), on 17 January 1945. He was Mentioned in Despatches on 9 August 1945, and his MC was gazetted on 22 January 1946. He received substantive promotion to captain on 1 July 1946. He had married Monica Patience Salter on 5 October 1943. From 1963 to 1965 he commanded the 51st Gurkha Brigade in Borneo , which included Brunei in its area of operations. His Gurkha battalions worked to win
7040-610: Was made after the previous incumbent, Lieutenant General Vernon Erskine-Crum , suffered a heart attack . Tuzo was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) on 4 June 1971, in the Queen's Birthday Honours . In 1972, after consultation with Whitehall , Tuzo ordered Operation Motorman , which sent 30,000 troops into Republican dominated 'no-go' areas of West Belfast and Derry to take back control. He relinquished his position in Northern Ireland on 1 February 1973 and
7128-408: Was not impressed with its readiness for battle. As a result, while most of the rest of the BEF set about preparing defences for an expected German attack sometime in the future, Montgomery began training his 3rd Division in offensive tactics, organising several exercises , each of which lasted for several days at a time. Mostly they revolved around the division advancing towards an objective, often
7216-410: Was often lacking. At most large headquarters in back areas the doctrine seemed to me to be that the troops existed for the benefit of the staff. My war experience led me to believe that the staff must be the servant of the troops, and that a good staff officer must serve his commander and the troops but himself be anonymous. The frightful casualties appalled me. The so-called "good fighting generals" of
7304-404: Was replaced by Lieutenant General Sir Frank King . Tuzo was promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) on 2 June 1973. After his service in Northern Ireland ended Tuzo was appointed Commander-in-Chief British Army of the Rhine until 1976, when he was made Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe . He was placed on the retired list on 5 February 1979. After his service in
7392-625: Was stationed in County Cork , Ireland, carrying out counter-guerilla operations during the final stages of the Irish War of Independence . Montgomery came to the conclusion that the conflict could not be won without harsh measures, and that self-government for Ireland was the only feasible solution; in 1923, after the establishment of the Irish Free State and during the Irish Civil War , Montgomery wrote to Colonel Arthur Ernest Percival of
7480-740: Was the Eighth Army Commander himself. Writing post-war the English historian Correlli Barnett commented that Montgomery's solution "was in every way opposite to Auchinleck's and in every way wrong, for it carried the existing dangerous separatism still further." Montgomery reinforced the 30 miles (48 km) long front line at El Alamein, something that would take two months to accomplish. He asked Alexander to send him two new British divisions ( 51st Highland and 44th Home Counties ) that were then arriving in Egypt and were scheduled to be deployed in defence of
7568-697: Was the sister of the future Second World War commander Sir Percy Hobart . Betty Carver had two sons in their early teens, John and Dick, from her first marriage to Oswald Carver . Dick Carver later wrote that it had been "a very brave thing" for Montgomery to take on a widow with two children. Montgomery's son, David, was born in August 1928. While on holiday in Burnham-on-Sea in Somerset in 1937, Betty suffered an insect bite which became infected, and she died in her husband's arms from septicaemia following amputation of her leg. The loss devastated Montgomery, who
7656-499: Was then serving as a brigadier, but he insisted on throwing himself back into his work immediately after the funeral. Montgomery's marriage had been extremely happy. Much of his correspondence with his wife was destroyed when his quarters at Portsmouth were bombed during the Second World War. After Montgomery's death, John Carver wrote that his mother had arguably done the country a favour by keeping his personal oddities—his extreme single-mindedness, and his intolerance of and suspicion of
7744-402: Was to give them some form of self government, and let them squash the rebellion themselves, they are the only people who could really stamp it out. In one noteworthy incident on 2 May 1922, Montgomery led a force of 60 soldiers and 4 armoured cars to the town of Macroom to search for four British officers who were missing in the area. While he had hoped the show of force would assist in finding
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