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55-705: The Turkmen Horse was a cavalry force forming part of the Imperial Russian Army prior to the Revolution of 1917. Numbering two squadrons in peacetime, it was recruited from the Moslem Tekin tribesmen of the Turkestan Military District. Recruitment was on a voluntary basis with the men providing their own horses and equipment, and the Czarist government paying an allowance and issuing weapons. The Half-Regiment

110-519: A bowl dating back to the early 14th century was found with a depiction of a man wearing what appears to be a kaftan. Kaftans were worn by the sultans of the Ottoman Empire . Decoration on the garment, including colours, patterns, ribbons, and buttons, indicated the rank of the person who wore it. In the first half of the 14th century Orhan Ghazi captured Bursa and made it the Ottoman capital. One of

165-548: A brigade for eight months, in 1950 it comprised the 201st Mountain Rifle Division at Dushanbe and the 376th Mountain Rifle Division at Osh . In June 1955 the corps was renumbered the 33rd Rifle Corps and the divisions renumbered the 27th and 71st Mountain Rifle Divisions. The 71st Motor Rifle Division was then reduced into the 427th Motor Rifle Regiment in 1958. In January 1958 from the abolished South Ural Military District

220-417: A coloured robe made of satin, of damask, of velvet and silk and having a form that reminded him of the priests' cassocks. The Dey wore the kaftan with dangling sleeves; the khodjas (secretaries) wore a very long cloth based kaftan, falling to the ankles; the chaouchs (executors of the justice of the dey) were recognized by a green kaftan with sleeves either open or closed, according to their rank. The kaftan

275-403: A kaftan that was embroidered with golden threads. From the 14th century through the 17th century, textiles with large patterns were used. By the late 16th and early 17th centuries, decorative patterns on the fabrics had become smaller and brighter. By the second half of the 17th century, the most precious kaftans were those with yollu : vertical stripes with varying embroidery and small patterns –

330-487: A strength of three fighter and fighter-bomber regiments, a reconnaissance aviation regiment, a mixed aviation squadron, and a communications and automated control regiment. From June 1, 1989, the Central Asian Military District was dissolved and its territory again incorporated into the Turkestan Military District, as part of the unilateral reductions which Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev had announced at

385-645: A style of men's long suit with tight sleeves. It may be made of wool , cashmere , silk , or cotton , and may be worn with a sash . Popular during the time of the Ottoman Empire , detailed and elaborately designed garments were given to ambassadors and other important guests at the Topkapı Palace . Variations of the kaftan were inherited by cultures throughout Asia and were worn by individuals in Russia (North Asia, Eastern Europe and formerly Central Asia), Southwest Asia and Northern Africa. Styles, uses, and names for

440-526: Is also known as Mansouria which derives from the name of Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur , who invented Al-Mansouria and the new fashion of wearing a two-piece kaftan. Central Asian Military District The Red Banner Central Asian Military District was a military district of the Soviet Armed Forces , which existed in 1926–1945 and 1969–1989, with its headquarters at Tashkent (1926–1945) and Almaty (1969–1989). By USSR Order No.304 of 4 June 1926,

495-531: Is on Gorki Avenue in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. In 1988-9, these forces included the: Kaftan A kaftan or caftan ( / ˈ k æ f t æ n / ; Arabic : قفطان , qafṭān ; Persian : خفتان , khaftān ; Turkish : kaftan ) is a variant of the robe or tunic . Originating in Asia, it has been worn by a number of cultures around the world for thousands of years. In Russian usage, kaftan instead refers to

550-561: The ghlila was confined to the role of daily clothing. The introduction of gold thread embroidery into North Africa itself is reputed to have been introduced through Turkish rule. In 1789, the diplomat Venture de Paradis described the women of Algiers as follows: When they go to a party, they put three or four ankle length golden kaftans on top of one another, which, with their other adjustments and gilding, may weigh more than fifty to sixty pounds. These kaftans in velvet, satin or other silks are embroidered in gold or silver thread on

605-592: The 201st (Dushanbe), 360th (Termez), and 374th Rifle Divisions (Chardzhou). On 30 October 1945 the 374th Rifle Division left 119th Rifle Corps and was replaced by 306th Rifle Division . However in May 1946 306th Rifle Division was disbanded. In July 1946 the Steppe Military District was dissolved and its responsibilities transferred back to the Turkestan Military District. After a number of changes to 119th Rifle Corps, including 201st RD being reduced in status to

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660-561: The 27th Guards Rifle Division ) Naval Rifle Brigades were formed in the district after a November–December 1941 People's Commissariat for Defence resolution. On 9 July 1945, the district was split into the Turkestan and Steppe Military Districts . In August 1964, the headquarters of the 18th Guards Army was relocated to Alma-Ata , where it became the operational group of the Turkestan Military District . Five months after

715-575: The 58th Motor Rifle Division at Kyzyl-Arvat in the Turkmen SSR, and the 108th Motor Rifle Division at Termez in the Uzbek SSR for ground combat units. It also included the 61st Training Motor Rifle Division at Ashkabad. To replace the 1st Army Corps which had been moved northeast to Semipalatinsk, the 36th Army Corps was created in Ashkabad. The corps was created in 1982. It comprised two divisions -

770-534: The 8th Guards Motor Rifle Division (Frunze), the 68th Motor Rifle Division (Sary Ozek), the 134th Motor Rifle Division (Dushanbe), the 68th Independent Motor Rifle Brigade ( Osh ), a mountain unit, and the 30th independent Motor Rifle Regiment ( Kurdai in Dzhambulskaya Oblast ). District units included the 80th Guards Training Motor Rifle Division and cadre artillery, rear defence, and motor-rifle divisions, 5th, 107th, and 108th communications brigades, and

825-641: The Central Asian Military District (САВО), which included the territories of the Turkmen and Uzbek SSRs and the Kirghiz and Tajik ASSRs. In connection with changes of administrative-territorial division of republics and areas of Central Asia, as of August 1940 the district included the Kazakh, Kirghiz, Tajik, Turkmen, and Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republics and their respective autonomous areas. This designation

880-629: The Turkestan Front was renamed the Central Asian Military District. On 22 June 1941 the Central Asian Military District included the 4th Cavalry Corps ( 18th , 20th , and 21st Mountain Cavalry Divisions ), the 27th Mechanised Corps ( 9th and 53rd Tank Divisions and 221st Mechanised Division ), the 58th Rifle Corps (68th, 83rd, 194th Mountain Rifle Divisions), and the independent 238th Rifle Division , and district troops, as well as

935-618: The 11th to the 13th century depict figures dressed in Turkish style kaftans. The kaftan was also worn by the Anatolian Seljuks who had even gifted kaftans to the first Ottoman Sultan, Osman I. In connection with the inheritance of Osman I , the historian Neşri described a kaftan in the list of inherited items: "There was a short-sleeved kaftan of Denizli cloth". In an excavation in Kinet in Turkey,

990-482: The 126th Rocket Brigade of surface-to-surface missiles . In addition, the 57th Air Assault Brigade was based at Aktogay . Air units of the district were deployed to Afghanistan. The district was disestablished and its territory incorporated into the Turkestan Military District from 5 January 1989 on. At that time it had the following structure: District Command and Headquarters ( Управление командующего и штаб ) – Alma Ata , Kazakh SSR The Ground Forces of

1045-494: The 36th Army Corps, and other forces, totaling one Soviet Airborne Troops airlanding (the 105th Guards Airborne Division at Fergana ) and 8 motor rifle divisions. Aviation support for the district was provided by the 49th Air Army, and air defence by the 12th Independent Air Defence Army of the Air Defence Forces . The VVS Turkestan Military District, created in 1969, was redesignated the 49th Air Army in 1988, with in 1980

1100-575: The 5203rd VKhVT Ust-Kamenogorsk (prior to 1989, the 155th Motor Rifle Division); and the 5204th Base for Storage of Weapons and Equipment at Karaganda (prior to 1989 - the 203rd Zaporozhye Khingan Motor Rifle Division ). The District was finally dissolved on June 30, 1992 with the demise of the Soviet Union, when its forces were distributed between five newly independent Central Asian countries — Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan . The most powerful grouping went to become

1155-529: The 71st Motor Rifle Division was reorganized into the 34th Separate Reinforced Motorized Rifle Battalion (34th Motorized Rifle Battalion), which began to cover the state border with the PRC. In 1968 the now-33rd Army Corps moved from Dushanbe to Kemerovo in the Siberian Military District . The district initially covered most of Soviet Central Asia, but due to tensions between the Soviet Union and China

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1210-638: The 88th (created after the transfer of the 5th Guards MRD to the 40th Army) and the 58th Motor Rifle Division . In the 1980s the District became part of the Southern Strategic Direction alongside the North Caucasus and Transcaucasus Military Districts. General Igor Rodionov commanded the District in 1985-6. Within the District's territory and under its command was the 40th Army , in Afghanistan,

1265-684: The Abbasids). In the 830s, Byzantine Emperor Theophilus , who fought the Abbasids on the battlefield and built a Baghdad-style palace near the Bosporus , went about in kaftans and turbans. Even as far as the streets of Ghuangzhou during the era of Tang dynasty , the Abbasid kaftan was in fashion. The kaftan became a luxurious fashion, a richly styled robe with buttons down the front. The Caliphs wore elegant kaftans made from silver or gold brocade and buttons in

1320-525: The Air Force of the Turkestan Military District was reestablished to provide control of air units stationed in the reduced territory of the district. Shortly afterwards in April 1970, the 1st Army Corps headquarters was relocated from Ashkabad to Semipalatinsk , where it became part of the Central Asian Military District. The Turkestan Military District was left with the 5th Guards Motor Rifle Division at Kushka and

1375-944: The Air Forces of the Central Asian Military District. Under General Major M.P. Kharitonov, the Air Forces of the CAMD including 4th Aviation Brigade with 34th Bomber Aviation Regiment (SBs) ( Tashkent ) and 116th Regiment (I-153s) at Stalinabad ). As part of the Central Asian Military District, 53rd Army invading Iran was described by the Combat composition of the Soviet Army as including 58th Rifle Corps (68th and 83rd Mountain Rifle Divisions , 389th Rifle Division ), 4th Cavalry Corps ( 18th , 20th , 39th Cavalry Divisions ), 44th Cavalry Division , and 72nd Independent Mountain Rifle Regiment (огсп) on 1 October 1941. The 74th and 75th (later to become

1430-808: The Algerian caftan, was inscribed to the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2012, in recognition of its cultural significance. According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam , the kaftan was introduced into the Barbary States by the Ottomans and spread by fashion as far as Morocco. According to art historian Rachida Alaoui, the kaftan in Morocco dates back to

1485-606: The CAMD included the 32nd Army and 17th Army Corps , and troops directly subordinate to district command. The 73rd Air Army provided air support, and air defence duties were carried out by the 12th and 14th Air Defence Armies . The 32nd Army (headquartered in Semipalatinsk ) included a tank and three motor rifle divisions, anti-aircraft and missile brigades, artillery and rocket regiments, separate Flame-tank regiment , and others. The 17th Army Corps (headquartered in Frunze ) included

1540-570: The District was referred to as the Turkestan Front as its forces were conducting active operations against the Basmachi Revolt throughout practically all the District's territory. In October 1919, Gleb Bokii was sent by Cheka head Felix Dzerzhinsky to Tashkent to head the operations of the Cheka in the Turkestan Front. By USSR Order No. 304 of June 4, 1926, the Turkestan Front was renamed as

1595-454: The Tajik SSR, Kyrgyz SSR, and Kazakh SSR, the majority of the district area of responsibility, was split off to recreate the Central Asian Military District ( SAVO ), headquartered at Alma-Ata , on 24 June 1969. The Turkestan Military District was left with the Uzbek SSR and the Turkmen SSR. The 73rd Air Army was transferred to provide air support for the Central Asian Military District, while

1650-764: The Turkestan District gained the territories of Aktyubinsk , Guryev and the West-Kazakhstan areas of the Kazakh SSR . In 1957 5th Guards Motor Rifle Division , the former 5th Guards Mechanised Corps that had ended the war in Germany with 4th Tank Army , moved to Kushka in the Turkmen SSR . In 1960, with the entry into service of the BTR-50, the 427th MRR was reorganized into the 71st Motorized Rifle Division (cadre). In 1962,

1705-506: The United Nations on 7 December 1988. After the withdrawal from Afghanistan the 40th Army was disbanded. But in June 1991 it was reformed at Semipalatinsk from 32nd Army. Immediately prior to its dissolution, the 32nd Army consisted of the 78th Tank Division (Ayaguz); the 5202nd Base for Storage of Weapons and Equipment (VKhVT) Semipalatinsk, (prior to 1989 - the 71st Motor Rifle Division );

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1760-855: The beginning of the 16th century and the presence of the kaftan in Algeria dates far back to the Rustamid period and is attested during the Zirid period in the 10th century as well as the Zayyanid period. Following the Ottoman tradition, the male kaftan, known as the kaftan of honour, was bestowed by the Ottoman Sultan upon the governors of Algiers who, in turn, bestowed kaftans upon the Beys and members of distinguished families. In his Topography and General History of Algiers , Antonio de Sosa  [ es ] described it as

1815-401: The chief specialties of Bursa was gold embroidery among other weaving related specialties, an archive notes that two kaftans made of the finest Bursa gold-brocaded velvet were prepared for the circumcision of Geliboulu Bey Sinan Pasha's two sons in 1494. Ibn Battuta who had visited Anatolia witnessed that a mudarris was wearing a gown embroidered with golden pieces and that a Seljuk Bey gifted

1870-697: The core of the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan which acquired all the units of the 40th (the former 32nd) Army and part of the 17th Army Corps , including six land force divisions, storage bases, the 14th and 35th Guards Air Assault Brigades , two rocket brigades, 2 artillery regiments and a large amount of equipment which had been withdrawn from over the Urals after the signing of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe . The Museum of history of The Turkestan Military District

1925-404: The dignitaries and women of the palace at first, it became fashionable among the middle classes from the late 17th century onwards. Today in Morocco, kaftans are worn by women of different social groups and the word kaftan is commonly used to mean a "one-piece traditional fancy dress". Alternative two-piece versions of Moroccan kaftans are called takchita and worn with a large belt. The takchita

1980-833: The end of the 15th century and goes back to the region's Moorish history, which represents the medieval heritage of Al-Andalus . However, the first written record of the garment being worn in Morocco is from the 16th century, she states. According to Naima El Khatib Boujibar , however, the kaftan might only have been introduced to Morocco by the Saadi Sultan Abd al-Malik , who had lived in Algiers and Istanbul . Abd al-Malik, who had officially acknowledged Ottoman overlordship throughout his time as ruler of Morocco, dressed in Ottoman fashion, spoke Turkish, reorganised his army and administration in imitation of Ottoman practices and used Ottoman Turkish titles for his officials. The second half of

2035-587: The fighting on Damansky Island , a similar situation repeated on a smaller scale in East Kazakhstan Region Kazakh SSR at Lake Zhalanashkol (see Sino-Soviet border conflict ). The Chinese side lost 19 people killed. Two Soviet border guards were killed. For this purpose, the leadership of the USSR Armed Forces took the following measures: With the Chinese threat growing, a new district

2090-536: The front of the sleeves. The Caliph al-Muqtaddir (908–932) wore a kaftan from silver brocade Tustari silk and had his son one made from Byzantine silk richly decorated with figures. The kaftan was spread far and wide by the Abbasids and made known throughout the Middle East and North Africa. The caftan appears to be the oldest Turkish dress, this costume can be traced as far back as the Hun and Göktürk periods. The kaftan

2145-569: The introduction of a Turkish feature into an Arab aesthetic. Nearly 2,500 caftans and other garments belonging to subsequent sultans from the 15th to the 19th century are preserved in the Topkapı Palace museum. The Topkapı Palace houses 21 kaftan that belonged to Mehmed II , 77 kaftan that belonged to Suleiman the Magnificent , 13 that belonged to Ahmed I , 30 that belonged to Osman II and 27 that belonged to Murad IV . The kaftan has been historically documented to have been worn in Algeria in

2200-725: The kaftan are uncertain, but it is believed to have first appeared in ancient Mesopotamia . It is described as a long robe as far as the calves sometimes or just under the knee, and is open at the front and the sleeves are slight cut at the wrists or even as far as to the middle of the arms. During the Islamic golden age of the Abbasid era, the cosmopolitan super-culture spread far and wide to Chinese emperors, Anglo-Saxon coinage, but also in Constantinople too (current day Istanbul ). They were mimicking and imitating Baghdad culture (capital of

2255-634: The kaftan vary from culture to culture. The kaftan is often worn as a coat or as an overdress, usually having long sleeves and reaching to the ankles. In regions with a warm climate, it is worn as a light-weight, loose-fitting garment. In some cultures, the kaftan has served as a symbol of royalty. Features Types Types Features Clothing Genres Art music Folk Prose Islamic Poetry Genres Forms Arabic prosody National literatures of Arab States Concepts Texts Fictional Arab people South Arabian deities The origins of

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2310-451: The military district consisted of the 32nd CA Army and the 17th Army Corps. At the time of the fusion of the CAMD into the Turkestan Military District in 1989 they consisted of: 32nd Combined Arms Army ( 32-я общевойсковая армия ) Army Command and Headquarters ( Управление командующего и штаб ) – Semipalatinsk 17th Army Corps ( 17-й армейский корпус ) (after the disintegration of the USSR

2365-638: The period of the Seljuk Sultan Malik-Shah I , the Seljuk Turks wore kaftans and excavations discovered a child's kaftan dating back to the reign of Sanjar-Shah who ruled from 1185 or 1186 to 1187. The tiles in the Kubadabad Palace depict Turkish figures dressed in kaftans. The palace was built for Sultan Aladdin Kayqubad I who ruled from 1220 to 1237. Furthermore, typical Seljuk depictions from

2420-432: The reign of both Abd al-Malik and Ahmad al-Mansur and Abd al-Malik's brief reign opened a period which continued under his successor of the "Turkification" of Morocco. Henri Terrasse asserted that Moroccan embroidery styles are almost all derived from the former regions of the Turkish empire, the introduction of gold thread embroidery into North Africa itself is reputed to have been introduced with Turkish rule. Worn by

2475-486: The remnants of the corps became the foundation for the Armed Forces of the Kyrgyz Republic ) Corps Command and Headquarters ( Управление корпуса и штаб ) – Frunze By Order of the Ministry of Defence of the Soviet Union ( Приказ МО СССР ) dating from January 5, 1980 and calling for an increased co-operation between the land and air forces by bringing them together "under common banners" ( свести "под одни знамена" ВВС и сухопутные войска с целью повышения их взаимодействия )

2530-594: The shoulders and on the front, and they have up to the waistband big buttons in gold or silver thread on both sides; they are closed in front by two buttons only. Several types of kaftans were developed since then, while still respecting the original pattern. Nowadays, the Algerian female kaftans, including the modernised versions, are seen as an essential garment in the bride's trousseau in cities such as Algiers , Annaba , Bejaia , Blida , Constantine , Miliana , Nedroma and Tlemcen . The wedding costume tradition of Tlemcen, known as chedda of Tlemcen ., which features

2585-406: The sixteenth and seventeenth century, middle-class women started wearing the ghlila . The use of brocades and quality velvet, the profusion of embroidery and gold threading were not enough to satisfy the need for distinction of the wealthiest Algerians who choose to lengthen the ghlila all the way to the ankles to make a kaftan that became the centrepiece of the ceremonial costume, while

2640-429: The sixteenth century was a period of Ottoman influence in Morocco during which Ahmad al-Mansur, who was greatly influenced by Ottoman culture, adopted Turkish costumes and customs, he introduced Ottoman fashions of dress, his army adopted Turkish costumes and titles and ambassadors even noted the use of Turkish pottery and Turkish carpets in the Badi Palace. Aspects of Ottoman culture had been introduced to Morocco during

2695-780: The so-called "Selimiye" fabrics. Most fabrics manufactured in Turkey were made in Istanbul and Bursa , but some textiles came from as far away as Venice , Genoa , Persia (Iran) , India , and even China . kaftans were made from velvet, aba , bürümcük (a type of crepe with a silk warp and cotton weft), canfes , çatma (a heavy silk brocade ), gezi , diba ( Persian : دیبا ), hatayi , kutnu , kemha , seraser ( سراسر ) (brocade fabric with silk warp and gold or silver metallic thread weft), serenk , zerbaft ( زربافت ), and tafta ( تافته ). Favoured colours were indigo , kermes , violet, pişmiş ayva or "cooked quince", and weld yellow . Silk or wooled vests embellished with couched gold thread or silk embroidery probably represent

2750-406: The tactical air forces have effectively become army aviation in their entirety and the previous commanders of the air armies becoming deputy military district commanders in charge of aviation. Correspondingly the 73rd Air Army was transformed into the Air Forces of the Central Asian Military District. This military reform was reversed as counter-productive and in May 1988 the AF CASM were reverted to

2805-410: Was also worn by the janissaries in the 17th and part of the 18th century. It continued to be worn by male dignitaries well into the 20th century. The female kaftan, on the other hand, evolved locally and derives from the ghlila , a mid-calf jacket that combined Morisco and Ottoman influences, but which evolved following a very specific Algerian style from the sixteenth century onward. Between

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2860-460: Was derived from various Turkmen mounted militias first raised in the 1880s. Its uniform was modeled on tribal dress and included a distinctive striped kaftan and shaggy fleeced hats. With the outbreak of World War I the native Turcoman cavalry recruited from Moslem volunteers was increased to a full division in strength. Following the overthrow of the Czarist regime the Turkmen Horse formed the bodyguard of General Lavr Kornilov . From 1918 to 1926

2915-537: Was established. The operational group was converted back into the 18th Army (without the Guards designation) on 4 March 1969, but was used to activate the headquarters of the Central Asian Military District on 24 June 1969. Most of the forces in the district were deployed in the border areas with China. On sections of the border where the natural terrain facilitated the possible advance of the enemy, Fortified Regions were created, which were formations of machine-gun and artillery battalions in stationary positions. In 1988

2970-449: Was re-created on 9 July 1945, after the division of the Central Asian Military District into the Turkestan and Steppe Military Districts. The new Turkestan and Steppe districts were formed from the headquarters of the 1st and 4th Shock Armies respectively. In September–October 1945 it included the 1st Rifle Corps (Ashkabad), with the 306th, 344th , and 357th Rifle Divisions , and the 119th Rifle Corps (Stalinabad (( Dushanbe )) with

3025-551: Was the favourite garment worn in Turkic states of Central Asia, the Turkic Empire in India, the Seljuk Turks and the Ottomans . It was the most important component of the Seljuk period and the oldest known examples of this robe are said to have been found in Hun tombs. The costume of the Gokturk period consisted of long kaftans that are closed with a belt at the waist, these kaftans can be observed in Gokturk statues. The Seljuk Sultan Ahmad Sanjar who ruled from 1097 to 1118 gave 1000 red kaftans to his soldiers. In 1058 as well as

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