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44-745: In May–July 1919 troops of the Turkestan Front defeated the Turkestan Army , an armed Formation of the AFSR in the Caspian region. In 1919, the troops of the Turkestan Front defeated the Southern Army of Admiral Kolchak , broke through the blockade of Turkestan (September 13, 1919) and joined with the troops of the Turkestan Soviet Republic . Until mid-October 1919, the Turkestan Front fought against

88-601: A center of the 2022 North Caucasian protests against mobilization . In 2023, during the Hamas-Israel war , there were a wave of antisemitic attacks across the North Caucasus, including Dagestan. The parliament of Dagestan is the People's Assembly , consisting of 72 deputies elected for a four-year term. The People's Assembly is the highest executive and legislative body of the republic. The Constitution of Dagestan

132-895: A leader of the Basmachi movement who had an army of some 12,000 soldiers. At the suggestion of the AFSR's headquarters, the Turkestan Army was to march from the Krasnovodsk district to Tashkent and Verny , to link up with the Basmachis. However, in May–July 1919 the Red Transcaspian Front of the Turkestan SFR , warned of this attack, advanced and took on May 21 Baýramaly , on May 23 Merv , on May 24 Serhetabat , on July 7 Tejen , and on July 9

176-520: A population of over 3.1 million, consisting of over 30 ethnic groups and 81 nationalities. With 14 official languages, and 12 ethnic groups each constituting more than 1% of its total population, the republic is one of Russia's most linguistically and ethnically diverse, and one of the most heterogeneous administrative divisions in the world. Most of the residents speak one of the Northeast Caucasian , or Turkic languages; however, Russian

220-583: Is one of the settlements on the mountains. Dagestan is rich in oil , natural gas , coal , and many other minerals. The climate is classified as a continental climate , with a significant lack of precipitation. It is among the warmest places in Russia. In the mountainous regions, it is subarctic . Dagestan is divided into forty-one administrative districts ( raions ) and ten cities/towns . The districts are further subdivided into nineteen urban-type settlements , and 363 rural okrugs and stanitsa okrugs . In

264-464: Is the Bazardüzü/Bazardyuzyu peak at 4,470 meters (14,670 ft), on the border with Azerbaijan . The southernmost point of Russia is located about seven kilometers southwest of the peak. Other important mountains are Diklosmta (4,285 m (14,058 ft)), Gora Addala Shukgelmezr (4,152 m (13,622 ft)) and Gora Dyultydag (4,127 m (13,540 ft)). The town of Kumukh

308-554: Is the primary language and the lingua franca in the republic. The word Dagestan is of Turkish and Persian origin, directly translating to "Land of the Mountains". The Turkish word dağ means "mountain", and the Persian suffix -stan means "land". Some areas of Dagestan were known as Lekia , Avaria and Tarki at various times. Between 1860 and 1920, Dagestan was referred to as Dagestan Oblast , corresponding to

352-523: Is the southernmost part of Russia and is bordered on its eastern side by the Caspian Sea . There are over 1,800 rivers in the republic. Major rivers include: Dagestan has about 405 kilometers (252 mi) of coastline on the world's largest lake, the Caspian Sea . Most of Dagestan is mountainous, with the Greater Caucasus Mountains covering the south of the republic. The highest point

396-675: The Caucasian Avars . During the Sassanian era, southern Dagestan became a bastion of Persian culture and civilization, with its center at Derbent. A policy of " Persianisation " can be traced over many centuries. During the Islamic conquests , the Dagestani people (region of Derbent ) were the first people to become Muslims within current Russian territory, after the Arab conquest of the region in 643. In

440-657: The North Caucasian Federal District . The republic is the southernmost tip of Russia, sharing land borders with the countries of Azerbaijan and Georgia to the south and southwest, the Russian republics of Chechnya and Kalmykia to the west and north, and with Stavropol Krai to the northwest. Makhachkala is the republic's capital and largest city ; other major cities are Derbent , Kizlyar , Izberbash , Kaspiysk , and Buynaksk . Dagestan covers an area of 50,300 square kilometres (19,400 square miles), with

484-631: The Russian Empire . Chechnya rose again at various times throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries. On December 21, 1917, Ingushetia , Chechnya , Dagestan and the rest of the North Caucasus declared independence from Russia and formed a single state called the "United Mountain Dwellers of the North Caucasus" (also known as the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus ). The capital of

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528-671: The Transcaspian Oblast area. The Turkestan Army was established on January 22, 1919, by order of the Supreme commander of the AFSR, Lieutenant-General Anton Denikin , as an integral part of the Armed Forces of South Russia . The army was formed with the financial and logistical support of the British military mission in Turkestan , under the leadership of Major General Wilfrid Malleson at

572-917: The Ural Cossack Army of General Vladimir Tolstov and the Army of Anton Denikin in the lower Volga and the Ural River. In the Ural-Guryev operation of 1919–1920, the troops of the Turkestan Front defeated the Ural Army and the Kazakh horde , and soon liquidated the White troops in Semirechye . As a result of the Bukhara operation (1920) , the Emirate of Bukhara was overthrown. In 1921–1926,

616-465: The 1930s. Kumyk also had been an official language for communication of the Russian Imperial administration with the local peoples. The first Russian grammar written about a language from present-day Dagestan was for Kumyk. Author Timofey Makarov wrote: From the peoples speaking Tatar language I liked the most Kumyks, as for their language's distinction and precision, so for their closeness to

660-521: The 8th century Arabs repeatedly clashed with the Khazars . Although the local population rose against the Arabs of Derbent in 905 and 913, Islam was still adopted in urban centers, such as Samandar and Kubachi (Zerechgeran), from where it steadily diffused into the highlands. By the 15th century, Christianity had died away, leaving a 10th-century Church of Datuna as the sole monument to its existence. In

704-567: The Chairman of the State Council was the highest executive post in the republic, held by Magomedali Magomedovich Magomedov until 2006. On February 20, 2006, the People's Assembly passed a resolution terminating this post and disbanding the State Council. Russian president , Vladimir Putin offered the People's Assembly the candidature of Mukhu Aliyev for the newly established post of the president of

748-820: The European civilization, but most importantly, I take in account that they live on the Left Flank of the Caucasian Front, where we're conducting military actions, and where all the peoples, apart from their own language, speak also Kumyk. Religion in Dagestan (2012) According to a 2012 survey which interviewed 56,900 people, 83% of the population of Dagestan adheres to Islam , 2.4% to the Russian Orthodox Church , 2% to Caucasian folk religion and other native faiths, 1% are non-denominational Christians . In addition, 9% of

792-557: The Republic of Dagestan . The People's Assembly accepted the nomination, and Mukhu Aliyev became the first president of the republic. On February 20, 2010, Aliyev was replaced by Magomedsalam Magomedov . Ramazan Abdulatipov then became the head (acting 2013–2017, following the resignation of Magomedov). On October 3, 2017, Vladimir Vasilyev was appointed as head. In the 2024 Russian presidential election , which critics called rigged and fraudulent, President Vladimir Putin won 92.93% of

836-664: The Russian Soviet federation but did not follow the other ASSRs in declaring sovereignty . On August 7, 1999, the Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade (IIPB), an Islamist group from Chechnya led by warlords Shamil Basayev , Ibn Al-Khattab and Ramzan Akhmadov , launched a military invasion of Dagestan , in support of the Shura separatist rebels with the aim of creating an "independent Islamic State of Dagestan". The invaders were supported by part of

880-540: The Russian capture of Derbent in 1796. However, the Russians were again forced to retreat from the entire Caucasus following internal governmental problems, allowing Persia to capture the territory again. It was not until the aftermath of the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) that Russian power over Dagestan was confirmed, and that Qajar Persia officially ceded the territory to Russia. In 1813, following Russia's victory in

924-519: The Russians briefly annexed maritime Dagestan from the Safavids. The Russians could not hold on to the interior of Dagestan, and could only be stopped in front of Baku with the help of Ottoman forces under the command of Mustafa Pasha. With a treaty signed between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in 1724 , aimed at dividing the territories of Safavid Iran between them, Derbend, Baku and some other places in

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968-539: The capital Ashgabat . The Turkestan Army was thrown back to the Caspian Sea and on October 19, 1919 suffered another severe defeat at the Aydyn station (1000 soldiers surrendered into captivity). The Turkestan army was again seriously defeated in the district of Kazan-Jika on December 2–7, 1919. The change of the Turkestan Army's commander between July and October did not bring the desired success. The defeats continued one after

1012-608: The counter-revolutionary Transcaspian Government in Ashgabat . When in April–July 1919, the British troops were withdrawn from Turkestan, the leadership of the Turkestan Army was transferred to the command of the AFSR. On 1 May 1919, the Turkestan Army had some 7,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry. The Turkestan Army was supported by General Junaid Khan, the dictator of the Khanate of Khiva and

1056-506: The early 16th century, the Persians (under the Safavids ) reconsolidated their rule over the region, which would, intermittently, last till the early 19th century. In the 16th and 17th centuries, legal traditions were codified, and mountainous communities ( djamaats ) obtained considerable autonomy. In the 1720s, as a result of the disintegration of the Safavids and the Russo-Persian War (1722–23) ,

1100-519: The expropriation of estates and the construction of fortresses (including Makhachkala), electrified highlanders into rising under the aegis of the Muslim Imamate of Dagestan , led by Ghazi Mohammed (1828–1832), Hamzat Bek (1832–1834) and Shamil (1834–1859). This Caucasian War raged until 1864. Dagestan and Chechnya profited from the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) , rising together against

1144-581: The first few centuries AD, Caucasian Albania (corresponding to modern Azerbaijan and southern Dagestan) became a vassal and eventually subordinate to the Parthian Empire . With the advent of the Sasanian Empire , it became a satrapy (province) within the vast domains of the empire. In later antiquity, a few wars were fought as the Roman Empire unsuccessfully attempted to contest Sasanid rule over

1188-406: The local population but were driven back by the Russian military and local paramilitary groups. In response to the invasion, Russian forces subsequently reinvaded Chechnya later that year . Dagestan has one of the highest unemployment rates in Russia . Dagestani soldiers participated in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , many of whom were killed in action. In September, Dagestan became

1232-558: The mountainous region on the Dagestan-Georgia border. Prior to Soviet rule, the literary lingua-franca status to some extent belonged to Classical Arabic . The northern Avar dialect of Khunzakh has also served as a lingua franca in mountainous Dagestan where Avar-related peoples lived. And throughout centuries the Kumyk language had been the lingua-franca for the bigger part of the Northern Caucasus, from Dagestan to Kabarda , until

1276-480: The new state was moved to Temir-Khan-Shura . The first prime minister of the state was Tapa Chermoyev , a prominent Chechen statesman. The second prime minister was an Ingush statesman Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiev, who in 1917 also became the author of the constitution of the land, and in 1920 was re-elected for a third term. After the Bolshevik Revolution , Ottoman armies occupied Azerbaijan and Dagestan and

1320-471: The other. Finally, by the beginning of 1920 the Army was reduced to a small group, encircled in the area of Krasnovodsk. On February 6, 1920, the Turkestan Army's remnants were evacuated from Krasnovodsk to Dagestan on the AFSR's Caspian Flotilla 's ships, and the city was occupied by the Red Army. A small part of the Army was transported to Persia (Iran) by British ships. The Turkestan Army ceased to exist and

1364-605: The region became part of the short-lived Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus . After more than three years of fighting the White Army and local nationalists, the Bolsheviks achieved victory and the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed on January 20, 1921. As the newly created Soviet Union was consolidating control in the region, Dagestan declared itself a republic within

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1408-453: The region were left to Russia. Dagestan briefly came under Ottoman rule between 1578 and 1606. The territories were however returned to Persia in 1735 per the Treaty of Ganja . Between 1730 and the early course of the 1740s, following his brother's murder in Dagestan, the new Persian ruler and military genius Nader Shah led a lengthy campaign in swaths of Dagestan in order to fully conquer

1452-543: The region, which was met with considerable success, although eventually he was forced to withdraw due to the extremity of the weather, the outbreak of disease and heavy raids by the various ethnic groups of Dagestan, forcing him to retreat with his army. From 1747 onwards, the Persian-ruled part of Dagestan was administered through the Derbent Khanate , with its center at Derbent. The Persian expedition of 1796 resulted in

1496-552: The region. Over the centuries, to a relatively large extent, the peoples within the Dagestan territory converted to Christianity alongside Zoroastrianism . In the 5th century, the Sassanids gained the upper hand, and by the 6th century had constructed a strong citadel at Derbent , known from then on as the Caspian Gates , while the Huns overran the northern part of Dagestan, followed by

1540-611: The second half of the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took part of the region of Dagestan under their control. The Mongols raided the lands in 1221–1222 then conquered Derbent and the surrounding area from 1236 to 1239 during the invasions of Georgia and Durdzuketia . The Timurids incorporated the region into their realm following the Mongols. As Mongolian authority gradually eroded, new centers of power emerged in Kaitagi and Tarki . In

1584-661: The second highest life expectancy in Russia. Higher duration of life is observed only in Ingushetia . Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service The people of Dagestan include a large variety of ethnicities . According to the 2021 Census , Northeast Caucasians (including Avars , Dargins , Lezgins , Laks , Tabasarans , Rutulians and Chechens ) make up almost 75% of the population of Dagestan. Turkic peoples, Kumyks , Azerbaijanis , and Nogais make up 21%, and Russians 3.3%. Other ethnicities (e.g. Tats , who are an Iranian people ) each account for less than 0.4% of

1628-512: The southeastern part of the present-day republic. The current borders were created with the establishment of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1921, with the incorporation of the eastern part of Terek Oblast , which is not mountainous but includes the Terek littoral at the southern end of the Caspian Depression . The republic is situated in the North Caucasus mountains. It

1672-561: The total population. Such groups as the Botlikh , the Andi , the Akhvakhs , the Tsez and about ten other groups were reclassified as Avars between the 1926 and 1939 censuses. Ethnic groups in Dagestan (2021) More than 30 local languages are commonly spoken, most belonging to the Nakh-Daghestanian language family. Russian became the principal lingua franca in Dagestan during the 20th century; Over 20 of Russia's 131 endangered languages as identified by UNESCO can be found in Dagestan. Most of these endangered languages have speakers in

1716-417: The troops of the Turkestan Front fought against the Basmachi movement in the Fergana Valley, Eastern Bukhara and Khiva. On October 12, 1922, the commander of the Turkestan Front ordered the formation of the 13th Rifle Corps from troops located on the territory of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic and Samarkand region. After the suppression of the Basmachi Movement in June 1926, the Turkestan Front

1760-413: The vote in Dagestan. Because its mountainous terrain impedes travel and communication, Dagestan is unusually ethnically diverse and still largely tribal. It is Russia's most heterogeneous republic. Dagestan's population is rapidly growing. 3,182,054 ( 2021 Census ) ; 2,910,249 ( 2010 Census ) ; 2,576,531 ( 2002 Census ) ; 1,802,579 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . Dagestan has

1804-460: The war, Persia was forced to cede southern Dagestan with its principal city of Derbent, alongside other vast territories in the Caucasus to Russia, conforming with the Treaty of Gulistan . The 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay indefinitely consolidated Russian control over Dagestan and removed Persia from the military equation. The Russian administration, however, disappointed and embittered the highlanders. The institution of heavy taxation, coupled with

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1848-548: Was adopted on July 10, 2003. According to it, the highest executive authority lies with the State Council, comprising representatives of fourteen ethnicities. The Constitutional Assembly of Dagestan appoints the members of the State Council for a term of four years. The State Council appoints the members of the Government. The ethnicities represented in the State Council are Avars , Dargins , Kumyks , Lezgins , Laks , Azerbaijanis , Tabasarans , Russians , Chechens , Nogais , Aguls , Rutuls , Tsakhurs , and Tats . Formerly,

1892-401: Was dissolved. Dagestan Dagestan ( / ˌ d æ ɡ ɪ ˈ s t æ n , - ˈ s t ɑː n / DAG -i- STA(H)N ; Russian : Дагестан ; IPA: [dəɡʲɪˈstan] ), officially the Republic of Dagestan , is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe , along the Caspian Sea . It is located north of the Greater Caucasus , and is a part of

1936-406: Was transformed into the Central Asian Military District . Commanders were: Members of the Revolutionary Military Council included: Turkestan Army (Armed Forces of South Russia) The Turkestan Army ( Russian : Туркестанская армия , romanized :  Turkestanskaya armiya ) was a White army during the Russian Civil War , which operated from January 1919 to February 1920, in

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